The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under EarthquakesIJMREMJournal
The behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its planner aspect ratio. This paper deals
with an evaluation of the seismic performance of vernacular masonry buildings with different planner aspect
ratio. Rubble stone mud mortar masonry building structures are taken as reference building for this work, which
are available in the rural area of Nepal. Four different planner aspect ratio's buildings are selected for model
with flexible floor diaphragm representing the scenario of the constructed or constructing buildings in rural
areas of our country after 25 April 2015 Earthquake in Nepal. A static non-linear (Pushover) analysis was
performed. Subsequently, the available capacity spectrums are obtained to the corresponding demand spectrum
to demonstrate the pushover responses of the buildings.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Numerical Investigation on the Stability of an Underground Mine Opening in ...Premier Publishers
The stability of an underground opening is an essential factor in the mine operation; the proper prediction of the stability is mandatory for the optimum support design and smooth mine operation. Previous researchers have identified the presence of pre-existing natural fractures as a critical factor for the stability of subsurface opening. However, the variation of natural fracture impact due to different fracture parameter value is yet to be identified. Fracture intensity, orientation, and opening are the most dominant parameters that determine the magnitude of the impact on stability. This study has built an underground mine tunnel model using Itasca’s software 3DEC and analysed the sensitivity of the aforementioned essential parameters. Moreover, the built model has been analysed for varying fracture density, orientation, scaling exponent and distribution and the corresponding displacements of the tunnel in different directions are simulated. The outcome of this study is helpful for the prediction of the mine opening stability and the optimization of support system design.
Numerical Study of Star Anchor Plate Embedded in Cohesive SoilIJERA Editor
Indonesia as an archipelago country has a very long coastline about 90.000 kms. Specifically for shore and offshore, there are many buildings utilizing structures including floating deck, mooring dolphin, offshore platforms etc. Those requires a solution to maintain the stability of the structures due to the vertical movement of tides and horizontal movement of currents, wind and waves. To maintain the stability due to buoyant force, structure of anchors are needed. Various types of the anchor have been widely used such as drag, helical, anchor plate circular shape and square. This study aims to do the development of new modifications of a plate anchor type star with 4 leaves with an area of a fixed and diameter equivalent different on any variations. Ultimate pullout capacity was obtained by using numerical geomechanics analysis within finite difference method. A perfectly plastic soil model was used with a tresca yield criterion. Results are presented including break-out factors based on various anchor shapes and embedment depth. Our findings are also compared with previous numerical and empirical solutions.
The effect of disturbance factor on the stability of tunnels (Case study: Tun...IJRES Journal
Disturbance factor (D) is related to excavation method and cause damage and stress relief in the rock masses. The convergence and plastic zone around tunnels depends on the disturbance factor of rocks.This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors(0 to 1) areanalyzed using phase2 software and the amount of displacement and extent of plastic zone in around the tunnelis determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the displacement and plastic zone around the tunnel has increased and the most increase has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Therefore, for excavation of this tunnel, the blasting method should not be used and instead of it, the mechanical methods must be used.
Dr jehad al sukhun gives modelling of orbital deformationjehadsukhun
The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the human orbit, containing the globe, to predict orbital deformation in subjects following a blunt injury
Effect of Planner Aspect Ratio on Vernacular Masonry Building under EarthquakesIJMREMJournal
The behavior of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its planner aspect ratio. This paper deals
with an evaluation of the seismic performance of vernacular masonry buildings with different planner aspect
ratio. Rubble stone mud mortar masonry building structures are taken as reference building for this work, which
are available in the rural area of Nepal. Four different planner aspect ratio's buildings are selected for model
with flexible floor diaphragm representing the scenario of the constructed or constructing buildings in rural
areas of our country after 25 April 2015 Earthquake in Nepal. A static non-linear (Pushover) analysis was
performed. Subsequently, the available capacity spectrums are obtained to the corresponding demand spectrum
to demonstrate the pushover responses of the buildings.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Numerical Investigation on the Stability of an Underground Mine Opening in ...Premier Publishers
The stability of an underground opening is an essential factor in the mine operation; the proper prediction of the stability is mandatory for the optimum support design and smooth mine operation. Previous researchers have identified the presence of pre-existing natural fractures as a critical factor for the stability of subsurface opening. However, the variation of natural fracture impact due to different fracture parameter value is yet to be identified. Fracture intensity, orientation, and opening are the most dominant parameters that determine the magnitude of the impact on stability. This study has built an underground mine tunnel model using Itasca’s software 3DEC and analysed the sensitivity of the aforementioned essential parameters. Moreover, the built model has been analysed for varying fracture density, orientation, scaling exponent and distribution and the corresponding displacements of the tunnel in different directions are simulated. The outcome of this study is helpful for the prediction of the mine opening stability and the optimization of support system design.
