The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses hydropower in India. It provides an introduction to hydropower, outlines its history in India, and discusses its current status and challenges. Some key points include:
- Hydropower is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source that currently contributes around 22% of global electricity supply.
- The first hydropower dam in India was built in the early 1900s by Jamshedji Tata to supply power to textile mills.
- The government aims to realize India's full hydropower potential of 150,000 MW by 2025-26 to meet increasing energy demands.
- Major challenges include low exploitation of potential so far, technical difficulties, financial issues, and environmental/
Studies on Small Hydro-Power Potentials of Itapaji Dam in Ekiti State, Nigeria.inventionjournals
Lack of constant electricity supply with the use of convectional mode are major causes of poverty in many rural areas in Nigeria. An overview of small hydro power potentials in Nigeria to mitigate against the problem of constant electricity supply in rural areas is discussed with surveyed states and expected total generation. A study on the potentials of Itapaji dam in Ekiti state, Nigeria for small hydro power generation is presented. The maximum annual discharge of the dam was calculated as 23.24 cubic metre/sec, with an average nominal flow discharge of 8.33cubic metre/sec, and an average minimal flow of 1.78 cubic metre/sec, while the estimated hydro power potential of the dam is about 1.30MW, being generated with an average annual mean discharge of 8.33m3 /sec with a reservoir capacity balance of 1.922 x 109m3 /year. The components required for small hydro power scheme was discussed for familiarization as well as an assessment of the environmental impact for overall viability. Electricity generation from this hydro scheme can easily be extended to surrounding communities along the present gridline without any major engineering effort, as well as a reduction in green-house gas emission in terms of avoided fossil fuels backed generating schemes.
This document provides information about hydropower, including:
- Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity through turbines connected to generators.
- The main types of hydropower systems are impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Impoundment uses dams to store water in reservoirs, while diversion channels water without dams. Pumped storage pumps water between reservoirs.
- Large hydropower plants supply electricity to many consumers, while small and micro plants power individual needs. Hydropower provides clean energy but building large dams is expensive and can negatively impact communities and ecosystems. Proper management is needed to address issues.
The document describes the key components of a hydroelectric power plant. It includes a water reservoir for water storage, a dam to retain the water, intake and penstock to channel water from the reservoir to the turbine, and a powerhouse containing the turbine which spins a generator to produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source that harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It provides around one-fifth of the world's electricity supply and is an important source of renewable energy.
The document discusses hydropower and answers 5 questions: (1) Lester Allan Pelton invented hydropower, (2) it can harm fish and be expensive to build and maintain, (3) it can produce between 8,400-19,320,000 kW of energy per day, (4) the largest hydropower is the Three Gorges Dam in China, and (5) people have mixed views on hydropower as either a renewable energy source or something that harms the environment.
This document provides an overview of hydropower development in India. It discusses:
1) The history of hydropower and its current status as a major source of electricity worldwide and in India.
2) The challenges facing hydropower development in India, including low exploitation of potential, power shortages, and declining proportion of hydro capacity.
3) The initiatives taken by the Government of India to promote hydropower, such as increased funding, basin-wise development, and simplifying approval processes.
Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydro-Electric Dams in Chamba District o...Hasrat Arjjumend
Having 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in pipeline, India is one of world's most prolific dam-builders. Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged about 37500 km2 land area and displaced tens of millions of people. Himachal Pradesh is proceeding towards power-surplus state and there are as many as 401 projects of different magnitude in different stages of installation on 5 river basins of the state i.e. Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna. State has identified its hydropower generation potential at 23,000 MW. The ecological devastation caused by various projects at lower altitudes of Himachal Pradesh has been alarming; while the prospect of what will happen to the fragile alpine ecosystem is frightening. These projects will change the microclimate that will result in accelerated melting of the snow and glaciers at high altitudes. Like other river basins of the state, hydro-electric power generation in Chamba district was started in 1980s, with 117 mini & micro power projects in different stages of execution at present. Having the special focus on Hul projects the present paper explores the impacts of various dams on environment and local people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. About 6000 local people are being affected by Hul-I project only. The consequences to nature and wildlife will also prove disastrous. As of now, the wildlife such as deer, bear, goat, tiger and peacock do not enter the fields of farmers. Deforestation and soil erosion are even more devastating. Making the situation even more absurd is that the benefits of these power plants do not go to the community suffering the consequences. Gujjar and Gaddi tribes in the state of Himachal Pradesh have been agitating against 4.5 MW hydropower plant from diverting the entire flow of the Hul stream, on which their lives depend. These communities have for more than two decades protected and preserved the forests from which Hul stream originates. The project’s pipeline is said to destroy about 2000 of slow-growing oak trees. Livelihood and social impacts of poorly planned mini-hydel projects can be thus devastating, as exemplified in this case.
This application note introduces the theory and technology behind small hydroelectric power (SHP) stations (defined as units below 10 MW). The note gives a detailed discussion of the basics of SHP, the types of equipment, turbines and generators in use, the selection and assessment of suitable sites, planning and licensing requirements, financing, and economic justification. It includes a decision-making checklist and covers the environmental aspects and requirements for small hydroelectric projects, such as the provision of fish bypasses.
The document discusses hydropower in India. It provides an introduction to hydropower, outlines its history in India, and discusses its current status and challenges. Some key points include:
- Hydropower is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source that currently contributes around 22% of global electricity supply.
- The first hydropower dam in India was built in the early 1900s by Jamshedji Tata to supply power to textile mills.
- The government aims to realize India's full hydropower potential of 150,000 MW by 2025-26 to meet increasing energy demands.
