Biohydrogen as a fuel
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This document discusses biohydrogen as a renewable fuel. It begins with an introduction that defines biohydrogen as hydrogen produced biologically from biomass. It then discusses the history of biohydrogen research and different methods of biohydrogen production, including fermentation, dark fermentation, light fermentation, and two types of biophotolysis - direct and indirect. Direct biophotolysis uses algae to convert water and sunlight directly into hydrogen and oxygen. Indirect biophotolysis is a two-step process where algae or cyanobacteria first produce sugars from water and CO2, then convert the sugars into hydrogen and oxygen. The document also briefly mentions properties of hydrogen important for fuel use and applications of hydrogen in fuel cells.
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guard cells,
Functions of stomata
(i) Massive amount of gaseous exchange takes place in the leaves through stomata. Exchange of gases also occurs across the surface of stem, root and leaves.
(ii) Transpiration takes place through the stomata. Large amount of water is lost in the form of water vapour through stomata is known as transpiration.
Guard cells
These are kidney shaped cells which cover single stoma. They contain chloroplast also.
Function of guard cells
They regulate the opening and closing of the stoma and also perform photosynthesis.
Opening and closing of stomata
When the guard cells swell (turgid) due to the entry of water, the stomata open. But when the
guard cells shrink (flaccid) due to the loss of water, the stomata gets closed.
Mechanism of photosynthesis
During photosynthesis following events occur
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophylls.
(ii) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water molecule into hydrogen and O2.
(iii) Hydrogen reduces CO2 and synthesizes glucose (reduction of CO2 in to carbohydrates).
All these events can be categorised into two main phases, light phase and dark phase.
photosynthesis
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It explains that photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight as inputs. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, while the light-independent reactions use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose from carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis is important as it provides food for other organisms, removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and supports industrial activities that rely on plant materials.
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Significance of fluorescent dyes
Fluorescent dyes are molecules that absorb light at one wavelength and emit it at a longer wavelength. They are useful for labeling and studying biomolecules. Some common fluorescent dyes include fluorescein, rhodamine, and GFP. Fluorescent dyes have many applications, such as cancer research where they allow over 1500 protein spots to be detected from microdissected tissue, physiological sensing inside deep tissue, monitoring acidified organelles during autophagy, and assessing contamination during drilling operations. The Jablonski diagram illustrates the excited states involved in the fluorescent process.
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Raman spectroscopy is a nondestructive tool used to characterize the structure and properties of carbon materials like graphene. It can be used to determine the number of layers in graphene samples, as the Raman spectrum differs for monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene. Raman spectroscopy is also useful for studying graphene nanoribbons, which have complex spectra due to their dual nature, and epitaxial graphene grown on silicon carbide. It provides a quick way to analyze the structure of graphene produced through different growth methods.
Raman spectroscopy cell based biosensors
Raman spectroscopy can be used to develop cell-based biosensors for toxin detection. Living cells act as sensor elements, as Raman spectroscopy can identify biochemical changes in cells exposed to toxins. It can detect a wide range of toxins at low concentrations quickly in an non-invasive manner by measuring the biological reactions of single cells, cell layers, or cell networks. Raman spectra of live cells contain peaks corresponding to DNA and RNA that distinguish healthy from dead cells, and can monitor changes in cells interacting with drugs. This technique has been applied to detect two toxic agents of bioterrorism and chemical warfare.
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Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are biologically active chemical compounds found in plants that provide health benefits. They have been used in traditional Chinese and herbal medicine for over 5000 years. National Academy of Sciences reports in 1982 and 1989 recommended consuming fruits and vegetables which contain phytochemicals to reduce cancer and heart disease risk. The largest category of phytochemicals is phenolic compounds found in tea, berries, and citrus fruits which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Eating a diet with at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily ensures sufficient intake of beneficial phytochemicals.
Optimum size and shape of nanoparticles
This document discusses the use of silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. It describes how the seeded growth mechanism can be used to controllably produce silver nanoparticles of desired sizes. Specifically, it involves first producing ~3.3nm seed particles, then adding these seeds to solutions containing silver nitrate and ascorbic acid to promote seeded growth and obtain larger nanoparticles ranging from 20-60nm in size. The document emphasizes that the size and shape of the nanoparticles significantly impacts the enhancement observed in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
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Identification of pharmaceuticals by raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is used to identify pharmaceuticals through analysis of their molecular structure and composition. It is a non-destructive technique that requires no sample preparation and can be used to detect counterfeit or defective drugs by comparing the Raman spectra of samples to reference spectra. Raman spectroscopy is applied to study fundamental structural details of pharmaceuticals, perform quantitative analysis to determine polymorphic impurities, and generate scatter plots and loading plots to identify variables that influence the Raman spectra. An example analysis is provided of using Raman spectroscopy to study the spectra of paracetamol and identify differences and similarities in its forms.
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Fingerprint detection
Fingerprints are unique impressions left by friction ridges on the fingers. They have been used for identification since the 19th century. There are various techniques to develop latent fingerprints including powdering, cyanoacrylate fuming, chemical developers like ninhydrin, and vacuum metal deposition. Fingerprints can be classified based on patterns of loops, whorls and arches. They are widely used for criminal identification, improving security through biometric authentication, and enhancing device security through automatic recognition.