Numerical Study of Star Anchor Plate Embedded in Cohesive SoilIJERA Editor
Indonesia as an archipelago country has a very long coastline about 90.000 kms. Specifically for shore and offshore, there are many buildings utilizing structures including floating deck, mooring dolphin, offshore platforms etc. Those requires a solution to maintain the stability of the structures due to the vertical movement of tides and horizontal movement of currents, wind and waves. To maintain the stability due to buoyant force, structure of anchors are needed. Various types of the anchor have been widely used such as drag, helical, anchor plate circular shape and square. This study aims to do the development of new modifications of a plate anchor type star with 4 leaves with an area of a fixed and diameter equivalent different on any variations. Ultimate pullout capacity was obtained by using numerical geomechanics analysis within finite difference method. A perfectly plastic soil model was used with a tresca yield criterion. Results are presented including break-out factors based on various anchor shapes and embedment depth. Our findings are also compared with previous numerical and empirical solutions.
The effect of disturbance factor on the stability of tunnels (Case study: Tun...IJRES Journal
Disturbance factor (D) is related to excavation method and cause damage and stress relief in the rock masses. The convergence and plastic zone around tunnels depends on the disturbance factor of rocks.This study has been in the tunnel No.2 of Kurdistan in NW of Iran which is composed of shale rocks. In tunnel modeling, different disturbance factors(0 to 1) areanalyzed using phase2 software and the amount of displacement and extent of plastic zone in around the tunnelis determined. The obtain results show that by increasing of disturbance factor, the displacement and plastic zone around the tunnel has increased and the most increase has occurred in disturbance factors 0.8 to 1. Therefore, for excavation of this tunnel, the blasting method should not be used and instead of it, the mechanical methods must be used.
Dr jehad al sukhun gives modelling of orbital deformationjehadsukhun
The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the human orbit, containing the globe, to predict orbital deformation in subjects following a blunt injury
Deformability modulus of jointed rocks, limitation of empirical methods, and ...Mahdi_zoorabadi
Deformability modulus of jointed rocks is a key parameter for stability analysis of underground structures by numerical modelling techniques. Intact rock strength, rock mass blockiness (shape and size of rock blocks), surface condition of discontinuities (shear strength of discontinuities) and confining stress level are the key parameters controlling deformability of jointed rocks. Considering cost and limitation of field measurements to determine deformability modulus, empirical equations which were mostly developed based on rock mass classifications are too common in practice. All well-known empirical formulations dismissed the impact of stress on deformability modulus. Therefore, these equations result in the same value for a rock at different stress fields. This paper discusses this issue in more detail and highlights shortcomings of existing formulations. Finally it presents an extension to analytical techniques to determine the deformability modulus of jointed rocks by a combination of the geometrical properties of discontinuities and elastic modulus of intact rock. In this extension, the effect of confining stress was incorporated in the formulation to improve its reliability
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In general the seismic design of building frame structures the designers will consider only the results of fixed base condition the effect of flexibility is ignored. In post-earthquake study the framed structure reveals that the interaction of soil and foundation plays an important role in damage of the building frame structures. In this regard a literature survey has been done on frame structures supported on various foundations such as isolated, combined, raft & pile foundations. To examine the literature revels the few investigations were done on asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footing. So in this paper is an attempt to the study of dynamic behavior of asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footings. The modeling and analysis is done by using “finite element method software” SAP2000 VERSION 14, by considering the different soil conditions, (soft, medium, hard) different soil parameters (passion’s ratio, young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus) different height ratio’s, different span ratio’s & fixed base conditions. The response of the building frame structure is obtained in terms of fundamental natural period, lateral displacement and seismic base shear. Keywords: Soil structure interaction, Fundamental natural period, Base shear, Lateral displacement….