- Major challenges include low exploitation of potential so far, technical difficulties, financial issues, and environmental/
Studies on Small Hydro-Power Potentials of Itapaji Dam in Ekiti State, Nigeria.inventionjournals
Lack of constant electricity supply with the use of convectional mode are major causes of poverty in many rural areas in Nigeria. An overview of small hydro power potentials in Nigeria to mitigate against the problem of constant electricity supply in rural areas is discussed with surveyed states and expected total generation. A study on the potentials of Itapaji dam in Ekiti state, Nigeria for small hydro power generation is presented. The maximum annual discharge of the dam was calculated as 23.24 cubic metre/sec, with an average nominal flow discharge of 8.33cubic metre/sec, and an average minimal flow of 1.78 cubic metre/sec, while the estimated hydro power potential of the dam is about 1.30MW, being generated with an average annual mean discharge of 8.33m3 /sec with a reservoir capacity balance of 1.922 x 109m3 /year. The components required for small hydro power scheme was discussed for familiarization as well as an assessment of the environmental impact for overall viability. Electricity generation from this hydro scheme can easily be extended to surrounding communities along the present gridline without any major engineering effort, as well as a reduction in green-house gas emission in terms of avoided fossil fuels backed generating schemes.
This document provides information about hydropower, including:
- Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity through turbines connected to generators.
- The main types of hydropower systems are impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Impoundment uses dams to store water in reservoirs, while diversion channels water without dams. Pumped storage pumps water between reservoirs.
- Large hydropower plants supply electricity to many consumers, while small and micro plants power individual needs. Hydropower provides clean energy but building large dams is expensive and can negatively impact communities and ecosystems. Proper management is needed to address issues.
The document describes the key components of a hydroelectric power plant. It includes a water reservoir for water storage, a dam to retain the water, intake and penstock to channel water from the reservoir to the turbine, and a powerhouse containing the turbine which spins a generator to produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source that harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It provides around one-fifth of the world's electricity supply and is an important source of renewable energy.
The document discusses hydropower and answers 5 questions: (1) Lester Allan Pelton invented hydropower, (2) it can harm fish and be expensive to build and maintain, (3) it can produce between 8,400-19,320,000 kW of energy per day, (4) the largest hydropower is the Three Gorges Dam in China, and (5) people have mixed views on hydropower as either a renewable energy source or something that harms the environment.
This document provides an overview of hydropower development in India. It discusses:
1) The history of hydropower and its current status as a major source of electricity worldwide and in India.
2) The challenges facing hydropower development in India, including low exploitation of potential, power shortages, and declining proportion of hydro capacity.
3) The initiatives taken by the Government of India to promote hydropower, such as increased funding, basin-wise development, and simplifying approval processes.
Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydro-Electric Dams in Chamba District o...Hasrat Arjjumend
Having 4300 large dams already constructed and many more in pipeline, India is one of world's most prolific dam-builders. Large dams in India are estimated to have submerged about 37500 km2 land area and displaced tens of millions of people. Himachal Pradesh is proceeding towards power-surplus state and there are as many as 401 projects of different magnitude in different stages of installation on 5 river basins of the state i.e. Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna. State has identified its hydropower generation potential at 23,000 MW. The ecological devastation caused by various projects at lower altitudes of Himachal Pradesh has been alarming; while the prospect of what will happen to the fragile alpine ecosystem is frightening. These projects will change the microclimate that will result in accelerated melting of the snow and glaciers at high altitudes. Like other river basins of the state, hydro-electric power generation in Chamba district was started in 1980s, with 117 mini & micro power projects in different stages of execution at present. Having the special focus on Hul projects the present paper explores the impacts of various dams on environment and local people in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. About 6000 local people are being affected by Hul-I project only. The consequences to nature and wildlife will also prove disastrous. As of now, the wildlife such as deer, bear, goat, tiger and peacock do not enter the fields of farmers. Deforestation and soil erosion are even more devastating. Making the situation even more absurd is that the benefits of these power plants do not go to the community suffering the consequences. Gujjar and Gaddi tribes in the state of Himachal Pradesh have been agitating against 4.5 MW hydropower plant from diverting the entire flow of the Hul stream, on which their lives depend. These communities have for more than two decades protected and preserved the forests from which Hul stream originates. The project’s pipeline is said to destroy about 2000 of slow-growing oak trees. Livelihood and social impacts of poorly planned mini-hydel projects can be thus devastating, as exemplified in this case.
This application note introduces the theory and technology behind small hydroelectric power (SHP) stations (defined as units below 10 MW). The note gives a detailed discussion of the basics of SHP, the types of equipment, turbines and generators in use, the selection and assessment of suitable sites, planning and licensing requirements, financing, and economic justification. It includes a decision-making checklist and covers the environmental aspects and requirements for small hydroelectric projects, such as the provision of fish bypasses.
Water power or Hydropower is power derived from the energy of free falling water which may
be harnessed for useful purposes. Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated
by hydropower which implies the production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable
energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation..The cost of hydroelectricity is
relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of
electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatthour.
Hydro is also a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very
quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers
and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing
people and wildlife. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct
waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2)
than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
Environmental impacts of hydroelectric powermrshansen
Damming rivers can permanently alter river systems and wildlife habitats. A dam blocks fish migration, stops nutrients from flowing downstream, and changes water quality, all of which negatively impact the river ecosystem. The Iron Gates dams on the Danube River block important spawning sites and do not have fish passes, disrupting the migration and spawning of endangered sturgeon species.
Modelling Of Underground Cables for High Voltage Transmissiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Hydropower is a renewable source of energy that contributes 22% of the world's electricity supply. It has been used since the 1800s, with the first hydroelectric power dam built in Wisconsin in 1882. Dams collect potential energy from water that is then converted to kinetic and mechanical energy through turbines and generators to produce electricity with minimal environmental impact. Large dams can power areas for decades but require mass construction and relocation of communities. Private investment in hydropower has increased in India due to regulatory reforms. The top 5 countries for installed hydropower capacity are China, Brazil, the United States, Canada, and Russia.
