Daisy gene 123
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Ti plasmids are tumor-inducing plasmids found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens that can transfer segments of DNA to plant cells. They range in size from 150-230kbp and contain T-DNA segments and vir genes. Ti plasmids are divided into octopine and nopaline types based on the type of opine synthesized in infected plant cells. Ri plasmids found in Agrobacterium rhizogenes are analogous to Ti plasmids and can also transfer DNA segments to plant cells, making them useful for plant genetic engineering. Several animal viruses can also act as viral vectors to transfer foreign genes to animal cells, including SV40, baculoviruses, retro
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RNA as a genetic material
RNA structure is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine. RNA can form secondary structures through internal base pairing. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) which contains only RNA and protein. Experiments in the 1950s-60s showed that the RNA of TMV determines the properties of progeny viruses and carries the genetic information rather than the protein, proving that RNA acts as the genetic material for some viruses.
Feature of ti plasmid
It is a part of Ti Plasmid which takes part intransfer and integration of T-DNA into plant chromosome.
The vir sequence consist of 8 operons which take part in different functions associated with virulence of Ti Plasmid. These are vir H, vir A, vir B, vir G, vir C, vir D, vir E, & vir F. ( vir H & vir F present occasionally).
Caulimo viruses as vector
description of caulimo viruses and genome of CAMV and vectors of CAMV and its advantages and disadvantages
VECTORS INTRODUCTION
This document discusses various types of vectors used for cloning and expressing plant genes, including their characteristics and uses. It describes cloning vectors, expression vectors, and integration vectors. Common vector types that are discussed in detail include plasmids, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), cosmids, and plant viruses. The binary vector system and co-integration vector strategy for transforming plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens are also summarized.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
This document discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and its potential use for gene transfer in plants. CaMV is a plant virus that infects brassica plants like cauliflower and turnips. It has a circular double-stranded DNA genome and is spherical in shape. The 35S promoter from CaMV is commonly used in plant transformation due to its strong constitutive expression in dicots. For gene transfer, foreign DNA can be inserted into the non-essential genes II or VII of CaMV. However, CaMV has limitations for gene transfer due to its limited insertion capacity and loss of infectivity if too many nucleotides are added.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
DNA containing plant viruses - Cauliflower mosaic virus & Geminivirus
This document provides a summary of a seminar on DNA containing plant viruses. It discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and Gemini virus. CaMV is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects members of the Brassicaceae family and causes mosaic symptoms. It replicates via reverse transcription. Gemini virus is a single-stranded DNA virus that infects many economically important crops and causes stunting and yellowing. It replicates via a rolling circle mechanism and is transmitted by insects like leafhoppers and whiteflies. Prevention of both viruses focuses on controlling their insect vectors and disinfecting equipment to avoid mechanical transmission.
Ti plasmid as a vector,
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
Recommended
RNA as a genetic material
RNA structure is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine. RNA can form secondary structures through internal base pairing. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) which contains only RNA and protein. Experiments in the 1950s-60s showed that the RNA of TMV determines the properties of progeny viruses and carries the genetic information rather than the protein, proving that RNA acts as the genetic material for some viruses.
Feature of ti plasmid
It is a part of Ti Plasmid which takes part intransfer and integration of T-DNA into plant chromosome.
The vir sequence consist of 8 operons which take part in different functions associated with virulence of Ti Plasmid. These are vir H, vir A, vir B, vir G, vir C, vir D, vir E, & vir F. ( vir H & vir F present occasionally).
Caulimo viruses as vector
description of caulimo viruses and genome of CAMV and vectors of CAMV and its advantages and disadvantages
VECTORS INTRODUCTION
This document discusses various types of vectors used for cloning and expressing plant genes, including their characteristics and uses. It describes cloning vectors, expression vectors, and integration vectors. Common vector types that are discussed in detail include plasmids, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), cosmids, and plant viruses. The binary vector system and co-integration vector strategy for transforming plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens are also summarized.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
This document discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and its potential use for gene transfer in plants. CaMV is a plant virus that infects brassica plants like cauliflower and turnips. It has a circular double-stranded DNA genome and is spherical in shape. The 35S promoter from CaMV is commonly used in plant transformation due to its strong constitutive expression in dicots. For gene transfer, foreign DNA can be inserted into the non-essential genes II or VII of CaMV. However, CaMV has limitations for gene transfer due to its limited insertion capacity and loss of infectivity if too many nucleotides are added.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
DNA containing plant viruses - Cauliflower mosaic virus & Geminivirus
This document provides a summary of a seminar on DNA containing plant viruses. It discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and Gemini virus. CaMV is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects members of the Brassicaceae family and causes mosaic symptoms. It replicates via reverse transcription. Gemini virus is a single-stranded DNA virus that infects many economically important crops and causes stunting and yellowing. It replicates via a rolling circle mechanism and is transmitted by insects like leafhoppers and whiteflies. Prevention of both viruses focuses on controlling their insect vectors and disinfecting equipment to avoid mechanical transmission.
