1) Researchers in India have developed a floating power generator system that can generate electricity from flowing water in rivers and canals without needing to be permanently installed.
2) The system consists of fiberglass floats connected to a water wheel that spins a waterproof generator as water flows between the floats.
3) Testing of a prototype in Mahi River in India showed it could generate up to 250 watts of power at a water flow rate of 6 cubic meters per second.
Basic layout, elements, advantages, disadvantages of hydro electric power plant, multi purpose hydro project, types of hydro electric power plant, types of turbine
Basic layout, elements, advantages, disadvantages of hydro electric power plant, multi purpose hydro project, types of hydro electric power plant, types of turbine
Introduction
What’s Hydroelectricity?
How Hydropower Works?
Essential Element of a Hydropower Plant
Classification of Hydropower Electric Plant
Show a Dynamic model of Hydel Power
Procedure of the Making Model
Equipment
Some View of the Project
Advantage
Disadvantage
Effect
Methods to alleviate the negative impact
Continent Wide distribution
Conclusion
Micro Hydro Power Plant is a small power plant which is built up over the rivers in mountains & hills area. It is a low cost power plant that can produce power from 5 kW to 500 kW. It can full-fill needs of a small village or a town. It does not require any big bulky machines & water storage area because it uses stream of water which runs the turbine. It is a clean & green source of energy.
Micro hydro power background concepts, including general electric energy production, large scale hydroelectric production, small scale and run of the river micro hydro, pelton wheels, classifications, case studies, etc.
Pico-Hydro-Plant for Small Scale Power Generation in Remote Villagesiosrjce
The paper presents the potential of pico-hydro plant. The envisaged scheme is well suited in remote
rural areas where transmission of power proves uneconomical. Pico-hydro plants can be installed at such
places to power one or few homes. The power requirement at such location is minimal during off periods which
can be utilized for charging batteries and other electronic gadgets. The pico hydro plants can be installed at
much lower financial requirements compared with solar plants and wind mills.
Studies on Small Hydro-Power Potentials of Itapaji Dam in Ekiti State, Nigeria.inventionjournals
Lack of constant electricity supply with the use of convectional mode are major causes of poverty in many rural areas in Nigeria. An overview of small hydro power potentials in Nigeria to mitigate against the problem of constant electricity supply in rural areas is discussed with surveyed states and expected total generation. A study on the potentials of Itapaji dam in Ekiti state, Nigeria for small hydro power generation is presented. The maximum annual discharge of the dam was calculated as 23.24 cubic metre/sec, with an average nominal flow discharge of 8.33cubic metre/sec, and an average minimal flow of 1.78 cubic metre/sec, while the estimated hydro power potential of the dam is about 1.30MW, being generated with an average annual mean discharge of 8.33m3 /sec with a reservoir capacity balance of 1.922 x 109m3 /year. The components required for small hydro power scheme was discussed for familiarization as well as an assessment of the environmental impact for overall viability. Electricity generation from this hydro scheme can easily be extended to surrounding communities along the present gridline without any major engineering effort, as well as a reduction in green-house gas emission in terms of avoided fossil fuels backed generating schemes.
Introduction
What’s Hydroelectricity?
How Hydropower Works?
Essential Element of a Hydropower Plant
Classification of Hydropower Electric Plant
Show a Dynamic model of Hydel Power
Procedure of the Making Model
Equipment
Some View of the Project
Advantage
Disadvantage
Effect
Methods to alleviate the negative impact
Continent Wide distribution
Conclusion
Micro Hydro Power Plant is a small power plant which is built up over the rivers in mountains & hills area. It is a low cost power plant that can produce power from 5 kW to 500 kW. It can full-fill needs of a small village or a town. It does not require any big bulky machines & water storage area because it uses stream of water which runs the turbine. It is a clean & green source of energy.
Micro hydro power background concepts, including general electric energy production, large scale hydroelectric production, small scale and run of the river micro hydro, pelton wheels, classifications, case studies, etc.
Pico-Hydro-Plant for Small Scale Power Generation in Remote Villagesiosrjce
The paper presents the potential of pico-hydro plant. The envisaged scheme is well suited in remote
rural areas where transmission of power proves uneconomical. Pico-hydro plants can be installed at such
places to power one or few homes. The power requirement at such location is minimal during off periods which
can be utilized for charging batteries and other electronic gadgets. The pico hydro plants can be installed at
much lower financial requirements compared with solar plants and wind mills.
