The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Ram Pump and Solar Pump Training ~ Green Empowerment
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to supplement rainfall and soil moisture for crop production. It is essential in many areas where the amount and timing of rainfall is inadequate for crop needs. Water is a limited resource that must meet the requirements of crop production as well as industry, consumption, power generation and navigation. Irrigation projects are classified based on irrigated area and cost into major, medium and minor projects. Major sources of irrigation water include rivers, surface reservoirs from dams, and underground reservoirs from wells.
This document discusses multipurpose projects which serve multiple functions like irrigation and hydropower generation. It describes how such projects are constructed by building dams across deep river valleys. The objectives of multipurpose projects are power generation, water supply, irrigation, flood prevention, and more. It then provides details on how hydropower is generated and factors that lead to criticism of such projects, like displacement of communities and environmental impacts. As an example, it summarizes the key aspects and achievements of the Maithon Dam project in Jharkhand, India, which generates hydropower while also providing irrigation, water supply, and flood control. However, it notes that multipurpose projects can face issues like reservoir sedimentation and
This is one of the biggest drinking water project of Nepal for Kathmandu valley. We have included the brief description of all the updates that have been done, so far in this project along with how the project is funded. It also includes the recent photographs and maps of reservoir and tunnel showing the progress of the projects.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to connect rivers through canals to reduce flooding and water shortages. While proponents argue it will provide irrigation, drinking water and power, critics argue it is not financially or environmentally feasible. The project's estimated cost of ₹5.6 lakh crores is very high and would displace millions of people. Local water conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging are presented as more viable alternatives to address water scarcity issues.
The document discusses water resource management and the role of dams. It provides information on several key points:
1) Water resource management involves planning, developing, distributing and managing water resources in an optimal way. Dams play an important role in the development and management of water resources.
2) Dams have both positive and negative environmental impacts. They provide benefits like flood control and hydroelectric power but can also negatively impact ecosystems, cause displacement of people, and change physical and chemical properties of the environment.
3) Case studies of controversial dam projects in India, China, and Pakistan are discussed, including the proposed Subansiri dam project in India which has faced construction challenges. Mitigation of environmental impacts and controvers
Ram Pump and Solar Pump Training ~ Green Empowerment
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to supplement rainfall and soil moisture for crop production. It is essential in many areas where the amount and timing of rainfall is inadequate for crop needs. Water is a limited resource that must meet the requirements of crop production as well as industry, consumption, power generation and navigation. Irrigation projects are classified based on irrigated area and cost into major, medium and minor projects. Major sources of irrigation water include rivers, surface reservoirs from dams, and underground reservoirs from wells.
This document discusses multipurpose projects which serve multiple functions like irrigation and hydropower generation. It describes how such projects are constructed by building dams across deep river valleys. The objectives of multipurpose projects are power generation, water supply, irrigation, flood prevention, and more. It then provides details on how hydropower is generated and factors that lead to criticism of such projects, like displacement of communities and environmental impacts. As an example, it summarizes the key aspects and achievements of the Maithon Dam project in Jharkhand, India, which generates hydropower while also providing irrigation, water supply, and flood control. However, it notes that multipurpose projects can face issues like reservoir sedimentation and
This is one of the biggest drinking water project of Nepal for Kathmandu valley. We have included the brief description of all the updates that have been done, so far in this project along with how the project is funded. It also includes the recent photographs and maps of reservoir and tunnel showing the progress of the projects.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to connect rivers through canals to reduce flooding and water shortages. While proponents argue it will provide irrigation, drinking water and power, critics argue it is not financially or environmentally feasible. The project's estimated cost of ₹5.6 lakh crores is very high and would displace millions of people. Local water conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging are presented as more viable alternatives to address water scarcity issues.
The document discusses water resource management and the role of dams. It provides information on several key points:
1) Water resource management involves planning, developing, distributing and managing water resources in an optimal way. Dams play an important role in the development and management of water resources.
2) Dams have both positive and negative environmental impacts. They provide benefits like flood control and hydroelectric power but can also negatively impact ecosystems, cause displacement of people, and change physical and chemical properties of the environment.
3) Case studies of controversial dam projects in India, China, and Pakistan are discussed, including the proposed Subansiri dam project in India which has faced construction challenges. Mitigation of environmental impacts and controvers
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multipurpose ProjectsEbad Ur Rahman
Multipurpose projects have several advantages: they can reduce flooding, impound water for irrigation, human consumption, and power generation while also improving transportation. However, they also have disadvantages, including the inundation of land and forests, displacement of people, and disruption of infrastructure and aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, multipurpose projects face challenges of attracting private investment given their complexity, and require strong regulatory frameworks and coordination between different users and sectors to balance competing demands.
Hydroelectric energy is an important renewable energy source, representing 19% of global electricity production. Hydroelectric dams exist around the world, with the largest producers being Canada, the US, and Brazil. Hydroelectric power generates electricity from kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines without producing harmful emissions. Small-scale hydroelectric plants have less environmental impact than large dams. Hydroelectric energy provides clean energy and can also supply water for irrigation and other uses.
The document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP) which aims to connect rivers across India to address issues of water scarcity and flooding. It would involve building canals to transfer surplus river water from flood-prone regions to water-deficit areas. The project is expected to provide various benefits like increased irrigation, flood control, hydropower generation and navigation. However, it may also cause ecological disruption, loss of aquatic life, deforestation, displacement of people and submergence of land. Alternative water management approaches like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging are proposed instead of the large-scale interlinking project.
The document discusses water challenges and management in Andhra Pradesh, India. It notes that India is already water stressed and will become more so by 2020. Andhra Pradesh receives average annual rainfall of 500-1100mm but faces issues like depleting groundwater, overexploitation of resources, and a growing population. Various government initiatives aim to improve irrigation infrastructure, promote crop diversification, water conservation, and establish water user associations. Recommendations include expanding micro-irrigation, low-input sustainable agriculture, improved crop insurance and water harvesting, and facilitating contract farming and market access for farmers.