Ti plasmid as a vector,
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
Experimental evidence to Prove RNA as genetic material
1. Experiments conducted by Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provided evidence that RNA can act as genetic material.
2. They were able to separate the TMV into RNA and protein components, and found that RNA alone was able to cause infection when introduced into tobacco plants, demonstrating that RNA carries the genetic information.
3. They also generated chimeric viruses by combining the RNA of one TMV strain with the proteins of another strain. These chimeras displayed characteristics dependent on the source of the RNA, not the proteins, proving that the specificity of viral proteins is determined by the RNA.
Binary Vector, By KK Sahu sir
Introduction
Components of binary vector
Development of binary vector system
Properties of binary vector
Types of binary vector
Plant transformation using binary vector
Advantage of using binary vector
Conclusion
References
Rna viruses
This document discusses RNA viruses. It describes how RNA viruses were discovered and studied using random sequence RNAs. RNA viruses have protein capsids that protect their RNA genomes. Their RNA can be directly used for protein synthesis upon entering a host cell. Retroviruses are a category of RNA virus that use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA, which can then integrate into the host cell's genome. RNA viruses mutate frequently due to the lack of proofreading by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication, with mutation rates estimated between 10-4 to 10-6 mutations per base pair per generation.
Potato virus X (PVX)
In potato, causes mild mosaic on leaves,Crinkling and necrosis etc. TGB3 (Triple gene block proteins) is expressed by leaky scanning of the TGB2 subgenomic mRNA. TGBp1 with the presence of TGBp2 and TGBp3 can modify the PD size exclusion limit and move between cells.
Potato virus Y (PVY)
Potato Virus Y (PVY) is a potyvirus that infects potatoes and causes mosaic, necrosis, leaf drop, streaking, and stunting symptoms. It is transmitted by the aphid Aphis gossypii and through grafting or sap inoculation. PVY has a single-stranded RNA genome that encodes a single polyprotein later cleaved into 10 functional proteins. It replicates within the cytoplasm of infected plant cells. Its life cycle involves penetration of the host cell, translation and processing of its polyprotein, replication of its genome, assembly of new viral particles, and cell-to-cell movement through the viral protein P3N-PIPO.
Ti plasmid and ca mv
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. The Ti plasmid contains a segment of transferred DNA (T-DNA) that is integrated into the host plant genome and causes tumor formation. Genes of interest can be inserted into the T-DNA, which is then transferred to the plant cell. However, wild-type Ti plasmids also contain oncogenes, so alternative vectors like plant viruses have been developed that can introduce foreign DNA into plant cells without causing tumors. Cauliflower mosaic virus is one such virus vector that has been used, as its small, 8kb double-stranded DNA genome can be easily manipulated.
Tobacco mosaic virus
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
Ank sp$
SV40 is a DNA virus found in both monkeys and humans. It was discovered that between 1955 and 1963, polio vaccines were contaminated with SV40, which was present in rhesus monkey kidney cells used to produce the vaccines. SV40 has a circular double stranded DNA genome that encodes 5 proteins. The SV40 genome can be used to develop transducing vectors, transforming vectors, and plasmid vectors. Transducing vectors produce viral particles to infect monkey cells, while transforming vectors do not replicate and serve as a vehicle to transform host DNA. Plasmid vectors replicate in monkey cells but are not packaged into virions, and are generally unstable.
RNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
RNA plays important roles in coding, decoding, regulating, and expressing genes. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including those that cause diseases like SARS, influenza, hepatitis C, and measles. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus crystallized and shown through experiments to have RNA, not DNA, as its genetic material. When purified TMV RNA was inoculated into healthy tobacco plants, it caused lesions, demonstrating that the RNA alone carried the genetic information to cause infection.