Modified maximum tangential stress criterion for fracture behavior of zirconi...dentalid
The veneering porcelain sintered on zirconia is widely used in dental prostheses, but
repeated mechanical loadings may cause a fracture such as edge chipping or delamination.
In order to predict the crack initiation angle and fracture toughness of zirconia/veneer bilayered
components subjected to mixed mode loadings, the accuracy of a new and
traditional fracture criteria are investigated. A modified maximum tangential stress
criterion considering the effect of T-stress and critical distance theory is introduced, and
compared to three traditional fracture criteria. Comparisons to the recently published
fracture test data show that the traditional fracture criteria are not able to properly predict
the fracture initiation conditions in zirconia/veneer bi-material joints. The modified
maximum tangential stress criterion provides more accurate predictions of the experimental
results than the traditional fracture criteria
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Anisotropy of Coercive Force of Single Crystals and Sheets of Silicon Iron wi...ijeljournal
In this paper we investigate the regularities of anisotropy of coercive force both single crystals with the
orientation of surfaces parallel (001) so and the polycrystalline sheets of alloy Fe - 3% Si with different
texture. The mechanisms of anisotropy of coercive force are discussed.
Anisotropy of Coercive Force of Single Crystals and Sheets of Silicon Iron wi...ijeljournal
In this paper we investigate the regularities of anisotropy of coercive force both single crystals with the orientation of surfaces parallel (001) so and the polycrystalline sheets of alloy Fe - 3% Si with different texture. The mechanisms of anisotropy of coercive force are discussed.
Anisotropy of Coercive Force of Single Crystals and Sheets of Silicon Iron wi...ijeljournal
In this paper we investigate the regularities of anisotropy of coercive force both single crystals with the orientation of surfaces parallel (001) so and the polycrystalline sheets of alloy Fe - 3% Si with different texture. The mechanisms of anisotropy of coercive force are discussed.
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interactioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry Infilled Frames Subjected to Seism...paperpublications3
Abstract: Brick masonry infill although considered as non-structural element largely affects the strength, stiffness and ductility of the reinforced concrete frames during the application of lateral loads due to wind or earthquake. Contained masonry refers here to the brick masonry which is used as infill in a reinforced concrete frame, wound round with 8mm diameter mild steel wires in vertical and horizontal directions and stitched to the brick masonry as well as to the reinforced concrete frames. This thesis focuses on the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures with contained masonry infill, with a particular interest in the development of rational procedures for the analysis and design of RC frames with contained masonry infill. The estimation of the natural frequencies of the structural system is the basic investigation in dynamic analysis of a structure. Therefore the analysis is primarily to find out the modal frequencies of the structure and to simulate the mathematical model to earthquake loads. The structure vibrates in different modes when the earthquake takes place. The methodology suggested is to carry out a detailed study on the influence of contained masonry infill including un-reinforced masonry infill in multi-storey Reinforced Concrete frames on the fundamental natural frequencies and response due to various earthquake excitation forces. Numerical Finite element analysis is carried out on two dimensional Reinforced Concrete Frames under different configurations of contained masonry infill in addition to plain masonry and bare frames. The RC frames were designed and detailed as per relevant Indian standard codes. The present work consists of study of the behaviour of five storeyed RC frames infilled with contained masonry and also infilled with plain masonry, subjected to various earthquake excitation forces. Three types of models are considered for analysis; five storey frames of 4m wide, 5m wide and 6m wide models having total height of 16m with plain masonry infill and contained masonry infill are considered.
Research on Contact Characteristics between Bump End Effector and WaferIJRES Journal
In the IC industry, commonly used methods are wafer clamping friction transmission type and vacuum suction. Combining science and theological contact theory,the contact friction transmission characteristics when using the bump and transmission actuator wafer, the wafer and the end actuators. Starting from the material properties of the wafer by ANSYS simulation analysis in contact with the wafer bump deformation due to its own gravity, and verify that it meets the requirements of small deformation wafer transfer. Compute and solve the friction contact with the wafer bump bristles between.