Field visit report of Moragahakanda reservoir project Deshan Arachchige
this report contain description about project and construction process,all information are gathered during visit by Kotelawela Defence University and literature.
This document discusses water conservation and sustainable development. It covers several topics:
1. Water conservation aims to manage fresh water sustainably to meet human and environmental needs now and in the future, as population growth and climate change increase pressures on water resources.
2. Sustainable water supply networks require developing new water sources and reducing pollution. Strategies for water conservation include reducing water loss and waste, avoiding damage to water quality, and improving water management practices.
3. At home, water-saving technologies like low-flow shower heads and toilets can significantly reduce water usage. Rainwater and greywater reuse are also effective conservation methods used worldwide.
This document discusses water organization in India and Russia. It covers sources of water in India like surface water from rivers and lakes and groundwater from underground aquifers. It also discusses developing water projects, drinking water specifications, and a comparison of sanitary zones between the two countries. Major topics covered include sources of drinking water, uses of water, common problems associated with different water sources, water storage, distribution, and sanitation practices in India.
This case study is about Latur water supply project which is a Class A Municipal Council with a population of about 3,50,000 people. It mainly focuses on Public Private Partnership between LMC and MJP.
Interlinking rivers 2 - Interlinking Indian Rivers - Short Presentation 1 - R...Shivu P
This slide show make us understand about the need for Interlinking the Indian rivers on the national emergency basis, its relation with the life of the people - society - nation, the relation between the water and the disease, the need for identifying the safe - secure - surplus supply of water without disputes and make the nation developed at the top and the individuals at the root levels.
TWCA Annual Convention: Securing the Water Future of the Greater Houston Regi...TWCA
The document summarizes efforts by various organizations in the Houston region to collaboratively plan and develop water supplies to meet future demand while reducing subsidence rates. It describes how groundwater use previously caused subsidence but regulation and development of surface water projects like Lake Livingston and Lake Houston have helped. It outlines challenges in developing new supplies like the Luce Bayou project and water treatment plant expansions. Funding these large regional projects requires cooperation and financial support from state programs like SWIFT. Long term planning continues to focus on strategies like reuse, importing additional surface water, and desalination.
A multi-purpose project is a large-scale hydro project that includes dams for water retention, canals for irrigation, water processing and pipelines to supply water to cities, and power generation. These projects also provide transportation improvements, industrial growth, and flood control. Major multi-purpose projects in India include the Keralacheruthoni Dam, Madhya Pradesh Indira Sagar Dam, Karnataka Krishnarajasagar Dam, and others located across several states.
The document discusses India's Inter-Linking of Rivers project. It proposes linking water-surplus rivers to water-deficit areas through canals to better manage water resources. The project would include 30 links divided into Himalayan and Peninsular components to transfer water across river basins. It is estimated to provide 25 million hectares of new irrigation, 34,000 MW of power, and benefits like flood control and water supply. While large in scale and cost, the project could help address uneven water distribution and support national development, though environmental impacts are uncertain.
The document provides an introduction and study guide for delegates participating in the SSN Youth Parliamentary Conference on the agenda of interlinking rivers in India. It discusses the need for interlinking rivers due to increasing population and water shortage issues. It outlines India's major river water conflicts such as the Ravi-Beas and Cauvery disputes. The study guide explains the flow of debate at the conference and provides questions for delegates to consider regarding the costs, impacts and advantages/disadvantages of the proposed interlinking of rivers project.
This file contains a presentation on " interlinking of rivers in India ". Describing the efforts made in past, present scenario, possibilities, problems their solution and alternatives.
Multi-purpose river valley projects can provide benefits like employment, flood control, power and water supply, conservation, and enabling agriculture and fisheries. However, they may also negatively impact people and ecosystems by causing displacement, disrupting fisheries, increasing earthquake risk, submerging lands, and exacerbating diseases. Specifically, the Bhakra Dam project in India provides irrigation for agriculture but displaced many communities, while the Damodar River Valley project generates electricity but also disrupted livelihoods and fisheries for some.
Geological view-interlinking of rivers in indiaPasupathi S
This document discusses the geological view of interlinking rivers in India. It provides background on India's water budget, noting that a large amount of water flows into the sea due to floods each year. The history of proposals to interlink rivers in India is then outlined, dating back to the 19th century, with various commissions and studies taking place over the 20th century. Potential advantages of interlinking rivers include flood control, drought proofing, irrigation, hydropower and increasing food production. However, disadvantages include environmental impacts like deforestation, disruption to river ecosystems, and displacement of communities.
Land Acquisition & Rehabilitation Practices in Gulbarga, Karnataka.NITI Aayog
The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, Government of India, organized the 2nd 'District Collectors Conference', which took place on the 6th & 7th of September in New Delhi. Over 30 district collectors participated, making presentations on best practices to overcome challenges faced in the sectors of rural development, education, urban development, law & order, and disaster management.
The Planning Commission is providing these presentations for the public to see examples of the good work being done by young IAS officers in the field, and to promote cross-learning and innovation.