Core shell nanoparticles and its biomedical applications
Core-shell nanoparticles consist of an inner core covered by an outer shell. They are classified based on their material properties as inorganic-inorganic, inorganic-organic, organic-inorganic, or organic-organic. Core-shell nanoparticles are widely used in biomedical applications due to their less cytotoxicity, increased dispersibility and biocompatibility, better conjugation with biomolecules, and greater thermal and chemical stability compared to single component nanoparticles. Examples of biomedical uses discussed in the document include using ZnO-DOX@ZIF-8 nanoparticles for pH-responsive drug delivery, hollow carbon spheres for enzyme immobilization in biosensors, and NaYF4:Nd/NaLuF4@PDA nanoparticles
Chemistry of green tea and its applications
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Artificial leaf
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Application of raman spectroscopy in food analysis
This document discusses the application of Raman spectroscopy in food analysis. It begins with an introduction to Raman spectroscopy and why it is useful for food analysis due to being non-destructive, specific, compatible with aqueous systems, and not requiring sample preparation. It then describes different Raman techniques used for food analysis including dispersive Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Finally, it provides examples of how Raman spectroscopy has been applied to analyze properties of various foods like fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy, crops, oils, and beverages.
Antimicrobial treatment for cotton
This document discusses antimicrobial agents for cotton fabrics. It begins by defining antimicrobial agents as those that destroy or suppress microbial growth. It then outlines the types (bactericidal and bacteriostatic), examples used for cotton (chitosan, poly-hexamethylene biguanide, N-halamines, quarternary ammonium compounds), and their mechanisms of action. Potential disadvantages are noted along with future goals of controlling toxicity, introducing affordable eco-friendly methods, and assessing microbes individually.
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Antioxidants
This document discusses antioxidants, including their definition as molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and protect cells from damage by free radicals. It describes how free radicals can cause oxidative stress by damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. Some important natural antioxidants are vitamins E, C, and A, which protect cell membranes and scavenge free radicals. Antioxidants are useful both for maintaining health by reducing oxidative stress and various diseases, and for industrial applications like food preservation and preventing fuel degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that antioxidants play an important role in health by preventing cancer and other diseases.
Role of chemistry in paper industry
Paper is produced by pressing together moist fibers of wood cellulose pulp or other plant materials like rags or grasses. It was first invented in ancient China in 105 AD using hemp fibers. The manufacturing process involves pulping, beating, forming pulp into sheets, and finishing. Common paper types include coated, uncoated, gloss, inkjet, notebook, offset, index, and copier papers. Paper has many applications and can be reduced through reducing usage, reusing paper, and recycling.
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Biohydrogen as a fuel
- 1. Biohydrogen as a fuel
- 2. Contents Introduction History Bio hydrogen production methods Properties Application
- 3. Introduction Bio-hydrogen is hydrogen that is produced biologically. Clean fuel and rapidly produced from biomass. Molecular H2 has the highest energy content per unit weight among the known gaseous fuels (143GJton−1). The only carbon-free fuel which ultimately oxidizes to water as a combustion product. Does not contribute to greenhouse emission, acid rain or ozone depletion.
- 4. Bio hydrogen as a renewable energy Renewable energy is energy produced from sources that do not deplete or can be replenished within a human’s life time.
- 5. History In 1933, Marjory Stephenson and her student Stickland that cell suspensions catalysed the reduction of methylene blue with H2. In the late 1990s Anastasios Melis discovered deprivation of Sulphur induces the alga to switch from the production of oxygen (normal photosynthesis) to the production of hydrogen.
- 6. Bio hydrogen production methods Fermentation method Bio photolysis Biohydrogen production Dark fermentation Light fermentation Direct bio photolysis Indirect bio photolysis
- 7. Bio-photolysis Biological hydrogen evolution such as Bio-photolysis provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to produce clean energy from renewable resources. 4 H2 O + ‘ light energy’ 2O2 + 4H2
- 8. “ ” Types of Bio-photolysis Direct Bio-photolysis In Direct Bio-photolysis
- 9. Direct Bio-photolysis Solar energy and the photosynthetic system of algae converting water into chemical energy. One-stage direct bio-photolysis. Hydrogen production by direct photolysis follow these steps The light absorbed by (PSII) is used to generated electrons from water. The light absorbed by photosystem-I (PSI) is used to transport electrons to ferredoxin. overall reaction of direct bio-photolysis 2H2O 4H+ + 4e- + O2 4H+ + 4e- 2H2
- 10. Mechanism
- 11. Indirect bio-photolysis Indirect bio-photolysis is the production of H2 from water via microalgae and the cyanobacteria photosynthetic system to convert solar energy into chemical energy, i.e. H2, by a two step series. 12H2O + 6CO2 + ‘light energy’→ C6H12O6 +6O2 C6H12O6 + 12H2O + ‘light energy’ →12H2 +6CO2
- 12. Mechanism
- 13. Properties Ignition energy Quenching distance Flammability Burning speed Auto ignition temperature
- 14. Fuel cells
- 15. Thanks