Viruses as vector, binary, shuttle vector
This document discusses different types of vectors that can be used for genetic engineering, including animal viruses, plant viruses, retroviruses, shuttle vectors, and binary vectors. It provides details on the structure and use of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a plant viral vector, describing how foreign genes can be stably replicated and spread systemically in plants using this system. It also summarizes key features of yeast episomal plasmids (YEps), retroviral vectors based on murine leukemia virus, and the binary vector system used for plant transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Animal viral based vectors
Viral vectors are efficient tools for gene delivery due to viruses' ability to transfer DNA into host cells. The document discusses several types of viral vectors, including adenoviral, adeno-associated, retroviral, lentiviral, and baculovirus vectors. It provides details on the structure and genome organization of different viruses used to create these vectors. The document also explains the process of generating recombinant viral vectors by removing unnecessary viral genes and inserting genes of interest. Viral vectors allow for transient or stable gene expression and are useful for both research and clinical applications such as gene therapy and vaccine development.
Agrobacterium
The document discusses Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which causes hairy root disease in plants. It contains genes on Ri plasmids, including rol genes, that are transferred to plant cells and cause root proliferation. The T-DNA from the plasmid is integrated into the plant genome. Agrobacterium attaches to wounded plant cells, vir genes are activated by compounds from the plant, and the T-DNA and virulence genes work together to transfer T-DNA to the plant cell. Hairy roots can be grown in vitro for research on plant-pathogen interactions and production of compounds.
vector and its types
Vector and its types.
@ Zaheer
International Islamic University Islamabad.
Mail id. muhammad.bsbt642@iiu.edu.pk
L7. artificial chromosomes, plant viral vectors and animal viral vectors
This document discusses various cloning vectors that have been developed over time for use in genetic engineering, including plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs), and human artificial chromosomes (HACs). YACs were developed in 1987 but have issues with chimerism and instability. BACs were developed in 1992 and overcome many of the limitations of YACs. PACs were developed in 1994 and combine features of P1 vectors and BACs. HACs were first constructed in 1997 and provide a system for gene expression studies in human cells.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus is a pararetrovirus that infects plants in the brassicaceae family like cauliflower. It has an icosahedral capsid containing a circular double stranded DNA genome around 80kb in size. The virus replicates through reverse transcription, with its DNA entering the nucleus and being transcribed by the host polymerase. The virus has several open reading frames that encode for structural, movement and other proteins. While it can be used as a vector to insert foreign genes into plants, its capacity is limited to a few hundred nucleotides before the foreign DNA is expelled.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
Cauliflower mosaic virus ppt
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
AP Biology Virus Structure
This document contains diagrams and descriptions of the structures of different viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, bacteriophage T4, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The diagrams show the distinguishing features of each virus such as their capsids, envelopes, nucleic acids, and sizes. One diagram illustrates the life cycle of HIV showing its entry into a host cell, conversion of its RNA into DNA, integration into the host cell's DNA, and production of new viral particles.
Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
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Ti plasmid derivatives
description of Ti plasmid derivatives as vector and explanation of T DNA and cointegrate vectors and binary vectors and its uses and advantages and disadvantages
Plant expression vectors
What are an expression vector? Detailed description of plant gene structure. Plant expression vector systems are generally consists of Ri and Ti plasmids.
The other vectors which are generally used are DNA and RNA viruses.
Various virus vector related to Plant and Animal for gene cloning and transfo...
Various virus vector related to Plant and Animal for gene cloning and transformation and Expression vector and it’s mode of expression in plant and animal cells
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What's hot
Experimental evidence to Prove RNA as genetic material
1. Experiments conducted by Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) provided evidence that RNA can act as genetic material.
2. They were able to separate the TMV into RNA and protein components, and found that RNA alone was able to cause infection when introduced into tobacco plants, demonstrating that RNA carries the genetic information.
3. They also generated chimeric viruses by combining the RNA of one TMV strain with the proteins of another strain. These chimeras displayed characteristics dependent on the source of the RNA, not the proteins, proving that the specificity of viral proteins is determined by the RNA.