Integrated water supply project on chiguale kebele presentationdawit kebede
The document presents the design of a water supply project for Chiguale rural town kebele in Ethiopia. The existing water supply system is inefficient and unable to meet the needs of residents. The proposed project aims to improve access to clean water and living conditions. It will develop the Fichila spring water source, install pumping infrastructure to collect and treat the water, construct a service reservoir for storage and distribution, and implement a piped distribution network along with sanitation facilities. The design considers population projections, water demand estimates, technical specifications, environmental impacts, and cost estimates to develop a sustainable water system for the community over a 20-year period.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the movement patterns and home range sizes of Rothschild's giraffes translocated to Ruma National Park in Kenya. 30 individual giraffes (17 males and 13 females) were identified and observed over 120 days. The giraffes exhibited well-defined movement patterns within the park, moving between different vegetation communities in a generally circular pattern. Home range sizes varied from 3.03 to 16.21 km2 but were generally small with high overlap between ranges. There were no significant differences found between males and females in their home range sizes or maximum distances traveled. Vegetation distribution and poaching appeared to influence the giraffes' movements and use of space within the park.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multipurpose ProjectsEbad Ur Rahman
Multipurpose projects have several advantages: they can reduce flooding, impound water for irrigation, human consumption, and power generation while also improving transportation. However, they also have disadvantages, including the inundation of land and forests, displacement of people, and disruption of infrastructure and aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, multipurpose projects face challenges of attracting private investment given their complexity, and require strong regulatory frameworks and coordination between different users and sectors to balance competing demands.
Hydroelectric energy is an important renewable energy source, representing 19% of global electricity production. Hydroelectric dams exist around the world, with the largest producers being Canada, the US, and Brazil. Hydroelectric power generates electricity from kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines without producing harmful emissions. Small-scale hydroelectric plants have less environmental impact than large dams. Hydroelectric energy provides clean energy and can also supply water for irrigation and other uses.
The document discusses India's proposed National River Linking Project (NRLP) which aims to connect rivers across India to address issues of water scarcity and flooding. It would involve building canals to transfer surplus river water from flood-prone regions to water-deficit areas. The project is expected to provide various benefits like increased irrigation, flood control, hydropower generation and navigation. However, it may also cause ecological disruption, loss of aquatic life, deforestation, displacement of people and submergence of land. Alternative water management approaches like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging are proposed instead of the large-scale interlinking project.
The document discusses water challenges and management in Andhra Pradesh, India. It notes that India is already water stressed and will become more so by 2020. Andhra Pradesh receives average annual rainfall of 500-1100mm but faces issues like depleting groundwater, overexploitation of resources, and a growing population. Various government initiatives aim to improve irrigation infrastructure, promote crop diversification, water conservation, and establish water user associations. Recommendations include expanding micro-irrigation, low-input sustainable agriculture, improved crop insurance and water harvesting, and facilitating contract farming and market access for farmers.
Field visit report of Moragahakanda reservoir project Deshan Arachchige
this report contain description about project and construction process,all information are gathered during visit by Kotelawela Defence University and literature.
This document discusses water conservation and sustainable development. It covers several topics:
1. Water conservation aims to manage fresh water sustainably to meet human and environmental needs now and in the future, as population growth and climate change increase pressures on water resources.
2. Sustainable water supply networks require developing new water sources and reducing pollution. Strategies for water conservation include reducing water loss and waste, avoiding damage to water quality, and improving water management practices.
3. At home, water-saving technologies like low-flow shower heads and toilets can significantly reduce water usage. Rainwater and greywater reuse are also effective conservation methods used worldwide.
This document discusses water organization in India and Russia. It covers sources of water in India like surface water from rivers and lakes and groundwater from underground aquifers. It also discusses developing water projects, drinking water specifications, and a comparison of sanitary zones between the two countries. Major topics covered include sources of drinking water, uses of water, common problems associated with different water sources, water storage, distribution, and sanitation practices in India.
This case study is about Latur water supply project which is a Class A Municipal Council with a population of about 3,50,000 people. It mainly focuses on Public Private Partnership between LMC and MJP.
Interlinking rivers 2 - Interlinking Indian Rivers - Short Presentation 1 - R...Shivu P
This slide show make us understand about the need for Interlinking the Indian rivers on the national emergency basis, its relation with the life of the people - society - nation, the relation between the water and the disease, the need for identifying the safe - secure - surplus supply of water without disputes and make the nation developed at the top and the individuals at the root levels.
TWCA Annual Convention: Securing the Water Future of the Greater Houston Regi...TWCA
The document summarizes efforts by various organizations in the Houston region to collaboratively plan and develop water supplies to meet future demand while reducing subsidence rates. It describes how groundwater use previously caused subsidence but regulation and development of surface water projects like Lake Livingston and Lake Houston have helped. It outlines challenges in developing new supplies like the Luce Bayou project and water treatment plant expansions. Funding these large regional projects requires cooperation and financial support from state programs like SWIFT. Long term planning continues to focus on strategies like reuse, importing additional surface water, and desalination.
A multi-purpose project is a large-scale hydro project that includes dams for water retention, canals for irrigation, water processing and pipelines to supply water to cities, and power generation. These projects also provide transportation improvements, industrial growth, and flood control. Major multi-purpose projects in India include the Keralacheruthoni Dam, Madhya Pradesh Indira Sagar Dam, Karnataka Krishnarajasagar Dam, and others located across several states.
The document discusses India's Inter-Linking of Rivers project. It proposes linking water-surplus rivers to water-deficit areas through canals to better manage water resources. The project would include 30 links divided into Himalayan and Peninsular components to transfer water across river basins. It is estimated to provide 25 million hectares of new irrigation, 34,000 MW of power, and benefits like flood control and water supply. While large in scale and cost, the project could help address uneven water distribution and support national development, though environmental impacts are uncertain.
The document provides an introduction and study guide for delegates participating in the SSN Youth Parliamentary Conference on the agenda of interlinking rivers in India. It discusses the need for interlinking rivers due to increasing population and water shortage issues. It outlines India's major river water conflicts such as the Ravi-Beas and Cauvery disputes. The study guide explains the flow of debate at the conference and provides questions for delegates to consider regarding the costs, impacts and advantages/disadvantages of the proposed interlinking of rivers project.