IRJETMicro Hydro Power Generation from Small Water Channel FlowIRJET Journal
This document discusses micro hydro power generation from small water channels. The main objectives are to generate electricity from stored water and study the effects of water flow on power generation. Water flowing through a channel turns a fan connected to a motor, generating electricity. All required components are selected, manufactured, and assembled. Experimental testing is conducted and results are analyzed. Micro hydro power is a renewable energy source that can generate power from small streams and channels on a local scale with no air pollution.
This document discusses hydroelectric power and how it works. Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water through dams and turbines to generate electricity. It is considered a renewable source of energy. Dams are constructed to collect and store water, increasing its potential energy. The flowing water spins turbines that are connected to generators, converting the kinetic energy to mechanical then electrical energy. While hydroelectricity provides a clean source of energy, large dams can negatively impact local ecosystems by altering water flows and habitats. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power systems.
Micro hydro power background concepts, including general electric energy production, large scale hydroelectric production, small scale and run of the river micro hydro, pelton wheels, classifications, case studies, etc.
Water power has been used for centuries to power mills and other tasks, but is now mainly used to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power involves creating dams on streams and rivers to direct the kinetic energy of flowing water towards turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Large dams like Hoover Dam can generate significant amounts of hydroelectric power. While hydro is a renewable source that avoids greenhouse gas emissions, dams can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and require population relocation. Future advances aim to make hydro power more environmentally sustainable.
Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, generates electricity from the kinetic energy of flowing water. It has been used since the late 19th century and provides around 35% of Pakistan's energy needs. Several large hydropower plants have been completed in Pakistan, including the Tarbela and Mangla Dams, which have capacities of 3,500MW and 1,000MW respectively. Currently, several major projects are under construction like the Neelum-Jhelum Project and Diamer-Bhasha Dam. Hydropower has an efficiency of around 80% and is seen as Pakistan's best solution for meeting future energy demands in a renewable way.
Prospect of Small Hydro Power in Uttarakhandijsrd.com
Uttarakhand is riched with natural renewable resources for generating electricity. As we know that Uttarakhand is about to fully hilly areas. Due to the fully hilly regions, the hydro power available in Uttarakhand can be harnessed by installing the small hydro power plant. The estimated potential of this state for small hydro power plant is more than 1708 MW. The installed capacity of small hydro power is 174.82 MW and under implementation capacity is 174.04 MW. Therefore in this state a large amount of small hydro power is yet to be harnessed by the small hydro power plant. Uttarakhand has a large network of rivers and canals which provides an immense scope for hydro power energy. In India, the Development of Small Hydro Power Projects was started in the year 1897. In India, the first hydro power station was a small hydro power station of capacity 130 KW commissioned at Sidrapong near Darjeeling in West Bengal in 1897.
Hydroelectric energy is an important renewable energy source, representing 19% of global electricity production. Hydroelectric dams exist around the world, with the largest producers being Canada, the US, and Brazil. Hydroelectric power generates electricity from kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines without producing harmful emissions. Small-scale hydroelectric plants have less environmental impact than large dams. Hydroelectric energy provides clean energy and can also supply water for irrigation and other uses.
Hydropower is a renewable energy source that generates electricity from moving water. It has been used for over 2,000 years to grind flour using water wheels. Hydropower is found near rivers and streams running down mountains, as the moving water can be captured to generate electricity. Dams are often constructed to store water and release it to spin turbines that produce hydroelectric power. Hydropower provides about 19% of renewable electricity worldwide and has the advantages of being renewable with no greenhouse gas emissions, but constructing large dams is very expensive and can damage the environment.
Hydroelectric energy is produced by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water. It utilizes water resources that naturally flow or fall from a height, such as rivers and waterfalls. Dams are built on rivers to increase water height and control water flow, channeling it through penstocks to turn turbines connected to electric generators. The movement of the turbines produces current in the generators which is transferred through power lines to transformers and distributed as electricity. Hydroelectric energy provides a renewable and widely used alternative energy source around the world.
This document provides an overview of clean tidal power technologies, including their economics and environmental effects. It discusses two main tidal power methods - barrage systems that utilize tidal differences to power turbines, and tidal stream technologies that extract kinetic energy from moving water. While tidal power is renewable and predictable, its major drawbacks are high upfront costs to build infrastructure and potential negative environmental impacts. Barrage systems in particular can disrupt tidal flows and harm marine life. However, the document notes tidal power's competitiveness on cost once built, and that environmental effects are site-specific. It concludes that further turbine design advances could help lower costs and minimize impacts of tidal stream technologies.
The document discusses the components of a hydropower water conveyance system. It describes the different types of intakes used for run-of-river and reservoir projects. It also discusses the main components of the water conducting system, including open channels, tunnels, penstocks, and surge tanks. Design considerations for these components aim to minimize head loss and sediment entry while preserving water energy throughout the system.
This document discusses hydroelectricity and provides an overview of its history and production. It covers:
- The history of hydroelectric power dating back 2000 years to water wheels being used by Greeks, and its expansion in the late 1800s/early 1900s with the invention of hydraulic turbines.
- How hydroelectricity works by using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to generate electricity through turbines. It is a renewable source that supplies around 20% of the world's electricity.
- Some advantages are its low costs and that it produces no direct waste, but disadvantages include interrupting river flows and harming ecosystems through dam building.
Hydropower is the most commonly used renewable energy source for electricity generation in the United States, accounting for 6% of total electricity generation. Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water by channeling water through turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. The amount of energy available depends on the water's flow and elevation change. Major hydropower is generated in Washington, California, and Oregon using dams on rivers like the Columbia River to store and control water flow. While hydropower is a renewable source and does not pollute, it can impact environments by interfering with fish migration.