Studies on Small Hydro-Power Potentials of Itapaji Dam in Ekiti State, Nigeria.inventionjournals
Lack of constant electricity supply with the use of convectional mode are major causes of poverty in many rural areas in Nigeria. An overview of small hydro power potentials in Nigeria to mitigate against the problem of constant electricity supply in rural areas is discussed with surveyed states and expected total generation. A study on the potentials of Itapaji dam in Ekiti state, Nigeria for small hydro power generation is presented. The maximum annual discharge of the dam was calculated as 23.24 cubic metre/sec, with an average nominal flow discharge of 8.33cubic metre/sec, and an average minimal flow of 1.78 cubic metre/sec, while the estimated hydro power potential of the dam is about 1.30MW, being generated with an average annual mean discharge of 8.33m3 /sec with a reservoir capacity balance of 1.922 x 109m3 /year. The components required for small hydro power scheme was discussed for familiarization as well as an assessment of the environmental impact for overall viability. Electricity generation from this hydro scheme can easily be extended to surrounding communities along the present gridline without any major engineering effort, as well as a reduction in green-house gas emission in terms of avoided fossil fuels backed generating schemes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
Modelling Of Underground Cables for High Voltage Transmissiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array based water pumping system situated at Kota Rajasthan (25.18 N
and 75.83 E), India has been studied. A 2hp DC motor with 2200W (10 panels of each 225W) have been used
for discharge 30 m water head. The maximum discharge logged 163litre/minute between 11AM to 2PM at PV
power output between 75 to 85W/m2and the system is operating approximately 8 hours in the of November of
the winter season. The full day discharge has found 70995litre and it is more than the average discharge given
by the manufacturer at 50m depth. It is revealed that PV array based water pumping system is suitable and
feasible option for off-grid and drip irrigation system like the interior area of Kota, where clear sky days are
more than 250 in a year.
Multi turbine micro hydro power generationIjrdt Journal
Increase in human population has increased the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are the major source to meet the world energy requirements, but its rapidly dwindling supply and its adverse effects on our ecological system are of major concern. In India over 70 % of the electricity generated is from coal based power plants. Other renewable such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydroelectricity represent a 2% share of the Indian fuel mix. Fossil fuels (coal) are a major source of power production in India. Our concept features the run of river active setup of micro hydro power generation using simple gear mechanism. This concept is based on the collection of mechanical energy from two rotors spinning by the effect of higher river velocity and transmission of power from the rotors to a small pinion gear which runs the generator shaft, through two large driver gears attached to the shafts of two rotors. This method of power production is comparatively simpler than others. The objectives of our project include low cost, higher output, environment friendly power production, multiple setups in one row, and decrease the power shortage in India.
Prospect of Small Hydro Power in Uttarakhandijsrd.com
Uttarakhand is riched with natural renewable resources for generating electricity. As we know that Uttarakhand is about to fully hilly areas. Due to the fully hilly regions, the hydro power available in Uttarakhand can be harnessed by installing the small hydro power plant. The estimated potential of this state for small hydro power plant is more than 1708 MW. The installed capacity of small hydro power is 174.82 MW and under implementation capacity is 174.04 MW. Therefore in this state a large amount of small hydro power is yet to be harnessed by the small hydro power plant. Uttarakhand has a large network of rivers and canals which provides an immense scope for hydro power energy. In India, the Development of Small Hydro Power Projects was started in the year 1897. In India, the first hydro power station was a small hydro power station of capacity 130 KW commissioned at Sidrapong near Darjeeling in West Bengal in 1897.
Design and development of pico micro hydro system by using house hold water s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Renewable Energy Based Floating Power Generator (Rivers and Canals)
1. Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 49|P a g e
Renewable Energy Based Floating Power Generator (Rivers and
Canals)
Dr. J.R.Gandhi1
, Harshvardhan Jha2
, S. N. Jha3
and Dr. D.S.Patel4
1
Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh VIdyanagar, Gujarat, India.
2
Final year student, Institute of Studies & Research in Renewable Energy, New Vallabh Vidyanagar.
3
Consultant, Supernova Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Vitthal Udyognagar, Dist. Anand
4
Research Scientist-Renewable Energy Department, Dinesh Allorga Ltd. At. Lunej, Khambhat, Gujarat
Abstract
We have developed a stand alone, (river and canal water stream) floating power generator system for village
electrification, agriculture water pumping, bridge street lights and such other utilities. The system is the unique
one of its kind as per our knowledge and various surveys. The physical structure of the system is made of the
non corrosive and unbreakable materials like mild steel, fiber glass etc. It works, as it rotates in the water flow.
It does not require any kind of the external electric grid power for its working. As the water flows, the specially
designed blades of the system rotate in the direction of the flow and ultimately the consistent power is
generated, this power can be used directly or it may be stored in battery and the utilized as and when required.