Binary Vector, By KK Sahu sir
Introduction
Components of binary vector
Development of binary vector system
Properties of binary vector
Types of binary vector
Plant transformation using binary vector
Advantage of using binary vector
Conclusion
References
Rna viruses
This document discusses RNA viruses. It describes how RNA viruses were discovered and studied using random sequence RNAs. RNA viruses have protein capsids that protect their RNA genomes. Their RNA can be directly used for protein synthesis upon entering a host cell. Retroviruses are a category of RNA virus that use reverse transcriptase to transcribe their RNA into DNA, which can then integrate into the host cell's genome. RNA viruses mutate frequently due to the lack of proofreading by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication, with mutation rates estimated between 10-4 to 10-6 mutations per base pair per generation.
Potato virus X (PVX)
In potato, causes mild mosaic on leaves,Crinkling and necrosis etc. TGB3 (Triple gene block proteins) is expressed by leaky scanning of the TGB2 subgenomic mRNA. TGBp1 with the presence of TGBp2 and TGBp3 can modify the PD size exclusion limit and move between cells.
Potato virus Y (PVY)
Potato Virus Y (PVY) is a potyvirus that infects potatoes and causes mosaic, necrosis, leaf drop, streaking, and stunting symptoms. It is transmitted by the aphid Aphis gossypii and through grafting or sap inoculation. PVY has a single-stranded RNA genome that encodes a single polyprotein later cleaved into 10 functional proteins. It replicates within the cytoplasm of infected plant cells. Its life cycle involves penetration of the host cell, translation and processing of its polyprotein, replication of its genome, assembly of new viral particles, and cell-to-cell movement through the viral protein P3N-PIPO.
Ti plasmid and ca mv
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. The Ti plasmid contains a segment of transferred DNA (T-DNA) that is integrated into the host plant genome and causes tumor formation. Genes of interest can be inserted into the T-DNA, which is then transferred to the plant cell. However, wild-type Ti plasmids also contain oncogenes, so alternative vectors like plant viruses have been developed that can introduce foreign DNA into plant cells without causing tumors. Cauliflower mosaic virus is one such virus vector that has been used, as its small, 8kb double-stranded DNA genome can be easily manipulated.
Tobacco mosaic virus
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
Ank sp$
SV40 is a DNA virus found in both monkeys and humans. It was discovered that between 1955 and 1963, polio vaccines were contaminated with SV40, which was present in rhesus monkey kidney cells used to produce the vaccines. SV40 has a circular double stranded DNA genome that encodes 5 proteins. The SV40 genome can be used to develop transducing vectors, transforming vectors, and plasmid vectors. Transducing vectors produce viral particles to infect monkey cells, while transforming vectors do not replicate and serve as a vehicle to transform host DNA. Plasmid vectors replicate in monkey cells but are not packaged into virions, and are generally unstable.
RNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
RNA plays important roles in coding, decoding, regulating, and expressing genes. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including those that cause diseases like SARS, influenza, hepatitis C, and measles. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus crystallized and shown through experiments to have RNA, not DNA, as its genetic material. When purified TMV RNA was inoculated into healthy tobacco plants, it caused lesions, demonstrating that the RNA alone carried the genetic information to cause infection.
Viruses as vector, binary, shuttle vector
This document discusses different types of vectors that can be used for genetic engineering, including animal viruses, plant viruses, retroviruses, shuttle vectors, and binary vectors. It provides details on the structure and use of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a plant viral vector, describing how foreign genes can be stably replicated and spread systemically in plants using this system. It also summarizes key features of yeast episomal plasmids (YEps), retroviral vectors based on murine leukemia virus, and the binary vector system used for plant transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Animal viral based vectors
Viral vectors are efficient tools for gene delivery due to viruses' ability to transfer DNA into host cells. The document discusses several types of viral vectors, including adenoviral, adeno-associated, retroviral, lentiviral, and baculovirus vectors. It provides details on the structure and genome organization of different viruses used to create these vectors. The document also explains the process of generating recombinant viral vectors by removing unnecessary viral genes and inserting genes of interest. Viral vectors allow for transient or stable gene expression and are useful for both research and clinical applications such as gene therapy and vaccine development.
Agrobacterium
The document discusses Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which causes hairy root disease in plants. It contains genes on Ri plasmids, including rol genes, that are transferred to plant cells and cause root proliferation. The T-DNA from the plasmid is integrated into the plant genome. Agrobacterium attaches to wounded plant cells, vir genes are activated by compounds from the plant, and the T-DNA and virulence genes work together to transfer T-DNA to the plant cell. Hairy roots can be grown in vitro for research on plant-pathogen interactions and production of compounds.
vector and its types
Vector and its types.