This file contains a presentation on " interlinking of rivers in India ". Describing the efforts made in past, present scenario, possibilities, problems their solution and alternatives.
Multi-purpose river valley projects can provide benefits like employment, flood control, power and water supply, conservation, and enabling agriculture and fisheries. However, they may also negatively impact people and ecosystems by causing displacement, disrupting fisheries, increasing earthquake risk, submerging lands, and exacerbating diseases. Specifically, the Bhakra Dam project in India provides irrigation for agriculture but displaced many communities, while the Damodar River Valley project generates electricity but also disrupted livelihoods and fisheries for some.
Geological view-interlinking of rivers in indiaPasupathi S
This document discusses the geological view of interlinking rivers in India. It provides background on India's water budget, noting that a large amount of water flows into the sea due to floods each year. The history of proposals to interlink rivers in India is then outlined, dating back to the 19th century, with various commissions and studies taking place over the 20th century. Potential advantages of interlinking rivers include flood control, drought proofing, irrigation, hydropower and increasing food production. However, disadvantages include environmental impacts like deforestation, disruption to river ecosystems, and displacement of communities.
Land Acquisition & Rehabilitation Practices in Gulbarga, Karnataka.NITI Aayog
The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, Government of India, organized the 2nd 'District Collectors Conference', which took place on the 6th & 7th of September in New Delhi. Over 30 district collectors participated, making presentations on best practices to overcome challenges faced in the sectors of rural development, education, urban development, law & order, and disaster management.
The Planning Commission is providing these presentations for the public to see examples of the good work being done by young IAS officers in the field, and to promote cross-learning and innovation.
Integrated water supply project on chiguale kebele presentationdawit kebede
The document presents the design of a water supply project for Chiguale rural town kebele in Ethiopia. The existing water supply system is inefficient and unable to meet the needs of residents. The proposed project aims to improve access to clean water and living conditions. It will develop the Fichila spring water source, install pumping infrastructure to collect and treat the water, construct a service reservoir for storage and distribution, and implement a piped distribution network along with sanitation facilities. The design considers population projections, water demand estimates, technical specifications, environmental impacts, and cost estimates to develop a sustainable water system for the community over a 20-year period.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the movement patterns and home range sizes of Rothschild's giraffes translocated to Ruma National Park in Kenya. 30 individual giraffes (17 males and 13 females) were identified and observed over 120 days. The giraffes exhibited well-defined movement patterns within the park, moving between different vegetation communities in a generally circular pattern. Home range sizes varied from 3.03 to 16.21 km2 but were generally small with high overlap between ranges. There were no significant differences found between males and females in their home range sizes or maximum distances traveled. Vegetation distribution and poaching appeared to influence the giraffes' movements and use of space within the park.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document analyzes the dry sliding wear behavior of AISI D5 tool steel subjected to different heat treatments, including hardening, tempering, cryogenic treatment, and soft tempering. Pin-on-disc testing was used to evaluate the wear resistance of specimens treated with 10 different processes. Microstructural analysis found that cryogenic treatment reduced retained austenite and improved carbide distribution compared to conventional heat treatment. Specimens receiving cryogenic treatment showed the highest hardness and lowest wear rates, indicating better wear resistance. The optimal combination of treatments was found to be hardening, cryogenic treatment, and single tempering.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes research on the design of adaptive heterodyne filters for digital receivers. It describes two techniques for designing tunable heterodyne filters: 1) a three-way tunable complex heterodyne filter that rotates poles and zeros like a combination lock, and 2) a Nyquist tunable heterodyne filter that removes frequencies above the Nyquist frequency. It also proposes using an LMS adaptive notch filter for frequency detection and a numerically controlled oscillator to interface the detection circuit with the tunable filter, creating an adaptive system to attenuate detected interference frequencies.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document examines the effect of temperature on the yield of methyl ester (biodiesel) produced from palm kernel oil and groundnut oil through base-catalyzed transesterification. The maximum yield for palm kernel oil was 87.67% at 65°C, while groundnut oil yield peaked at 82.5% at 50°C. Yield generally increased with temperature up to these points, then decreased due to increased miscibility. Palm kernel oil produced a higher average yield than groundnut oil under the conditions tested. The results show that Nigerian palm kernel and groundnut oils can be effective feedstocks for biodiesel production.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document describes a new image scaling algorithm based on an area pixel model that aims to achieve low complexity suitable for VLSI implementation. It presents an edge-oriented area-pixel scaling processor that uses an approximate technique to calculate pixel areas with 6-bit integers rather than floating point values. It also employs a simple edge catching technique to better preserve edges. The proposed 7-stage VLSI architecture was implemented using Verilog HDL and synthesized using a 0.18-micron process, achieving a processing rate of 200MHz with 10.4K gate counts. Experimental results showed it performs better than other lower complexity methods in terms of quality and speed.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 6 ||Pages|| 19-27||2013||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 19
Design and Cost Analysis of 3 Kw Wind-Diesel Hybrid Water
Pumping System for Ban Village
1
Maren I. Borok, 2
Gyang Y. Pam, 3
Kolo B.Yetu
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin-Ladi, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria
----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------------
Underground water from boreholes is probably the most reliable alternative source of potable drinking water
especially in rural areas. Adequate, reliable and affordable energy is required to pump the water to the surface
for use. Most rural areas do not have access to grid-connected electricity and the burning of fossil fuels to
provide energy is environmentally unfriendly. Solar energy is only available in the day time and wind energy is
stochastic. These necessitated the design of a wind-diesel hybrid water pumping system, which is more reliable
for a rural community in Ban village in Nigeria. The hybrid system will pump water from underground to an
overhead tank to supply the village for a period of 20 years. A design analysis gave results that for adequate
water supply to the village, a 3 kW wind-diesel hybrid system is required. A cost analysis via the annuity method
gave the cost of water to be $0.2/m3
, which is considered economical in view of the value attached to water in
that location.