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Fatigue Study of Ijuk-Aren Interaction on Soil Cement Pavement Model for Elas...AM Publications
This study examines the behavior of fatigue interaction-palm fibers in the soil-cement as an elastic foundation pavement. Experimental behavior in sandy-clay type soil stabilized cement, with 6% and the amount of cement mixed-palm fibers as reinforcement to the number of 0% and 0.50% of the dry weight of the soil. Fatigue with repeated load testing using a UTM-5P / 14P and type testing Confined Repeated Strain Axial Load Test and visual interaction microstructure-palm fibers examined by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The test specimen is done at 28 days, the loads are applied: is loading stress = 1500 kPa, confining stress = 100 kPa, loading frequency 1,5Hz. The results obtained showed reinforcement palm-sugar 0.50% increase resilience modulus degradation of 6,50% and microstructural observations indicate cement hydration bind soil particles cover the surface of palm fibers. The results of the other is the interaction of the fibers improve the strength of soil-cement and pavement a long life.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Deformability modulus of jointed rocks, limitation of empirical methods, and ...Mahdi_zoorabadi
Deformability modulus of jointed rocks is a key parameter for stability analysis of underground structures by numerical modelling techniques. Intact rock strength, rock mass blockiness (shape and size of rock blocks), surface condition of discontinuities (shear strength of discontinuities) and confining stress level are the key parameters controlling deformability of jointed rocks. Considering cost and limitation of field measurements to determine deformability modulus, empirical equations which were mostly developed based on rock mass classifications are too common in practice. All well-known empirical formulations dismissed the impact of stress on deformability modulus. Therefore, these equations result in the same value for a rock at different stress fields. This paper discusses this issue in more detail and highlights shortcomings of existing formulations. Finally it presents an extension to analytical techniques to determine the deformability modulus of jointed rocks by a combination of the geometrical properties of discontinuities and elastic modulus of intact rock. In this extension, the effect of confining stress was incorporated in the formulation to improve its reliability
Effect of foundation flexibility on dynamic behaviour of asymmetric building ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In general the seismic design of building frame structures the designers will consider only the results of fixed base condition the effect of flexibility is ignored. In post-earthquake study the framed structure reveals that the interaction of soil and foundation plays an important role in damage of the building frame structures. In this regard a literature survey has been done on frame structures supported on various foundations such as isolated, combined, raft & pile foundations. To examine the literature revels the few investigations were done on asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footing. So in this paper is an attempt to the study of dynamic behavior of asymmetric building frame structure is supported on isolated footings. The modeling and analysis is done by using “finite element method software” SAP2000 VERSION 14, by considering the different soil conditions, (soft, medium, hard) different soil parameters (passion’s ratio, young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus) different height ratio’s, different span ratio’s & fixed base conditions. The response of the building frame structure is obtained in terms of fundamental natural period, lateral displacement and seismic base shear. Keywords: Soil structure interaction, Fundamental natural period, Base shear, Lateral displacement….
Modified maximum tangential stress criterion for fracture behavior of zirconi...dentalid
The veneering porcelain sintered on zirconia is widely used in dental prostheses, but
repeated mechanical loadings may cause a fracture such as edge chipping or delamination.
In order to predict the crack initiation angle and fracture toughness of zirconia/veneer bilayered
components subjected to mixed mode loadings, the accuracy of a new and
traditional fracture criteria are investigated. A modified maximum tangential stress
criterion considering the effect of T-stress and critical distance theory is introduced, and
compared to three traditional fracture criteria. Comparisons to the recently published
fracture test data show that the traditional fracture criteria are not able to properly predict
the fracture initiation conditions in zirconia/veneer bi-material joints. The modified
maximum tangential stress criterion provides more accurate predictions of the experimental
results than the traditional fracture criteria
Numerical study of behavior of square footing on geogrid reinforced flyash be...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Anisotropy of Coercive Force of Single Crystals and Sheets of Silicon Iron wi...ijeljournal
In this paper we investigate the regularities of anisotropy of coercive force both single crystals with the
orientation of surfaces parallel (001) so and the polycrystalline sheets of alloy Fe - 3% Si with different
texture. The mechanisms of anisotropy of coercive force are discussed.
Anisotropy of Coercive Force of Single Crystals and Sheets of Silicon Iron wi...ijeljournal
In this paper we investigate the regularities of anisotropy of coercive force both single crystals with the orientation of surfaces parallel (001) so and the polycrystalline sheets of alloy Fe - 3% Si with different texture. The mechanisms of anisotropy of coercive force are discussed.