@ Zaheer
International Islamic University Islamabad.
Mail id. muhammad.bsbt642@iiu.edu.pk
L7. artificial chromosomes, plant viral vectors and animal viral vectors
This document discusses various cloning vectors that have been developed over time for use in genetic engineering, including plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs), and human artificial chromosomes (HACs). YACs were developed in 1987 but have issues with chimerism and instability. BACs were developed in 1992 and overcome many of the limitations of YACs. PACs were developed in 1994 and combine features of P1 vectors and BACs. HACs were first constructed in 1997 and provide a system for gene expression studies in human cells.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus is a pararetrovirus that infects plants in the brassicaceae family like cauliflower. It has an icosahedral capsid containing a circular double stranded DNA genome around 80kb in size. The virus replicates through reverse transcription, with its DNA entering the nucleus and being transcribed by the host polymerase. The virus has several open reading frames that encode for structural, movement and other proteins. While it can be used as a vector to insert foreign genes into plants, its capacity is limited to a few hundred nucleotides before the foreign DNA is expelled.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
Cauliflower mosaic virus ppt
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
AP Biology Virus Structure
This document contains diagrams and descriptions of the structures of different viruses including tobacco mosaic virus, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, bacteriophage T4, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The diagrams show the distinguishing features of each virus such as their capsids, envelopes, nucleic acids, and sizes. One diagram illustrates the life cycle of HIV showing its entry into a host cell, conversion of its RNA into DNA, integration into the host cell's DNA, and production of new viral particles.
Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
plant biotechnology, biotechnological tools, indirect gene transfer, vector mediated gene transfer, viral vector, DNA viral vector and RNA vector
Ti plasmid derivatives
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Experimental evidence to Prove RNA as genetic material
Experimental evidence to Prove RNA as genetic material
L7. artificial chromosomes, plant viral vectors and animal viral vectors
L7. artificial chromosomes, plant viral vectors and animal viral vectors
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Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
Similar to Daisy gene 123
Plant expression vectors
What are an expression vector? Detailed description of plant gene structure. Plant expression vector systems are generally consists of Ri and Ti plasmids.
The other vectors which are generally used are DNA and RNA viruses.
Various virus vector related to Plant and Animal for gene cloning and transfo...
Various virus vector related to Plant and Animal for gene cloning and transformation and Expression vector and it’s mode of expression in plant and animal cells
Ti plasmid
The document summarizes key information about Ti plasmids, which are plasmids found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens that cause crown gall disease in plants. The Ti plasmid transfers a segment of DNA called T-DNA into the host plant genome, integrating genes that cause tumor formation. The plasmid has regions for T-DNA, virulence genes needed for transfer, and sometimes opine catabolism genes. Ti plasmids are used to create transgenic plants by replacing the tumor genes with a gene of interest in the T-DNA.
Genetic Engineering Apporaches_S.Srinivasnaik_RAD21-25.ppt
Here I am explaining about the different Genetic Engineering approaches for development of disease resistance
Ri Plasmid
The Ri plasmid is a plasmid found in Agrobacterium rhizogenes bacteria that causes hairy root disease in plants. The plasmid contains genes that allow it to integrate portions of its DNA (T-DNA regions) into the plant genome. These integrated genes cause uncontrolled root growth and the formation of hairy roots. The Ri plasmid shares similarities with the Ti plasmid found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, including virulence genes that mediate the transfer of T-DNA into plant cells and opine synthesis genes. Integration of the T-DNA from the Ri plasmid alters plant hormone production and induces hairy root formation.
ROLE OF Agrobacterium in plant pathology
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA to host cells.
- The Ti plasmid contains genes (vir genes) required for T-DNA processing and transfer to plant cells. A key vir gene is virE2, which encodes a single-stranded DNA binding protein.
- A study introduced the virE2 gene into Nicotiana benthamiana plants to test if it provides tolerance against Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV), a geminivirus.
- Results showed that virE2 reduced SLCMV infection symptoms and spread in transgenic N. bent
Agrobacterium CM
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that can transfer DNA fragments (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into plant cells.
2) The T-DNA is flanked by left and right border sequences and encodes genes that cause plant cells to form tumors and produce nutrients for the bacteria.
3) Upon detection of wounded plant cells, genes on the bacterial plasmid and chromosome mediate T-DNA processing and transfer into the plant cell nucleus where it integrates randomly.