No permanent installation, No pollution and environment friendly floating Pico turbine. The observations taken
from the sight are tabulated and accordingly results are discussed.
Key Words: Water Stream, Float, Water Wheel, Water proof power generator, Electric load
I. Introduction
Humans have used the hydropower for more than
2000 years. Hydropower is the rate at which
hydraulic energy is extracted from specific amount of
falling water as a result of its velocity or position or
both. As a working fluid, water in a hydropower
system is not consumed and is available for other
uses. Hydropower can be used to power machinery or
to generate electricity or both at the same time. The
small scale hydro plants are suitable for mechanical
applications while large scale hydro power plants are
used for electricity generation [1]. For a well planned
and operated hydropower project, electricity
generation technology is stated as one of the cheapest
in terms of cost possibly because of the working fuel
availability free of cost without its wastage [2]. It is
the most important renewable energy contributes for
more than 19% of the world total electricity
generation. Small scale hydro is in most case ―run-of-
river‖ with no dam or water storage and is cost
effective system. India is endowed with rich
hydropower potential but less than 25% has been
developed or taken up for development. For a well
planed and operated hydropower project, hydropower
electricity generation technology is one of the
cheapest in terms of the electricity generation costs
possibly because the fuel (flowing water) is available
without any direct cost. This relatively low electricity
generation cost makes the hydropower, one of the
best renewable energy sources [3, 4]. Being a clean,
cheap and renewable source of energy, a lot of
research is being put in to efficient utilization of
water resources we have available on the planate [5].
Hydroelectric power plants are able to respond to
power demand fluctuations much faster than other
electricity generation systems such as thermal electric
power stations.This makes hydropower a flexible
energy conversion technology and also explain why
hydroelectric power stations are sometimes used for
peaking purposes. Further, hydroelectric power
technology is a high efficient energy conversion
process. The energy conversion system efficiency for
a well-operated hydroelectric power plant can be
around 85%, while the system efficiencies for
thermal-electric plants are less than 50%. In India,
hydropower projects having less than 25MW of
installed capacity are defined as small scale projects.
A classification by head refers to a difference in level
between inlet (headrace) and outlet (tailrace) of a
hydropower installation [6].
A ―run-of-river ―type hydropower project
generate electricity from the river flow without
significant impoundment. Water flow in the river
depends on precipitation and ground water flow.
These parameters may have substantial daily,
monthly, or seasonal variations.
Our newly developed floating water wheel
power generator system is a stand alone device which
can be anchored and unanchored as and when needed
in any open water body like canal and rivers. This
portable unit can be shifted easily to the required
place, as government doesn’t allow a permanent
installation in river and canal, it is also a costlier job
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 50|P a g e
to have civil foundation in water for such standalone
system so it is the need of the time; this is purely a
Renewable hydro powered pollution free green
power source of electricity. The floats are designed
from FRP material to protect from humid and rust
condition, the aerodynamically designed FRP floats
minimize the thrust of flowing water on them and
boosting the force of flowing water to drive water
wheel at lower flow rate. The floats are mounted with
hot dip GI chassis fitted with water wheel, gear and
linear power generator. The entire floating generator
was anchored using ropes tided on both sides of river
bank.
The flowing water between the two floats rotates
the water wheel which drives the AC variable
frequency generator through gear, the generated AC
power is used directly to store the battery bank, but
this generator can also be used directly to the load.
This floating generator can be anchored in any canal,
flowing river or flowing stream. The generated power
can be connected to load, if your load is continues
like water pump for irrigation then this will keep on
running for all the time but if your load is lighting
load then you have to connect it to power controller
for charging battery so that the generation of the day
can be use to run more lighting load in night time, the
direct lighting load without battery is not advisable
because it will reduce your load to 1/3rd
. The
generation and harnessing of the power depends on
the size of generator and flow rate of water. The
system needs very low maintenance for a long period
of time, because of low rpm generator and the type of
quality materials used to fabricate this system, the
generator used in the system is water proof with no
carbon brush and no slip rings so the life of the
generator system is very long with very low
maintenance.
II. Fabrication and working
The base of this system is the Floats designed
aerodynamically and fabricated from fiber resigns
material specially to harness the maximum flow of
the flowing water with maximum stability at the
anchored place. The chassis of the system is
fabricated from hot dip galvanized MS material to
protect it from corrosion. The float is tied with the
steel wire at the banks of the flowing water body.
This system contains FRP blades [8] on shaft, which
rotates due to flow of water. On the rotating shaft
generator is coupled with gear having ratio of 1:10.