Anisotropy of Coercive Force of Single Crystals and Sheets of Silicon Iron wi...ijeljournal
In this paper we investigate the regularities of anisotropy of coercive force both single crystals with the orientation of surfaces parallel (001) so and the polycrystalline sheets of alloy Fe - 3% Si with different texture. The mechanisms of anisotropy of coercive force are discussed.
Analytical study of abutment and pile behaviour of iab with soil interactioneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry Infilled Frames Subjected to Seism...paperpublications3
Abstract: Brick masonry infill although considered as non-structural element largely affects the strength, stiffness and ductility of the reinforced concrete frames during the application of lateral loads due to wind or earthquake. Contained masonry refers here to the brick masonry which is used as infill in a reinforced concrete frame, wound round with 8mm diameter mild steel wires in vertical and horizontal directions and stitched to the brick masonry as well as to the reinforced concrete frames. This thesis focuses on the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures with contained masonry infill, with a particular interest in the development of rational procedures for the analysis and design of RC frames with contained masonry infill. The estimation of the natural frequencies of the structural system is the basic investigation in dynamic analysis of a structure. Therefore the analysis is primarily to find out the modal frequencies of the structure and to simulate the mathematical model to earthquake loads. The structure vibrates in different modes when the earthquake takes place. The methodology suggested is to carry out a detailed study on the influence of contained masonry infill including un-reinforced masonry infill in multi-storey Reinforced Concrete frames on the fundamental natural frequencies and response due to various earthquake excitation forces. Numerical Finite element analysis is carried out on two dimensional Reinforced Concrete Frames under different configurations of contained masonry infill in addition to plain masonry and bare frames. The RC frames were designed and detailed as per relevant Indian standard codes. The present work consists of study of the behaviour of five storeyed RC frames infilled with contained masonry and also infilled with plain masonry, subjected to various earthquake excitation forces. Three types of models are considered for analysis; five storey frames of 4m wide, 5m wide and 6m wide models having total height of 16m with plain masonry infill and contained masonry infill are considered.
Research on Contact Characteristics between Bump End Effector and WaferIJRES Journal
In the IC industry, commonly used methods are wafer clamping friction transmission type and vacuum suction. Combining science and theological contact theory,the contact friction transmission characteristics when using the bump and transmission actuator wafer, the wafer and the end actuators. Starting from the material properties of the wafer by ANSYS simulation analysis in contact with the wafer bump deformation due to its own gravity, and verify that it meets the requirements of small deformation wafer transfer. Compute and solve the friction contact with the wafer bump bristles between.
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Fatigue Study of Ijuk-Aren Interaction on Soil Cement Pavement Model for Elas...AM Publications
This study examines the behavior of fatigue interaction-palm fibers in the soil-cement as an elastic foundation pavement. Experimental behavior in sandy-clay type soil stabilized cement, with 6% and the amount of cement mixed-palm fibers as reinforcement to the number of 0% and 0.50% of the dry weight of the soil. Fatigue with repeated load testing using a UTM-5P / 14P and type testing Confined Repeated Strain Axial Load Test and visual interaction microstructure-palm fibers examined by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The test specimen is done at 28 days, the loads are applied: is loading stress = 1500 kPa, confining stress = 100 kPa, loading frequency 1,5Hz. The results obtained showed reinforcement palm-sugar 0.50% increase resilience modulus degradation of 6,50% and microstructural observations indicate cement hydration bind soil particles cover the surface of palm fibers. The results of the other is the interaction of the fibers improve the strength of soil-cement and pavement a long life.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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Abstract – The thesis topic is “Blasting parameters, seismic
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focuses on blasting related to mining of oil shale and limestone,
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 7 ||Pages|| 18-24||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 18
Correlation of Strength Properties of Limestone Deposit in Ogun
State, Nigeria with Penetration Rate Using Linear Regression
Analysis for Engineering Applications
1,
Okewale, I. A , 2
Olaleye, B. M.