Reducing the effects of viral diseases
Viral diseases can be reduced through several methods. Coat protein mediated resistance involves transforming plants with the viral coat protein gene, which allows the plant to resist infection from that virus or related viruses. Antisense RNAs can also be used, where small untranslatable RNAs pair with and degrade target viral RNA sequences. RNA interference is a natural antiviral response in plants where dicer enzymes produce small interfering RNAs that guide the RNA induced silencing complex to cleave homologous viral RNA transcripts.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens: A natural genetic engineer
This document summarizes the process of plant transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It describes how A. tumefaciens contains a Ti plasmid with T-DNA that is transferred to plant cells. Phenolic compounds from wounded plant cells activate virulence genes in A. tumefaciens, causing production of the T-strand and T-complex. The T-complex is transported into the plant cell and integrated into the plant genome. Genetically engineered Ti plasmid vectors like binary vectors are used to introduce foreign genes into plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
Animal viral vector
1. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) vectors utilize the circular, double-stranded DNA genome of BPV. The BPV genome contains early and late regions and can transform cells without integrating.
2. There are three main types of BPV vectors. All contain the transforming 69% fragment of BPV and bacterial sequences. One type inserts a gene of interest, another adds a stimulating gene, and the third uses the full BPV genome.
3. Transformation efficiency is highest with the full BPV genome due to an enhancer in the non-transforming region. Stimulating genes can replace this enhancer's function when parts of the genome are removed. BPV vectors provide amplified
Cloning vectors for higher plants and animals
cloning vectors for higher plants and animals
recombinant dna technology
adenovirus
simian virus
agrobacterium tumifaciens
tobacco mosaic virus
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in dicot plants by transferring oncogenic DNA (T-DNA) from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome.
2) The T-DNA contains genes that produce hormones causing uncontrolled cell division and the formation of tumors.
3) By removing the oncogenic genes and inserting foreign DNA between the border repeats, the Ti plasmid can be used as a vector to stably introduce foreign genes into plant genomes through the natural plant-Agrobacterium interaction and T-DNA transfer process.
Molecular mechanism of Agrobacterium mediated transformation.pptx
1) The document discusses the molecular mechanism of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation, including the structure and components of the Ti plasmid, which contains the T-DNA region that gets transferred to plant cells.
2) The virulence genes activate upon detection of plant wound signals and help transfer the T-DNA to plant cells via a type IV secretion system.
3) Once in the plant cell, the T-DNA gets integrated into the plant genome and causes tumors by producing hormones, while the plant expresses opines that the bacteria can use for nutrients.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium is a soil-borne bacteria that can transfer DNA fragments called T-DNA from its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into plant cells. This process allows for efficient gene transfer. The T-DNA contains oncogenes that cause tumor formation in plants as well as genes for opine synthesis. Virulence genes on the Ti plasmid regulate T-DNA transfer through a type IV secretion system. There are two main strategies for using Agrobacterium for plant genetic engineering - co-integration vectors, where the gene of interest is inserted into the Ti plasmid, and binary vectors, where the T-DNA and virulence genes are on separate replicons that complement each other in Agrobacterium.
Agrobact transfer.pptx
Agrobacteria are soil bacteria that can transfer genes to plant genomes. They contain Ti plasmids which transfer a segment of DNA (T-DNA) into the host plant genome. This causes tumors and induces the plant to produce unique amino acids called opines that the bacteria can use as nutrients. The Ti plasmid and bacterial chromosome work together with virulence genes on the plasmid producing proteins needed for T-DNA transfer. The T-DNA is processed and transferred via a T-strand into the plant cell nucleus where it integrates randomly. This process allows genetic engineering of plants through Agrobacterium.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used to genetically modify dicot plants through its ability to transfer DNA to plant cells. It causes crown gall disease by transferring oncogenic T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into wounded plant cells. The T-DNA encodes genes that cause tumor formation and the production of opines, which the bacteria can use as nutrients. The binary vector system was developed to overcome challenges with manipulating large Ti plasmids, allowing foreign genes to be stably introduced between the T-DNA borders and transferred to plant cells. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is now widely used to produce transgenic plants.
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Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer
An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
Ti Plasmid & Agrobacterium Mediated gene transfer
Ti Plasmid & Agrobacterium Mediated gene transfer.
Complete Process of Crown Gall disease.