This document discusses multipurpose projects which serve multiple functions like irrigation and hydropower generation. It describes how such projects are constructed by building dams across deep river valleys. The objectives of multipurpose projects are power generation, water supply, irrigation, flood prevention, and more. It then provides details on how hydropower is generated and factors that lead to criticism of such projects, like displacement of communities and environmental impacts. As an example, it summarizes the key aspects and achievements of the Maithon Dam project in Jharkhand, India, which generates hydropower while also providing irrigation, water supply, and flood control. However, it notes that multipurpose projects can face issues like reservoir sedimentation and
koteshwar hydro electric power plant 400 mwSAIF ALI ZAIDI
This document provides an overview of the Koteshwar Hydroelectric Power Plant in India. It discusses the history of hydroelectric power development in the region beginning in 1907. The Koteshwar project is one of three components of the Tehri Hydroelectric Power Complex with a capacity of 400MW. The document describes the layout of the Koteshwar plant and key equipment used including turbines, generators, governors, and more. Both advantages like renewable energy production and flood control, and disadvantages like high capital costs and variability due to water availability are summarized.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Water power or Hydropower is power derived from the energy of free falling water which may
be harnessed for useful purposes. Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated
by hydropower which implies the production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable
energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation..The cost of hydroelectricity is
relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of
electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatthour.
Hydro is also a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very
quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers
and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing
people and wildlife. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct
waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2)
than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
Environmental impacts of hydroelectric powermrshansen
Damming rivers can permanently alter river systems and wildlife habitats. A dam blocks fish migration, stops nutrients from flowing downstream, and changes water quality, all of which negatively impact the river ecosystem. The Iron Gates dams on the Danube River block important spawning sites and do not have fish passes, disrupting the migration and spawning of endangered sturgeon species.
Modelling Of Underground Cables for High Voltage Transmissiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Hydropower is a renewable source of energy that contributes 22% of the world's electricity supply. It has been used since the 1800s, with the first hydroelectric power dam built in Wisconsin in 1882. Dams collect potential energy from water that is then converted to kinetic and mechanical energy through turbines and generators to produce electricity with minimal environmental impact. Large dams can power areas for decades but require mass construction and relocation of communities. Private investment in hydropower has increased in India due to regulatory reforms. The top 5 countries for installed hydropower capacity are China, Brazil, the United States, Canada, and Russia.
IRJETMicro Hydro Power Generation from Small Water Channel FlowIRJET Journal
This document discusses micro hydro power generation from small water channels. The main objectives are to generate electricity from stored water and study the effects of water flow on power generation. Water flowing through a channel turns a fan connected to a motor, generating electricity. All required components are selected, manufactured, and assembled. Experimental testing is conducted and results are analyzed. Micro hydro power is a renewable energy source that can generate power from small streams and channels on a local scale with no air pollution.
This document discusses hydroelectric power and how it works. Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water through dams and turbines to generate electricity. It is considered a renewable source of energy. Dams are constructed to collect and store water, increasing its potential energy. The flowing water spins turbines that are connected to generators, converting the kinetic energy to mechanical then electrical energy. While hydroelectricity provides a clean source of energy, large dams can negatively impact local ecosystems by altering water flows and habitats. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power systems.
Micro hydro power background concepts, including general electric energy production, large scale hydroelectric production, small scale and run of the river micro hydro, pelton wheels, classifications, case studies, etc.
Water power has been used for centuries to power mills and other tasks, but is now mainly used to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power involves creating dams on streams and rivers to direct the kinetic energy of flowing water towards turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Large dams like Hoover Dam can generate significant amounts of hydroelectric power. While hydro is a renewable source that avoids greenhouse gas emissions, dams can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and require population relocation. Future advances aim to make hydro power more environmentally sustainable.
Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, generates electricity from the kinetic energy of flowing water. It has been used since the late 19th century and provides around 35% of Pakistan's energy needs. Several large hydropower plants have been completed in Pakistan, including the Tarbela and Mangla Dams, which have capacities of 3,500MW and 1,000MW respectively. Currently, several major projects are under construction like the Neelum-Jhelum Project and Diamer-Bhasha Dam. Hydropower has an efficiency of around 80% and is seen as Pakistan's best solution for meeting future energy demands in a renewable way.
Prospect of Small Hydro Power in Uttarakhandijsrd.com
Uttarakhand is riched with natural renewable resources for generating electricity. As we know that Uttarakhand is about to fully hilly areas. Due to the fully hilly regions, the hydro power available in Uttarakhand can be harnessed by installing the small hydro power plant. The estimated potential of this state for small hydro power plant is more than 1708 MW. The installed capacity of small hydro power is 174.82 MW and under implementation capacity is 174.04 MW. Therefore in this state a large amount of small hydro power is yet to be harnessed by the small hydro power plant. Uttarakhand has a large network of rivers and canals which provides an immense scope for hydro power energy. In India, the Development of Small Hydro Power Projects was started in the year 1897. In India, the first hydro power station was a small hydro power station of capacity 130 KW commissioned at Sidrapong near Darjeeling in West Bengal in 1897.
Hydroelectric energy is an important renewable energy source, representing 19% of global electricity production. Hydroelectric dams exist around the world, with the largest producers being Canada, the US, and Brazil. Hydroelectric power generates electricity from kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines without producing harmful emissions. Small-scale hydroelectric plants have less environmental impact than large dams. Hydroelectric energy provides clean energy and can also supply water for irrigation and other uses.
Hydropower is a renewable energy source that generates electricity from moving water. It has been used for over 2,000 years to grind flour using water wheels. Hydropower is found near rivers and streams running down mountains, as the moving water can be captured to generate electricity. Dams are often constructed to store water and release it to spin turbines that produce hydroelectric power. Hydropower provides about 19% of renewable electricity worldwide and has the advantages of being renewable with no greenhouse gas emissions, but constructing large dams is very expensive and can damage the environment.