KEY WORDS: Annuity, Design, Hybrid energy, Underground water
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 24 May 2013, Date of Publication: 25.June.2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Water is essential to man, animals and plants and without water life on earth would not exist. About
80% of all diseases in the world are associated with unsafe water [1]. In spite of the significance of water most
rural areas do not have access to adequate potable drinking water. The existing surface water sources such as
rivers, ponds, streams, and lakes, which may not be fit for direct usage, cannot meet the rural water demand due
to increase in population.
Underground water seems to be the possible alternative to this dilemma, but the underground water
table is also decreasing, which makes traditional hand pumping and bucketing from shallow wells difficult [2].
Thus, mechanised or motorised water pumping will become the only reliable alternative for lifting water from
underground.
However, there are challenges in using motorised water pumping due to the poor energy situation in
Nigeria. The few rural areas connected to the national grid do not have efficient power supply thus making
motorised water pumping difficult. Diesel, gasoline, and kerosene pumps used to pump water are great
contributors of greenhouse gases and the occasional scarcity and price-hike of the product in Nigeria and the
routine maintenance of the systems are hindrances to using them.
Renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind, are better options in remote locations
especially in Nigeria in the face of the current energy crisis. However, solar energy can only be harnessed in the
day time while wind energy is stochastic. A hybrid energy system which is a combination of renewable and non-
renewable, such as wind and diesel engine would produce a steady energy supply for pumping water from
boreholes.
Wind-diesel hybrid power system is defined as a combination of diesel generators/engine and wind
turbines, usually alongside ancillary equipment such as energy storage, power converters, and various control
components, to generate electricity/or pump water [3]. Wind-diesel hybrid systems reduce reliance on diesel
fuel, which creates pollution and is costly to transport [3]. This technology can be applied in rural areas, which
is the case for Ban village to pump water from boreholes to an overhead tank for community use.
Ban is a village in Plateau State, Nigeria. It is about 2 km away from Jos airport. It is located at an
altitude of 1200 m above sea level between longitudes 80
53’ E and 80
54’ E and between latitude 90
39’ N and
latitude 90
40’ N. It has an average annual rainfall of 1,400 mm, which lasts between 6-7 months [4]. It has the
lowest temperature record of 150
C between December and January and the highest record of 320
C in March.
The dry season is dominated by the north-easterly wind between October and April and the wet season is
2. Design And Cost Analysis Of 3 Kw Wind-Diesel …
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 20
dominated by the south-westerly moist tropical maritime wind between May and September [4]. The natural
vegetation of Ban village is close to guinea savannah. The vegetation is characterised by shrubs and grass with
few scattered trees planted by the people in the village.
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1 Description and principle of operation of the wind-diesel hybrid system
The wind-diesel hybrid water pumping system comprises of the following main components as shown
in figure 1: (i) Tower, (ii) Wind turbine, (iii) Diesel engine, (iv) Gearing system, (v) Bearing (vi) Reciprocating
pump. (vii) Shafts, crank shaft and couplings, (viii) Suction and Delivery pipes, (ix) Water storage tank and
support. The kinetic energy from the wind is converted to mechanical torque by the wind turbine. The torque
on the turbine shaft is transmitted to the differential gear through the bevel gear by the vertical shaft. The
differential gear synchronises the speed of the wind turbine and diesel engine [5]for onward transmission to the
crank shaft. The rotary motion of the crank shaft is converted to the reciprocating motion of the piston through
the pump rod in the pump cylinder. The upward motion of the pump rod creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder
thereby sucking water from the borehole through the foot valve which opens while the piston valve remains
closed. During the downward motion of the pump rod, the foot valve closes while the piston valve opens
thereby forcing the water in the cylinder to the storage tank for community use. The moment the water level
drops to the critical level L1 (level L1 is determined by the amount of water that will meet the water need of the
community for two days) the floating regulator sends electrical signals to the diesel engine which starts
automatically. The torque from the diesel engine shaft is transmitted to the crank shaft through the spur gear and
differential gear systems thereby pumping water alone or in collaboration with the wind turbine. As soon as the
water level reaches L2, (level L2 is determined by the amount of water that will meet the water need of the
community for one day) the floating regulator switches off the diesel engine living only the wind turbine to
operate the piston thus saving fuel. The hybrid system can operate in any of the following ways:
i. Only wind turbine driving the pump, if the water is at level L1 and above
ii. Only the diesel engine driving the pump, if the water is at level L2 and the wind speed is below the cut-
in wind speed or above the cut-out wind speed.
iii. Both the wind turbine and the diesel engine driving the pump, if the water level is at L2 and the wind
speed is equal to or above the cut-in wind speed but less than the cut-out wind speed.
Figure 1: A schematic diagram of the designed wind-diesel hybrid water pumping system
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2.2 Design Considerations
i. The design of the hybrid wind-diesel water pump system is based on stand-alone operation. The
capacity of the windmill or diesel engine should be able to pump the water required in the village
alone. Thus, the hybridisation of the system is an added advantage as it gives availability and reduces
diesel consumption.
ii. The transmission systems such as the reducing gear, differential gear and the bevel gear are not
designed but selected from products catalogues based on their operational requirements in the system.
iii. The pumping rate of the system is not to exceed the yield of the borehole, or else the borehole will dry
up thereby wearing up the reciprocating pump.
iv. Water storage capacity is also considered in the design of the wind-diesel hybrid pump as it depends on
factors such as the daily water consumption of the village, energy availability for pumping and cost and
the availability of other water sources.
v. The availability of the wind-diesel hybrid wind pump system components in the market, their cost and
maintenance are other factors considered in the design of the system.