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agrobacterium-mediatedgenetransfer-200528100800 (1).pptx
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that can naturally infect plant wounds and transfer DNA (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into the plant genome. This leads to crown gall disease in infected plants. The T-DNA contains genes that produce phytohormones causing tumors and opines that the bacteria can use. By replacing the T-DNA with a gene of interest, A. tumefaciens can be used to genetically transform plants. The process involves sensing wounded plant signals, transferring T-DNA and virulence proteins into plant cells, and integrating the T-DNA into the plant genome. A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation is
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- 2. Ti plasmids are tumour- inducing plasmids present in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. They are large, circular, double stranded DNA molecules acting as extra chromosomal DNAs. The size of the ti plasmid ranges from 150-230kbp The molecular weight of the plasmids is 120-160mega daltons They are transferred from Agrobactrium to the plant cell during infection.
- 3. The Ti plasmids has a, T-DNA segments Two border sequences, Tragene A sequence for opine catabolism, An incompatibility region, Origin of replication Vir genes
- 4. The Ti plasmids are divided into two types based on the type of opine they synthesis. They are, Octopine Ti plasmids Nopaline Ti plasmids All these Ti plasmids are identical in structure except in their sequences foe opine synthesis and opine catabolism.
- 5. Octopine Ti plasmids encode for the synthesis of the opine,octopine. Octopine is an unusual amino acid synthesised from arginine and pyruvate by condensation. The molecular formula of octopine is C9H18N4O4. The plant cell infected by Agrobacterium that has octopine Ti plasmid has high concentration of octopine. Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ach5 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6 are examples of octopine Ti plasmid.
- 7. This type of Ti plasmids encodes for the synthesis of Nopaline, anopine from a ketoglutarate and arginine. Ti plasmid of agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 is the example for nopaline Ti plasmid The molecular formula of nopaline C9H20N4O6. The pTi C58 is 1,94,000 basepairs in size.
- 9. Ri Plasmids of root inducing plasmids They are circular double stranded DNAs found in the soil bacterium agrobacterium rhizogens. They are analogous to Ti plasmids of a agrobacterium tumefaciens. They can transfer asegment of their DNA to the chromosome of the plant cell. Hence Ri plasmids are used to construct gene cloning vectors for dicot plants.
- 10. Ri plasmid is a large plasmid with the size of 250 kbp. Ri plasmid has two DNAs. The right T-DNA has genes homologous to those of T- DNA of Ti plasmids. They include tms1 and tms2 with two border sequences. The left T-DNA is about 21kbp long and is entirely different from Ti plasmid. It has four genes rolA,rolB,rolC and rolD
- 12. Ri plasmids can be used as substitutes for Ti plasmids to transfer forgien genes to plants Ri plasmids exchange DNA segments between plants and bacteria and hence they could be used to study gene exchange between the organisms. They could be used to induce rooting in clones where rooting from callus or explant is difficult. They could also be used to increase nodulation frequency of plantlets during micropropagation.
- 13. Animal viruses capable of transmitting foreign genes to animal cells are called viral vectors. The following viruses can be used in gene cloning in animal cells. Simian virus 40 Bovine papilloma virus Baculovirus Vaccinia virus Adenovirus Retroviruses
- 14. SV40 is a small virus that infects monkeys. It causes cytoplasmic vacuolation in infected cells and hence it is known as simian vacuolating virus 40. It is included under the group papova viruses. SV40 is an oncogenic virus. The DNA of SV40 contains an origin of replication,a set of genes called early genes and another set of genes called late genes.
- 16. Baculo viruses infect many insects. Their capsid is rod-shaped and the genome is a circular double stranded DNA. The virus particles remain embedded in a matrix protein called polyhedrin. Baculo viruses such as Autographa California nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Bombyx Mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus are used as gene cloning vectors for cultured animal cells.
- 17. Researchs have confirmed that expression of polyhedrin gene is derived by an extremely strong promoter and that polyhedrin gene is not essential for virus replication. Since we cannot use 130kb long Baculovirus DNA, the polyhedrin gene is advantages to construction gene transfer vectors.
- 19. Retro viruses single stranded RNA virusesinfecting birds, mammels and other animals. They are icosahedral viruses with 100nm diameter. They are enveloped viruses. The RNAsynthesized double stranded DNA by means of reverse transcription.
- 20. These features of Retro viruses give impetous to develop gene transfer systems for gene cloning in animal cells. Example ; Murine leukaemia virus.
- 22. THAN K YOU