Hydroelectric energy is produced by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water. It utilizes water resources that naturally flow or fall from a height, such as rivers and waterfalls. Dams are built on rivers to increase water height and control water flow, channeling it through penstocks to turn turbines connected to electric generators. The movement of the turbines produces current in the generators which is transferred through power lines to transformers and distributed as electricity. Hydroelectric energy provides a renewable and widely used alternative energy source around the world.
This document provides an overview of clean tidal power technologies, including their economics and environmental effects. It discusses two main tidal power methods - barrage systems that utilize tidal differences to power turbines, and tidal stream technologies that extract kinetic energy from moving water. While tidal power is renewable and predictable, its major drawbacks are high upfront costs to build infrastructure and potential negative environmental impacts. Barrage systems in particular can disrupt tidal flows and harm marine life. However, the document notes tidal power's competitiveness on cost once built, and that environmental effects are site-specific. It concludes that further turbine design advances could help lower costs and minimize impacts of tidal stream technologies.
The document discusses the components of a hydropower water conveyance system. It describes the different types of intakes used for run-of-river and reservoir projects. It also discusses the main components of the water conducting system, including open channels, tunnels, penstocks, and surge tanks. Design considerations for these components aim to minimize head loss and sediment entry while preserving water energy throughout the system.
This document discusses hydroelectricity and provides an overview of its history and production. It covers:
- The history of hydroelectric power dating back 2000 years to water wheels being used by Greeks, and its expansion in the late 1800s/early 1900s with the invention of hydraulic turbines.
- How hydroelectricity works by using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to generate electricity through turbines. It is a renewable source that supplies around 20% of the world's electricity.
- Some advantages are its low costs and that it produces no direct waste, but disadvantages include interrupting river flows and harming ecosystems through dam building.
Hydropower is the most commonly used renewable energy source for electricity generation in the United States, accounting for 6% of total electricity generation. Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water by channeling water through turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. The amount of energy available depends on the water's flow and elevation change. Major hydropower is generated in Washington, California, and Oregon using dams on rivers like the Columbia River to store and control water flow. While hydropower is a renewable source and does not pollute, it can impact environments by interfering with fish migration.
This document discusses multipurpose projects which serve multiple functions like irrigation and hydropower generation. It describes how such projects are constructed by building dams across deep river valleys. The objectives of multipurpose projects are power generation, water supply, irrigation, flood prevention, and more. It then provides details on how hydropower is generated and factors that lead to criticism of such projects, like displacement of communities and environmental impacts. As an example, it summarizes the key aspects and achievements of the Maithon Dam project in Jharkhand, India, which generates hydropower while also providing irrigation, water supply, and flood control. However, it notes that multipurpose projects can face issues like reservoir sedimentation and
koteshwar hydro electric power plant 400 mwSAIF ALI ZAIDI
This document provides an overview of the Koteshwar Hydroelectric Power Plant in India. It discusses the history of hydroelectric power development in the region beginning in 1907. The Koteshwar project is one of three components of the Tehri Hydroelectric Power Complex with a capacity of 400MW. The document describes the layout of the Koteshwar plant and key equipment used including turbines, generators, governors, and more. Both advantages like renewable energy production and flood control, and disadvantages like high capital costs and variability due to water availability are summarized.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
An IntelligentMPPT Method For PV Systems Operating Under Real Environmental C...theijes
The sun irradiance (G) and temperature (T) are the two main factors that affect the output power gained from the photovoltaic (PV) DC–DC converter. Therefore, to enhance the performance of the overall system; a mechanism to track the maximum power point (MPP) is required. Conventional maximum power point tracking approaches, such as observation and perturbation technique, experience difficulty in identifying the true MPP. Therefore, intelligent systems including fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) are introduced for the maximum power point tracking system (MPPT). The selection of the membership functions (MFs) and the fuzzy sets (FSs) numbers are crucial in the performance of the FLC based MPPT. Accordingly, this work presents numerous adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems to automatically adjustthe fuzzy logic controller membership functions as an alternative to the trial and error approach, which waste time and effort in MPPT design. For this purpose an adaptive neuro-fuzzy system is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to determine suitable MFs and the FSs for the fuzzy logic controller. The effects of different types of MFs and the FSs are deeply investigated using real data collected from the rooftop PV system. The investigations show that the fuzzy logic controller with a triangular membership function and seven fuzzy setsprovides the best results
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Analysis of the skill of a world-class alpine ski racer by using a 3D CAD systemtheijes
Heavy snow areas account for about 50% of the total land area of Japan. Extension of healthy life expectancy is an important issue for residents of heavy snow areas because most of these areas in Japan are depopulated areas. Skiing is a possible lifelong sport in heavy snow areas because gravity rather than muscular power is mainly utilized in skiing. However, in Japan, the number of skiers has declined to 30% of the peak number. This study was conducted with the aim of recovery of the popularity of skiing, and establishing skiing as lifelong winter sport. World-level success of Japanese alpine ski racers is an important factor for the recovery of the popularity of skiing. In this study, the skill of an alpine ski racer was investigated by using a 3D CAD model of a skier with focus on joint work and energy balance in the turn motion.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
This document presents a method for identifying weak nodes and branches in electric power systems using metric projections. Metric projections are applied to the Jacobian matrix from a state estimator to calculate distances between nodes. Results show the voltages at each node decrease as reactive power is increased at one node. Metric projections identify nodes 1, 3 and 4 as weak based on their distances from other nodes in the Jacobian matrix. This technique can help utilities improve reactive power support and transmission capacity by identifying stressed areas of the system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
1. The document summarizes observations from the CALLISTO spectrometer of type III and U bursts associated with an M7.9 solar flare on March 9th, 2012.
2. Analysis showed an inverted type U burst occurred between 310-384 MHz within 1 second, preceded by a group of type III bursts.