Department Of Mining Engineering, School Of Engineering And Engineering Technology,
The Federal University Of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
-------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------
The research analyzed the correlation of strength properties of limestone deposit in ogun state, Nigeria with
penetration rate using linear regression analysis for engineering applications. The research was conducted
using the field data and rock samples collected from the two locations, [Sagamu (1) and Ewekoro (2)]. Field
data were used for the determination of penetration rate while rock samples were used for the laboratory
analysis. The average density and rebound hardness of samples from locations 1 and 2 as determined in the
laboratory in order to estimate uniaxial compressive strength are 2.68g/cm3
, 32.3 and 2.71g/cm3
, 35.1
respectively. The result of Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) as estimated from the correlation chart
between average density and Schmidt hardness shows that location 1 has average strength of 61.8 MPa while
location 2 has 72.4 MPa. The point load strength index for location 1 has an average value of 1.6 MPa and
location2 has an average value of 1.8 MPa while the tensile strength as estimated from point load strength
index for location 1 is 2.5 MPa and location 2 is 2.7 MPa. The penetration rate as determined from field data
shows that location 1 has an average penetration rate of 0.7 m/min and location 2 has an average penetration
rate of 1 m/min. The correlation between the strength properties and penetration rate for location 1 shows that
there is a very strong relationship between penetration rate and uniaxial compressive strength, point load
strength and tensile strength while location 2 shows that there is a strong relationship between penetration rate
and uniaxial compressive strength and a moderate relationship between penetration rate, point load strength
and tensile strength.
KEYWORDS - Correlation, limestone, strength properties, penetration rate, regression analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of submission: 16 Feb.2013 Date of publication: 20July.2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Correlation is a statistical technique used to test the relationship between two variables (Aderoba,
1995). The variables is said to be correlated if an increase or decrease in one variable is accompanied by an
increase or decrease in other variable. Rocks exhibit a vast range of properties which reflect vast varieties of
structures fabric and compound, some basic properties measurements which are essential for describing rocks
are physical and mechanical properties. However, the strength of a rock has an appreciable influence on drilling
force required, therefore, to cause rock to break during drilling is a matter of applying sufficient force with a
tool to exceed the strength of the rock (Hartman and Mutmansky, 2002). The behaviour of rock material under
compression is important as the uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock is a basic parameter for rock
classification and rock mass strength criteria. Therefore, the strength characteristics of rocks are usually
considered to be necessary for the design of rock structures, stability of rock excavations as well as influence
rock fragmentation in quarry and working of mine rocks (Ojo and Olaleye, 2002). Penetration rate is the
progression of the drilling bit into the rock in a certain period of time which is generally expressed as “m/min”
(Thuro, 1997). Predicting the penetration rate is very important in rocks drilling. The penetration rate is a
necessary value for the cost estimation and the planning of mining project. Penetration rate has been known as
the most effective parameter in determining the boundary between different rock types (Shahram, 2007).
Penetration of a quarriable rocks is influenced by rock properties as well as machine parameters. Also, one key
parameters have proved to be more valuable: the (net) drilling rate in meters per minute (drilling performance
derived from the time of drilling one single borehole) (Thuro, 1997).
2. Correlation Of Strength Properties Of Limestone ...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 19
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS.
Location of the Study Areas
The study areas are Sagamu and Ewekoro designated as locations 1 and 2 in the study. The two
locations are situated in Ogun State, Nigeria with coordinates of 6 45’
N and 3 35’
E for location 1 and 6 35’
N
and 3 12I
E for location 2, (Figure 1). Ogun State is underlay by sedimentary and basement complex rocks. The
sedimentary rock consists of Abeokuta formation lying directly above the basement complex. This is in turn
overlaid by Ewekoro, Oshosun and Ilaro formation, which are all overlaid by the coastal plain of sand. The
Sagamu and Ewekoro deposits are within the Ewekoro depression. The sedimentary rock in the south western
Nigeria are part of those deposited within the Dahomey embayment which extends from the Volta Ghana
through the Republic of Benin to Okitipupa ridge. The Sagamu formation is a massive bioclassic paleocene
carbonate rock exposed in Sagamu and Ewekoro areas in the continental margins of the Gulf of Guinea that
extends from southern Benin republic to south western Nigeria.