2.3 Design Theories
2.3.1 Projected population of Ban village
The water consumption of a community is a function of the population and the standard of living of the
community. Thus, the projected population growth of the community is determined as given in [6]:
tr
o
p
ePtP )( (1)
Where oP the initial population of the community, pr is the population growth rate of Nigeria, t is the life span
of the system and )(tP is the projected population at time t .
2.3.2 Water requirement of Ban village
The water consumed in a community is determined as given in [1]:
pctv WPq 20 (2)
Where, vq is water consumed by community, 20tP is projected population of the community after 20 years and
pcW is the per capita water consumption.
2.3.3 Borehole depth and safe yield of underground water of Ban village
The optimum characteristics of boreholes in Ban village as given in [7] and [8] are:
i. Total depth of bore hole - 30 m
ii. Pump installation depth - 27 m
iii. Yield of boreholes - 1.5 litre/second
2.3.4 Total head of the system
Total head of the system, according to Darcy-Weisbach formula, taking into consideration losses on the
delivery and suction side of the pipe, is given in [9] as:
1
8
42
2
K
D
L
f
gD
Q
H
d
p
d
(3)
Where, H is total head of the system, Q is volume flow rate, f is friction factor, which can be determined
from the Moody chart, pL is the length of pipe, K is loss coefficient of the pipe, dD is diameter of pipe and
g is acceleration due to gravity.
2.3.5 Hydraulic power requirement
The hydraulic power needed to lift the water from the source (borehole) to an overhead tank can be
calculated as given in [10]:
gHqP wvhyd (4)
Where, hydP is hydraulic power, w is density of water, g is acceleration due to gravity, vq is water consumed
by community, H is total head which includes (Static and dynamic height of the water source below ground
level and head losses in suction and delivery pipes due to friction.
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2.3.6 Wind power potential
The wind power potential is given as the specific wind power or the power per unit area. It is given in
[11] as:
3
2
1
VP awind (5)
Where, windP is the wind potential, a is the density of air and V is the wind velocity.
2.3.7 Reference area and size of windmill
The ratio of the hydraulic power of each month divided by the specific wind power potential for that
same month has the dimension of area and is referred to as the reference area. The reference area as given in
[11] is:
wind
hyd
a
P
P
R (6)
The size of the windmill depends on the diameter of the rotor. This can be obtained from the reference
area as given in [11]:
a
r
R
D
4
(7)
Where, aR is the reference area, hydP is the hydraulic power of the system, windP is the wind power potential
and rD is the rotor diameter.
2.3.8 Pump size
The size of a wind pump depends on the volume of water required to be discharged by the pump and is
given in [10] as:
4
2
SND
q
rp
volv
(8)
Where, vq is the water consumed by community, vol is the volumetric efficiency of the pump, rN is the
rotational speed of rotor, pD is the diameter of the pump and S is the stroke of the pump.
2.3.9 Design speed
The design wind speed is that which the overall efficiency of the system reaches a maximum. In
practice, it is the wind speed at which the power coefficient pC reaches its maximum value maxpC . It is also
determined by equating the net rotor power to hydraulic power as given in [12]:
3
max
2
)(4 RC
gHSD
V
amechp
wdpvol
d
(9)
Where, mech is mechanical efficiency, max)( pC is maximum power coefficient of the windmill, a is density
of air, dV is design velocity, R is radius of turbine, w is density of water, g is acceleration due to gravity,
S is the stroke of the pump and H is total head.
2.3.10 Sizing of diesel engine
The required shaft power can then be calculated as given in [13]:
drcp
hyd
s
P
P
(10)
Also, the required engine power is given in [13] as:
f
fhyd
E
D
LP
P
(11)
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Where, sP is shaft power, EP is diesel engine power, hydP is hydraulic power, fL is Load factor, p is pump
element efficiency, c is friction losses at coupling, r efficiency of spur gear, d is efficiency of differential
gear, fD is derating factor for altitude and temperature.
2.3.11 Capacity of storage tank
The capacity of the storage tank can be determined from the product of the daily water requirement and
the number of days required for constant water supply as given in [14]:
FdS SWV (12)
Where, SV is storage tank capacity, FS is days for constant water supply, dW is daily water consumption.
2.3.12 Transmission systems
2.3.12.1 Gearing system
The basic steps for the selection of transmission systems such as differential gear, bevel gear and spur
gear from catalogues as given in [15] are:
Determination of the service factor, SK from table
Calculation of the equivalent power.
Equivalent power GP = Actual power AGP Service factor SK (13)
Determination of the speed ratio:
O
I
r
N
N
shaftoutputofSpeed
shaftinputofSpeed
i (14)
Where, ri is gear ratio, 1ri is gear reducer and 1ri is gear multiplier.
2.3.12.2 Shaft
The power transmitted by a shaft at a given revolution is given in [16] as:
ssSP TP (15)
For a shaft subjected to only twisting moment:
3
16
dTs
(16)
For shaft subjected to combined twisting moment and bending moment, the equivalent twisting
moment based on the maximum shear stress theory or Guest’s theory used for ductile materials such as mild
steel as given in [16]:
. )( 22
MTTe =
3
16
d
(solid shaft) (17)
Where, SPP is the power transmitted by shaft, sT is the torque on the shaft, s is the angular velocity of the
shaft, eT is equivalent twisting moments, T is twisting moment, M is the bending moment, is shear stress,
d is diameter of solid shaft.
2.4 Theoretical efficiency of wind-diesel hybrid pump system
The actual power need is always greater than the hydraulic power needs, because losses inevitably
occur when producing and transmitting power due to friction. The quality of a system in terms of minimising
losses is defined as its efficiency. Thus,
I
hyd
T
PsystempumpwindofinputpowerActual
PoutputpowerHydraulic
efficiencyTotal (18)
2.5 Cost analysis of the wind-diesel hybrid water pumping system
The total yearly cost is obtained by adding the annuities (which is a conversion of the investment into
an equivalent yearly amount of money that would have to be paid every year during the (economic) lifetime of
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the installation, if the investment were financed through a loan)of the investment and recurrent costs together.