The special designed generator is waterproof, brush
less, slip-ring less and resin sealed generator with
double sealed Z bearing in SS304 housing. The out
put of generator is connected to load through power
controller placed on the land side which is connected
through water proof submersible cable. One such
system installed on site is shown in figure – 1.
The low rpm generator is designed for a longer
life without regular maintenance. To de-motivate the
theft of generator from the river the material utilized
in the device does not have resale value. The
generator can be removed during flood situation in
the river.
As the water flows, the fiber blades wheel rotates
driving the gear which plunges the generator to
produce variable AC power which is feed to battery
bank for lighting load, power generation depends on
the speed of the rotation of the wheel and ultimately
on the speed of the flow of water.
Figure -1: Floating Power Generator on site
3. Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 51|P a g e
Water wheel suspending shaft chassis has a
provision of adjusting the water submerging level of
water wheel flaps so that the optimum result can be
obtained from coupled generator. The attached
generator has axial flux with linear drive; we
designed this generator because due to low flow rate
of large volume of water we get more thrust for linear
drive compared to rotational power of high rpm and
so the generator was designed accordingly. Cable
with floats is laid down in water to bring electric
power. This is purely a green power source, the
system is maintenance free for a long period of time,
because of the type and the quality of the materials
used to fabricate this system, the life of the system
can be up to 20 years.
3.1. Water wheel Technical Details
Diameter of water wheel : 07’
Flap size : 04’X 02’
Number of flap : 12
Number of float : 0 2 (7’X2’X2’)
Rotation of water wheel at flow of 4.2 cusec: 04 rpm
3.2 Information of Water wheel
Blades: 12 nos.
Time for one full rotation of water wheel is 15
second
Volume of water between two blades: 5.24 cub. ft
(submerging of blades is adjustable)
There are 12 blades, the single rotation time is 15
second the water wheel passes the water of 5.24 cub.
ft X 12 Blades = 63 Cub. ft / 15 second
63 cub.ft. 15second = 4.2 Cusec
(This flow rate observed at Mahi river site Kherda,
Gujarat State)
3.3. Generator Details
Number of generator attached to the system : 01
Type of generator : PM
brush less, AC. Gear Ratio : 1:10
Stroke of generator at flow of 4.2 cusec: 40 stroke/ min
Drive : Axial Flux
Capacity of generator : 500 watt/hr
III. Results and Discussion
Table -1 Figure – 2: Power Curve
Observations were made during the on-sight
testing of our floating Generator system. The
observations are tabulated in table -1 and respective
graph is shown in figure -2. Based on the
observations an approximate estimation was prepared
for a generation of a day. The calculation is done for
an average flow rate of water between floats is 4.4
cusec and the following technical specifications.
As per the above specifications, an average
amount power generated in a day was 2.4 KW/hr at
an average water flow rate of 4.4 cusec
IV. Conclusion
This floating power generator is an efficient
device compare to the other conventionally available
ones. It is a convenient and cost effective system as it
does not requires any permanent installation having
civil work. It can be seen that the output power can
be increased by increasing the size of water wheel
blades. The output power is increases exponentially
with flow of water. Also the efficiency of the system
can be increased with larger size.
References
[1.] Chiyembekezo S. Kaunda,1
Cuthbert Z.
Kimambo,2
and Torbjorn K. Nielsen1
ISRN
Renewable Energy, Vo. 2012 (2012), Article
730631
[2.] USA Department of Energy, Hydropower
Technology Information. Basic Energy
Information,
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_p
lant_types.html, 2012.
[3.] A. Brown, S. Muller and Z. Dobrotkova,
International Energy Agency (IEA)
information paper November 2011
Flow of Water In
Cusec
Output
Power in
Watt
3.5 60
4 80
4.5 110
5 140
5.5 185
6 250
4. Dr. J.R.Gandhi et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 6) February 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 52|P a g e
[4.] ―Renewable energy technologies—cost
analysis series, volume 1: power sector,‖
Paper 3(5) (2012)
[5.] Savale P.A. ―Role of Renewable Energy
Resources in Rural Development of India‖
Journal of Environmental Research and
Development, Vol.10 No. 1, July-September
-2015, p.124 - 138
[6.] International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA) ―Renewable Energy Technologies
- Cost Analysis Series, Vol.1: Power
Sector‖, IRENA Working Paper 3/5, 2012
[7.] Shreelal.N.Jha and J.R.Gandhi, Renewable
Energy Based Floating Aeration and
Ozonation System for Rivers and Canals, J.
Environment Res. Develop. 5(4), 661-
663,(2011)