3. The bursts were associated with an M6 flare in Active Region 1429, and a halo coronal mass ejection was also observed.
Selection of Plastics by Design of Experimentstheijes
This work shows the optimization of two different types of plastic materials to measure a response variable, in order to select the best material that accomplishes the customer´s requirements in a company in the appliances sector. Factorial designs are an effective tool applied to compare two or more materials in order to choose the one that best accomplishes the requirement. The 24 factorial experimental design aims to study the effect of various factors on one or more response variables when it is necessary to know all factors. Factors considered in this case were: plasticity temperature, pigment, injection time and injection pressure. The objective of this work was to minimize weight as the response variable, this study was conducted between two plastics types: low-density polyethylene and nylon. The response variable was studied by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the equation of regression was obtained, to find the best array that optimizes both plastics separately with their different operating conditions and the customer can define which plastic is better taking decision based on the design of experiment as a powerful and effective tool that accomplishes the requirements. The results revealed that the most suitable plastic material is polyethylene because it fits with the specification that the client request.
Organizational Structure and Software Project Success: Implications of the Me...theijes
This study examined the relationship between organizational structure (complexity, formalization, and centralization) and software project success, and whether organizational culture mediates this relationship. A survey was administered to 89 professionals from 10 banks to assess these variables. Results found the dimensions of organizational structure were significantly related to project success. However, organizational culture did not significantly mediate the relationship between organizational structure and project success. The study aims to contribute to understanding how organizational factors influence software project outcomes.
Research, Development Intelligent HVAC Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Contr...theijes
The paper describes an automatic climate in offices, describes the principles of the automation equipment climate, considered air parameters described control algorithms were compared automation system PIDcontroller and using fuzzy logic controller is designed microclimate model in Mathlab program with a fuzzy logic controller.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
1. The study used DNA barcoding to identify nine medicinal plant species using sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA.
2. DNA was extracted from the plants and the ITS region was amplified via PCR and sequenced. The ITS sequences were then aligned and analyzed to identify unique patterns for each species.
3. Restriction digestion of the ITS region with EcoRV also produced unique banding patterns that could be used to identify each species. The study demonstrated that DNA barcoding using the ITS region is an effective tool for authentic identification of medicinal plants.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
1. The document analyzes the behavior of transmission probability in a single rectangular potential barrier where the barrier height and width are scaled by a common factor such that their product remains constant.
2. Expressions for transmission probability are derived for three cases: particle energy greater than, equal to, and less than the barrier energy. Approximations are used to express transmission probability in terms of the constant barrier height-width product.
3. The results show that transmission probability remains constant for particle energy greater than and less than the barrier energy. However, transmission probability decreases with decreasing particle energy when it is equal to the barrier energy.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Ethnobotanical documentation of some plants among Igala people of Kogi Statetheijes
This document summarizes an ethnobotanical study conducted among the Igala people of Kogi State, Nigeria. The researchers documented 130 plant species from 53 families that are used for ethnomedicinal and cultural purposes. Some key findings include:
- Many plant species have multiple uses as medicines and for other cultural activities. Leaves are the most commonly used plant part.
- Younger generations have less knowledge about the traditional uses of plants, threatening the loss of important indigenous knowledge.
- Proper documentation is needed to preserve ethnobotanical knowledge and promote conservation of local biodiversity for future generations.
Causes of Failure in Storage Facilities and Their Supportstheijes
Storage tanks in metallic or plastic forms are meant for storing water or other liquid substances for use either in industrial or domestic applications. This work looks into where failure occurs in metallic storage tanks, how there occur and why they occur. This study was important in other to proffer solutions and recommendations to the causes of failure recorded. The area of study was in Kaduna State, Nigeria, where four storage tanks were examined. The major causes of failure recorded were failure due to corrosion, failure due to malfunction of part, failure due to wrong construction methods among others. With corrosion of parts ranking highest on failure types, it was recommended that anti- corrosive materials like aluminum or stainless steel should be used for constructing storage tanks and their supports and when using mild steel materials it should be well protected using red oxide paint or hydrophobic polyester coatings.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Assessment of mortality and morbidity risks due to the consumption of some sa...theijes
This study assessed the mortality and morbidity risks from consuming sachet drinking waters produced in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Natural radioactivity measurements of 60 sachet water samples from 15 enterprises found concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th ranging from 0.87-5.70 Bq/L, 0.16-0.47 Bq/L, and 0.17-0.60 Bq/L respectively. The estimated annual effective doses from ingesting these radionuclides were 45.48-113.07 μSv/y, with mortality and morbidity risks of 4.94×10-5 to 1.17×10-4 and
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
The document presents a method for determining the cost of reactive power generation. It proposes that the total cost (CQ) is the sum of fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost is calculated based on the annual capital recovery factor of the generator. The variable cost depends on the generator's operating conditions and is modeled using a τ variable related to active and reactive power. Simulations on the IEEE 30-node test system show that the variable cost represents a significant portion of CQ for generators operating farther from their nominal conditions. The proposed cost model aims to properly account for generators' reactive power support based on their operating conditions.
This document is a project report submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a hydroelectric power generation system. The report includes sections on the types of hydroelectric facilities, their sizes and capacities. It also covers the key components of a hydroelectric power plant layout including dams, spillways, penstocks, surge tanks and power stations. The document provides information on inverters, batteries and the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power. It concludes with world hydroelectricity capacity statistics.