The annuity is determined as given in [12]:
t
r
r
r
r
IA
)1(1
(19a)
Components such as diesel engine and pump have lifespans shorter than the lifespan of the whole system, thus,
there will be replacement of these components before the lifespan of the system elapses. The future cost of
replacement of components is given in [10] as:
N
cv iIF )1( (19b)
Similarly, the annuity of the future cost can be calculated as in [10]:
1)1(
t
r
rcv
r
rF
A (19c)
Where, I is the total investment excluding replacement cost, cvF is future cost of replacement, rr is real
interest rate, t is the life span of the system, N is the number of years before replacement and i is the inflation
rate.
2.5.1Cost of operation, maintenance and repair
The total cost of operation, maintenance and repair of a diesel engine is determined as given in [12]:
tiCC omrTomr )1( (20)
Where, TomrC is the total cost of operation, maintenance and repair of diesel engine omrC is the operation,
maintenance and repair cost, i is the inflation rate, t is the lifetime of the diesel engine.
2.5.2 Cost of diesel fuel consumed
The total cost of diesel fuel consumed by a diesel engine is determined as given in [12]:
teCFC fTf )1( (21)
Where, F is the annual fuel consumption (litre/year), fC is the cost of fuel ($/litre), e is the escalation rate, t
is the lifetime of diesel engine.
2.5.3 Cost per m3
of water pumped
The cost per m3
of water pumped by the wind-diesel hybrid water pump system is determined by
dividing the total annuity of the system by the annual volume of water pumped by the system.
The prices of the components of the wind-diesel hybrid system were obtained from the internet [17]and
market survey as shown in table 3.1. The exchange rate for the conversion of naira to US dollar is N157 to
$1[18]
The cost analysis of the systems is based on the following assumptions:
i. Based on the information from a CE-211CC model of 4.2 HP (3.1kW), diesel engine maintenance
technicians, the fuel consumption of 0.5 litre per hour and monthly maintenance of the diesel engine
are here assumed to be constant for the period of 20 years;
ii. The pump has a life span of 10 years [19], which will require replacement after 10 years of service
before the lifespan of the system.
iii. The current inflation rate of 9 % per annum [20] is assumed to be constant over a period of 20 years.
iv. The diesel engine has a life span of 5 years, thus, four sets of diesel engine will be required throughout
the life span of the system;
v. The cost of diesel at $1.15 per litre is constant for 20 years.
vi. The current loan interest rate from banks of 12 % per annum maximum [20] will be constant over a
period of 20 years;.
vii. Escalating rate of 3% per annum [12], of the fuel is constant over the period of 20 years;
viii. Salvage value of the diesel engine is negligible.
2.6 Wind pump Availability Estimation
The water output from the pump varies with the wind speed. Matching the power of windmill and the
hydraulic power gives the water output by the system as a function of the wind speed of the site. The water
output by the wind pump stand-alone operation is calculated as given in [12]:
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gH
VRCC
q
w
pE
2
)( 32
max
(22)
Where max)( pC is overall power coefficient of windmill, EC is energy production coefficient, a is
density of air, R is radius of windmill, w is density of water, H is total head, g is acceleration due to gravity
and V is the wind velocity.
A multi-bladed windmill designed by ironman company of 3.6 m diameter, cut-in velocity of 3 m/s,
rated velocity of 8 m/s and the cut-out velocity of 12 m/s., max)( pC =0.36 and EC =0.4 was selected to
determine the availability of the windmill in the hybrid system [18]. These parameters and the wind speed data
collected from the meteorological station Jos airport (as according to literature, when there are no remarkable
changes in terrain, wind speed can be applied as far as 25 km [21]),are used in equation (22) to determine the
availability of the windmill as showed in table 3.4.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Results
Tabel.3.1: Wind-diesel hybrid system components, units and cost
S/N Components Unit Total cost ($)
1 Ironman 702 windmill/3.6 m diameter 1 6,450
2 Heavy steel 4-leg tower 16 m high 1 6,150
3 150 mm diameter well pump and seals 1 955
4 6 m length Pump rod 5 200
6 160 mm diameter PVC well pipe 12 77
7 44 mm diameter rising main (suction and delivery pipes) 20 64
8 Bearing bracket pillow with bearing 1 26
9 NRV050-E spur gear (reducing gear) 1 210
10 ANDEX-ANDANDEX bevel gear 1 204
11 200 mm bore BMT cylindrical roller bearing 1 200
12 Specon differential gear 1 192
13 2000 x 2000 x 20 mm metal sheet 1 300
14 Crank web and pin 1 39
15 A CE-211CC model of 4.2 HP (3.1kW), 3600 rpm diesel-engine with DC battery and
starter
1 192
16 Installation 956
17 Miscellaneous 418
18 Cost of surveying and drilling of boreholes in Ban village 3,504
20 Water storage tank construction and installation 130 m3
17,437
Total Investment of hybrid system excluding replacement cost 37,572
Total annuity of hybrid system 6,318.31
Source: internet and local market survey
Table 3.2: Results of design calculations
Items Results
Present population 2600
Projected population 4600
Water consumed by Ban village 41,975 m3
/year
Total head 35 m
Hydraulic power required 446 W
Wind power potential 44.45 W/m2
Pump size Diameter =150 mm, Stroke =220 mm
Wind turbine size Diameter=3.6 m, Power= 3 kW
Size of Diesel engine Power=3 kW
Design speed 7.3 m/s
Storage tank 130 m3
Table 3.3: Total annuity of the wind-diesel hybrid system
Cost ($)
Annuity of Investment and replacement cost 5,029.35
Annuity of operation, maintenance and repair cost 70.04
Annuity of diesel fuel consumed 1,219
Total annuity 6,318.31
Cost per m3
of water pumped 0.2 /m3
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Table 3.4: Computation of water pumped by the wind turbine
Wind speed interval
(m/s)
Frequency distribution of site
wind speed (Hr)
Water output at H=35 m
(m3
)
0-1 71 0
1-2 164 0
2-3 571 227
3-4 654 549
4-5 1921 2941
5-6 1358 3431
6-7 893 3474
7-8 1526 8640
8-9 742 4207
9-10 549 3108
10-11 268 1517
11-12 33 0
12-13 10 0
Total 8760 28,095
3.2 Discussion
Table 3.1 shows the design calculation results of the wind-diesel hybrid water pump system. The
projected population growth of the village after 20 years is 4600 and the water consumption is 41,975m3
/year.