FIGURE 1: Simplified geological map of Nigeria showing the study locations
Determination of Density
Five in-situ rock samples from each from the locations were collected, weighed and recorded. The
determination of the density (ρ) was carried out according to the procedures suggested by ISRM (1989) using
equation 1 and the results obtained are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
(1)
where M is the mass (g) and V is the volume (cm3
)
3. Correlation Of Strength Properties Of Limestone ...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 20
Determination of Hardness
The determination of the hardness of the samples involves the use of Schmidt hammer on lump of the
rock samples. The rebound value of the Schmidt hammer was used as an index value for the intact strength of
the rock material. The measured test values for the samples were ordered in descending order. The lower 50% of
the values were discarded and the average upper 50% values obtained as the Schmidt Rebound hardness. The
procedures followed the standard suggested by ISRM (1989) and the results presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Determination of Uniaxial Compressive Strength
The Schmidt hammer was first used on the samples to determine the rebound number. The values
obtained were arranged then correlated using Deere and Miller (1966) chart to determine the uniaxial
compressive strength of the rock. The results obtained are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Figure 2: Correlation chart for Schmidt (L) hammer, relating rock density, compressive strength and rebound
number (After Deere and Miller, 1966).
Determination of Point Load Strength
The point load strength values were determined in accordance the procedures suggested by ISRM
(1985) using equations 3-6.
(3)
where Is is the point load strength index (MPa), P is the failure load (KN) and is the equivalent diameter
(mm).
(4)
where is the distance between load contact points (mm), is the width of the sample (mm) and is the
minimum cross-sectional area of the loading points.
(5)
4. Correlation Of Strength Properties Of Limestone ...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 21
where F is the correction factor.
(6)
where is the corrected point load strength index.
The results obtained are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Determination of Tensile Strength
The tensile strength of the rock samples was estimated based on the relationship suggested by Brook
(1993) and ISRM (1989) which shows the general relationship between the point load strength (Is) and the
tensile strength (To) as expressed in equation 7 and the results presented in Tables 1 and 2.
(7)
Determination of Penetration Rate
The penetration rate was determined at each location of the deposits. The penetration rate was
determined from the equation 8 according to Thuro, (1997).
(8)
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Experimental Results of Strength Properties of Samples from Location 1
Rock
code
Density
(g/cm3
)
Rebound
Hardness
Point Load
Strength
(MPa)
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
Uniaxial
Compressive
Strength (MPa)
Penetration
Rate (m/min)
S1 2.75 33.7 2.185 3.278 63.6 0.60
S2 2.70 32.3 2.061 3.092 63.5 0.64
S3 2.68 32.3 1.604 2.406 61.9 0.69
S4 2.64 32.2 1.241 1.862 60.4 0.75
S5 2.64 32.1 1.104 1.656 59.4 0.81
Table 2: Experimental Results of Strength Properties of Samples from Location 2
The uniaxial compressive strength of the samples was estimated from the chart named after Deere and
Miller, (1966). The uniaxial compressive strength of location 1 varies from 59.4 MPa to 63.6 MPa as shown in
Table 1. The strength classification is of moderate to high strength. The uniaxial compressive of location 2
samples varies from 63.7 MPa to 77.2 MPa as shown in the Table 2. The strength classification is of high
strength. The point load strength index is obtained from the laboratory results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The
point load strength index for location 1 samples varies from 1.104 MPa to 2.185 MPa and that of location 2
samples varies from 1.194 MPa to 3.363 MPa. The strength classifications fall within the range of moderate to
high strength class. The tensile strength is obtained from point load strength and the results are shown in Tables
1 and 2. The values location 1 samples range from 1.656 MPa to 3.278 MPa. The tensile strength values for
location 2 samples range from 1.791 MPa to 5.045 MPa.The penetration rate was taken on the field and it varies
from 0.61m/min to 0.81m/min for location 1 as shown in Table 1. The value for location 2 samples ranges from
Rock
code
Density
(g/cm3
)
Rebound
Hardness
Point Load
Strength
(MPa)
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
Uniaxial
Compressive
Strength (MPa)
Penetration
Rate (m/min)
E1 2.75 36.4 3.363 5.045 77.2 0.75
E2 2.75 36.4 1.609 2.414 75.5 0.83
E3 2.70 34.8 1.453 2.180 74.8 0.94
E4 2.70 34.0 1.238 1.857 70.8 1.10
E5 2.64 34.0 1.194 1.791 63.7 1.15
5. Correlation Of Strength Properties Of Limestone ...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 22
0.75m/min to 1.15m/min as shown in Table 2.Penetration rate of samples were correlated with rock properties
using method of least squares regressions. The equations of best-fit lines and correlation coefficients R2
were
generated for each regression. More importantly, rock samples with higher strength proportions recorded lower
penetration values.Figure 3 establishes the relationship between penetration rate and uniaxial compressive
strength for location 1. The relationship between penetration rate and compressive strength is as shown in
Equation 9;
, R2
= 0.973. (9)
where = penetration rate (m/min) and = compressive strength (MPa).