MICRO PROJECT ON , HYDROELECTRICITY & HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT Al KAREEM SHAIKH
This document discusses hydroelectricity and hydroelectric power plants. It begins by providing background on hydroelectricity, noting that it generates 16.6% of the world's electricity through converting the potential energy of water into electricity. It then describes the basic construction and working of hydroelectric power plants. Dams are used to store water in a reservoir, which is then sent through a turbine to spin a generator and produce electricity. The document outlines the main types of hydroelectric power plants, including conventional dams, pumped storage, run-of-the-river, and tide power. Conventional dams have the largest reservoirs while run-of-the-river plants rely on continuous water flow without significant storage. Pumped storage involves pumping
Pico-Hydro-Plant for Small Scale Power Generation in Remote Villagesiosrjce
The paper presents the potential of pico-hydro plant. The envisaged scheme is well suited in remote
rural areas where transmission of power proves uneconomical. Pico-hydro plants can be installed at such
places to power one or few homes. The power requirement at such location is minimal during off periods which
can be utilized for charging batteries and other electronic gadgets. The pico hydro plants can be installed at
much lower financial requirements compared with solar plants and wind mills.
This document discusses hydroelectric power and its various forms. It begins by defining hydropower and hydroelectricity, noting that hydropower harnesses the energy of falling or running water and has been used for centuries. Hydroelectricity specifically refers to electricity generated through hydropower. It accounts for 16% of global electricity production. The document also lists advantages like being renewable and producing no waste, and disadvantages such as high costs and environmental impacts of dam construction. It concludes by describing the largest hydroelectric plants in the world and Poland, as well as the main types of hydroelectric facilities.
This document proposes using waste water from tall buildings to generate small-scale power through a micro hydro turbine system. Waste water from upper floors of a building would be collected in a storage tank located at a suitable head height. The stored water would then be released at a steady rate to drive a micro hydro turbine, generating electricity. For a sample 25-story building housing 50 families, the system could produce an estimated 17 kilowatt-hours of power per day by utilizing waste water from the upper 30 units. While challenges include setting up the storage tank and turbine maintenance costs, the system provides a renewable and pollution-free way to recover energy from waste water with minimal initial investment.
Hydropower captures the kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. It provides several benefits including being a renewable source of energy, supporting other renewable energies, fostering energy security and price stability, reducing pollution, improving grid stability and reliability, and helping fight climate change. Hydropower development requires consideration of environmental and social impacts, as well as legal and economic factors.
Multi turbine micro hydro power generationIjrdt Journal
Increase in human population has increased the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are the major source to meet the world energy requirements, but its rapidly dwindling supply and its adverse effects on our ecological system are of major concern. In India over 70 % of the electricity generated is from coal based power plants. Other renewable such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydroelectricity represent a 2% share of the Indian fuel mix. Fossil fuels (coal) are a major source of power production in India. Our concept features the run of river active setup of micro hydro power generation using simple gear mechanism. This concept is based on the collection of mechanical energy from two rotors spinning by the effect of higher river velocity and transmission of power from the rotors to a small pinion gear which runs the generator shaft, through two large driver gears attached to the shafts of two rotors. This method of power production is comparatively simpler than others. The objectives of our project include low cost, higher output, environment friendly power production, multiple setups in one row, and decrease the power shortage in India.
This document provides information about renewable energy sources with a focus on hydropower and wind power. It discusses how hydropower generates electricity using dams or diversions to alter water flow and spin turbines. It also explains how wind power harnesses the kinetic energy of wind to spin turbine blades and generate electricity. Overall, the document outlines various renewable energy sources and provides details on hydropower and wind power generation technologies.
This document provides an overview of hydroelectric power. It discusses how hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. Dams are constructed to store water, which is then channeled through penstocks to power turbines in powerhouses. There are three main types of hydropower plants: run-of-river plants that use natural river flows, reservoir plants that store water behind dams, and pumped storage plants that function like batteries by pumping water to higher reservoirs. Hydropower is a renewable source that provides clean energy without pollution, but large dams require significant investment and financing.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Pradeep Kumar Yadav to Rajasthan Technical University on the topic of hydro power plants. The 3-page report includes an introduction to hydro power, terms related to hydro power plants, the components and classification of hydro power plants, site selection and the working of hydro power plants. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hydro power and some major hydro power stations in India. The report was prepared to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering.
Hydropower harnesses the energy of falling or flowing water to generate electricity. It is the most widely used renewable energy source, accounting for 16% of global electricity. Hydropower does not produce greenhouse gases but it can damage ecosystems and require relocating people when it involves large dams. The main types of hydropower are run-of-river, which uses existing river flow without dams, and conventional dams which store water in large reservoirs and release it to drive turbines.
This document discusses hybrid renewable energy systems and their suitability for rural regions in India. It notes that about 75% of India's population lives in rural areas that often face electricity shortages, hindering development. Hybrid systems that combine two or more renewable sources like biomass, wind, solar, and hydro could help address this issue by providing a more reliable supply. The document outlines several hybrid system examples and notes their advantages like increased reliability, flexibility, and lower operating costs compared to individual renewable systems. However, hybrid systems also present challenges like complex power conditioning, stochastic resource availability, and coordination with electric grids.
Hydro power or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed by the sun.
Renewable Energy Based Floating Power Generator (Rivers and Canals)IJERA Editor
1) Researchers in India have developed a floating power generator system that can generate electricity from flowing water in rivers and canals without needing to be permanently installed.
2) The system consists of fiberglass floats connected to a water wheel that spins a waterproof generator as water flows between the floats.
3) Testing of a prototype in Mahi River in India showed it could generate up to 250 watts of power at a water flow rate of 6 cubic meters per second.
IRJET- Feasibility Study on Power Generation using Treated Waste WaterIRJET Journal
This document discusses a feasibility study on generating power using treated wastewater at the Kesare wastewater treatment plant in India. Specifically, it analyzes installing a micro-hydro power system using the flow of treated wastewater. It describes testing a floating rotor turbine design based on a vertical axis wind turbine. Testing found the turbine was capable of producing 232W in horizontal conditions and 0.77W in vertical conditions. The document also reviews literature on installing micro-hydro systems at wastewater treatment plants to reduce energy costs and reliance on fossil fuels.