Based on the water requirement of the village, it needs a 3 kW wind-diesel hybrid water pump system to
adequately pump water from a borehole of 30 m depth to an overhead tank for standpoint supply. Also, as
shown in table 3.2, the cost per m3
of water by the hybrid system is $ 0.2/m3
.
Table 3.4 shows the wind speed frequency distribution and the water pumped by the wind pump based
on the wind pump stand-alone operation. Analysis based on the wind speed regime of Ban village, as obtained
from the Jos airport which is about 2 km away from Ban village, show that the wind pump is 97% available and
it will supply about 70% of the annual total water requirement of the community. Thus, the remaining 30% can
be supplied by the diesel-engine, thereby reducing the amount of the greenhouse gases emission and cost of
operation as less fuel is consumed.
IV. CONCLUSION
The wind-diesel hybrid water pumping system comprising of a windmill and a diesel engine powering
a reciprocating pump was designed and the components selected. This was done by sizing the three components
(windmill, diesel engine and reciprocating pump) to give a reliable water supply to the village.
The availability of the windpump in the hybrid system is very high which results in far less fuel
consumption than would be if the diesel engine is used alone
The cost of water from the wind-diesel hybrid pump system is economical considering the value attached to
water in a remote location like Ban village.
REFERENCES
[1] E. Hofkes, Small Community Water Supply (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1988)
[2] N. Argaw, R. Foster and A. Ellis,Renewable Energy for Water Pumping Applications in Rural(Bechtel, USA:National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2001)
[3] S. Drouilhet and M. Shirazi, Wales, Alaska High Penetration Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System: Theory of Operation, (Bechtel,
USA:National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2002)
[4] H.I. Ajaegbu, Jos Plateau Environmental Resources Development (Nigeria, JosUniversity Press,1992)
[5] P. Clark,Cogeneration using wind and diesel for irrigation pumping (USA: American Societyof Agricultural Engineers, 1984)
[6] J. Vandermer, How Population Grow: The Exponential and Logistic Equations, Journal of Nature Education Knowledge,3 (10),
2010, 5.
[7] Longpigrand, Report of a consultant firm on the hydro-geophysical investigation of PW Nigeria Limited Base Camp, Ban village,
Heipang, Nigeria, 2008.
[8] Plateau Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency Geo-hydrological Analysis Report of Ban village, Heipang, Nigeria, 2009.
[9] J.F. Douglas, J.M. Gasiorek and J.A. Swaffield, Fluid Mechanics(London: Pitman, 1983)
[10] S. Matthew,Wind Energy, Fundamental and Resource Analysis and Economic (New York: Springer Verlag, 2006).
[11] J. van Meel and P. Smulders,Wind pumping Hand book, World Bank Technical Paper, Industry and Energy Series,
1989
[12] E.H. Lysen, Introduction to wind energy (Amersfoort, Netherlands: CWD-Consulting Services Wind Energy Developing
Countries, 1983)
[13] NAMREP, Feasibility Assessment for the Replacement of Diesel Water Pumps with Solar Water Pumps, 2006)
[14] S. Lancashire, J. Kenna and P. Fraenkel,Wind pumping Handbook (London: InternationalTechnology Publications, 1987)
[15] S. Singh, Machine Design (New Delhi, India: Khanna Publishers, 2004)
[16] R.S. Khurmi, and J. K. Gupta,Theory of Machine (New Delhi, India: Eurasia Publishing House, 2004)
[17] Alibaba group, internet-based businesses for online buying and selling, 2013. Availableonline at www.alibaba.com
[18] Central Bank of Nigeria Exchange Rate, 2013. Available online at www.cenbank.org
[19] Iron Man Company pricing for iron man windmill, towers and accessories, 2012. Available online at www.ironman.com
[20] Trading Economics, Nigerian National Statistics, 2013. Available online at www.tradingeconomic.com
[21] M. J. Stevens and P.T. Smulders, The Estimation of the Parameters of the Weibull Wind Speed Distribution for Wind Energy
Utilization Purposes. Wind Energy Engineering Journal, 3(2), 1979, 132-145
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to appreciate the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello
University Zaria, and the meteorological department of Jos airport for assisting with the necessary information
for the research.
BIOGRAPHIES
Maren I. Borok holds a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) degree from the prestigious Ahmadu Bello
University Zaria, Nigeria and currently a post graduate student in the same institution. He has to his credit
conference papers and number of publications in both local and international journals. He is currently a lecturer
in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin-Ladi, Nigeria.
Gyang Y. Pam is a holder of a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Mechanical Engineering from Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. He is a distinguished author and a writer with many conference papers and
journal publications in both local and international journals to his credit. His area of specialisation is Energy
Studies. He is currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello
University Zaria, Nigeria.
Kolo B.Yetu holds a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) from Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.
He is currently a post graduate student in the same institution. He is a lecturer in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Bida,Nigeria.