Figure 3: Penetration Rate against Uniaxial Compressive Strength (1).
Figure 4 shows the plot of penetration rate against uniaxial compressive strength of location 2.
R2
= 0.815 (10)
where = penetration rate (m/min) and = compressive strength (MPa).
Figure 4: Penetration Rate against Uniaxial Compressive Strength (2).
Figure 5 establishes a relationship between penetration rate and point load strength index for location 1, the
relationship is as shown in equation 11;
R2
=0.9612 (11)
where = penetration rate (m/min) and = point load strength index (MPa).
6. Correlation Of Strength Properties Of Limestone ...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 23
Figure 5: Penetration Rate against Point Load Strength Index (1).
Figure 6 established a relationship between penetration rate and point load strength index for location 2 and the
relationship that exist is shown in Equation 12.
R2
=0.6292 (12)
where = penetration rate (m/min) and = point load strength index (MPa).
Figure 6: Penetration Rate against Point Load Strength Index (2).
Figure 7 shows a plot of penetration rate against tensile strength for location 1 and the relationship is shown in
Equation 13;
, R2
= 0.9613 (13)
where = penetration rate (m/min) and = tensile strength (MPa).
Figure 7: Penetration Rate against Tensile Strength (1).
Figure 8 shows a plot of penetration rate against tensile strength for location 2, the relationship is as shown in
Equation 14;
7. Correlation Of Strength Properties Of Limestone ...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 24
, R2
=0.6294. (14)
where = penetration rate (m/min) and = tensile strength (MPa).
Figure 8: Penetration Rate against Tensile Strength (2).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
This study analysed the strength properties of limestone samples from two locations [Sagamu (1) and
Ewekoro (2)] and correlate the selected strength properties with penetration rate using linear regression analysis.
The work revealed the various levels of the rock characteristics and their degree of competence which make
them suitable for engineering applications. The correlation between the strength properties and penetration rate
for location 1 shows that there is a very strong relationship between penetration rate and uniaxial compressive
strength, point load strength and tensile strength while location 2 shows that there is a strong relationship
between penetration rate and uniaxial compressive strength and a moderate relationship between penetration
rate, point load strength and tensile strength. This research will aid quarry and mine operators to know the
formation characteristics and select appropriate tools for their operations and also in planning and management.
REFERENCES
[1] Aderoba, A. (1995): Tools of Engineering Management (Engineering Management Project) Besade Publishing Nigeria Limited
Akure, Nigeria. Pp 65-67
[2] Hartman, H.L and Mutmansky, J.M. (2002): Introductory Mining Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA.
pp 543-67
[3] Ojo, O. and Olaleye, B.M. (2002): Strength Characteristics of Two Nigerian Rock Types. Global Journal of Pure and Applied
Sciences 8(4): 543-52
[4] Thuro, K. (1997): Drillability Prediction: Geological Influences in Hard Rock Drill and Blast Tunnelling. Geologische
Rundschau 86(2): 426-38
[5] Shahram, M (2007): Measurement while Drilling System in Aitik Mine, M.Eng Thesis, School of Applied Geosciences and
Mining, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, pp 1-36.
[6] ISRM, (1989): Rock Characterization, Testing on Monitoring. In: Brown, E.T. (edition)
ISRM suggested Methods. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 211
[7] Deere, D. V., and Miller, R. P. (1966): Engineering Classification and Index Properties for Intact Rock, University of Illinois,
U.S. Department of Commerce National, Technical Information service.
[8] ISRM, (1985): Suggested Method for Determining Point Load Strength Int. J Rock Mech
Min Sci Geomech Abstr 22(2) pp. 51-60
[9] Brook, N. (1993): The Measurement and Estimation of Basic Rock Strength, In Hudson, J (Ed. –in- chief): Comprehensive Rock
Engineering, Principle Practice, and Projects, vol. 3: Rock Testing and Site Characterization, Oxford Pergamon, pp 41-81.