This document provides details about a student project report on a model of a hydraulic power plant. It includes an introduction describing the components of a typical hydraulic power plant like the reservoir, dam, penstock, surge tank, turbine, power house, and generator. It also discusses the classification of hydraulic power plants based on factors like water availability and plant capacity. The document outlines the various elements of a hydraulic power plant in detail and explains the working principle. It acknowledges the guidance provided by the project supervisor and declares the fulfillment of degree requirements.
Similar to The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) (20)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)
1. The International Journal of Engineering
And Science (IJES)
||Volume|| 1 ||Issue|| 2 ||Pages|| 77-80 ||2012||
ISSN: 2319 – 1813 ISBN: 2319 – 1805
House Hold Power Generation Using Rain Water
1,
B. Phani Kanth, 2,Ashwani, 3,Sanjeev Sharma
1,2,
M.tech Clean Technology Student, Amity Un iversity Jaipur, Rajasthan -302001.
3,
Asst.Prof. Dept of Mechanical Automation & Clean Technology, Amity Un ivers ity Jaipur, Rajasthan-302001
1,2,3,
Department of Mechanical, Automat ion & Clean Technology
Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, 36 KM Stone, Jaipur-Delhi, National Highway
Jaipur-302001 (Rajasthan)
--------------------------------------------------------Abstract-------------------------------------------------------
Energy is integral to virtually every aspect of life. It is hard to imag ine life without it. Yet many of our most
serious threats to clean air, clean water and healthy eco systems stem fro m h u man energy use. Currently, most
energy is produced from coal, oil, natural gas and uranium. These energy sources pollute our air and water,
damage the earth’s climate, destroy fragile eco-system and endanger human health. A large amount of energy
we generate is wasted, raising energy costs and harming the environ ment. We can meet our energy needs while
protecting human wealth, our climate and other natural systems. The solution is a rapid transition to energy
efficiency and use of clean, renewable energy s uch as the sun, hydro and wind. Renewable energy sources are
abundant and inexhaustible. They do not use fuel, so fuel costs and price fluctuations are not an issue. This
paper highlights the House hold power generation using small hydro power projects in India with its own
resources and also through private investment.
Keywords: 1.Small scale Hydro power- 2.Renewable Energy-3.Potential Energy(P.E) -4.Rain Water-
5.Kinetic Energy(K.E)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 30, November, 2012 Date of Publication: 15, December 2012
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRO DUCTION
Hydroelectric Power Is A Major Source Of Electricity In India. In 2012 Around 21.53% Of The
Electricity In India Was Generated Using Hydroelectric Po wer. Th is Electricity Is Typically Generated By
Large Scale Dam Pro jects That Block Rivers And Pass Water Over Turbines. In This Fashion, The Amount Of
Electricity That Can Be Generated Ranges Fro m A Few Kilowatts To Hundreds Of Megawatts. The St reams
And Rivers Effectively Funnel The A mount Of Rainfall Covering A Huge Land Area Into A Concentrated Flow
With Enough Kinetic And Potential Energy To Justify Large In frastructure Pro jects To Power A Large Nu mber
Of Households. India Is Blessed With Immense Amount Of Hydro-Electric Potential And Ran ks 5th In Terms
Of Exp loitable Hydro-Potential On Global Scenario. The Present
As On 30-06-2011 Is Approximately 37,367.4 MW Per Year. [1-3]
2. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER
Electricity generated by harnessing the energy in falling water. A non -depleting source of energy,
hydroelectric power provides approximately 5% of the world’s primary energy needs. The theoretical power of
a hydro source is the product of the weight of water passing the unit time and the vert ical height through which
it falls, under average flow conditions. Dams serve to trap supplies and ensure continuity of flo w while
increasing the head of water available to d rive the turbines. A s mall volu me of water through high head equal to
a large volu me through a low head. The develop ment of turbin es has vastly increased the potential fo r exp loit ing
hydro electricity. Turb ines and generator both have efficiencies of over 90%. Therefo re a modern hydro electric
station can convert over 80% of energy inherent in water into electricity. In contrast, fossil fuelled power
stations operate with large energy losses.[10-13]
3. THE T ECHNOLOGY
Hydro power is produced when a flow of water, either fro m a reservoir or a river, is channeled through
a turbine connected to an electricity generator. The amount of power generated depends on the rate of flow and
the volume of water availab le, provided via the hydraulic Head – the vertical d istance from the reservoir or river
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 77
2. House Hold Power Generation Using Rain Water
to the turbine. World hydro power capacity has reached about 700GW , generating about one fifth o f the world’s
total electricity p roduction. Most of this is fro m large scale scheme of more than about 10-15MW. Ho wever,
many of these large scale schemes were developed a number of year ago, and the potential for identifying new
large scale schemes is now more limited, not only because there are fewer co mmercially attractive sites still
available, but also because of environmental constraints. Instead, smaller schemes of less than about 10-15MW
now offer a greater opportunity for provid ing reliable, flexib le and cost co mpetitive power source with minimal
environmental impacts.
Although these small scale schemes currently contribute only about 3% to the total hydro power
capacity, they are making an increasing contribution towards new and renewable energy installations in many
regions of the world, especially in rural or remote reg ions where other conventional sources of power are less
readily available. Small scale hydro power generation is now a well established technology. Small scale hydro
power schemes are designed to offer power generation with h igh levels of availability over a long operating life.
Civil engineering works (weirs, channels) can last for many years with suitable maintenance, and the
mechanical and electrical lifetime of a hydro power plant can be upto 50 years. Small scale hydro schemes are
characterised by relatively high init ial capital outlay. Ho wever, these high initial costs are offset by the long life
time of the scheme , its high reliability and availability, low running costs and the absence of annual fuel costs.
Capital costs can often be reduced by making use of existing engineering structures or by refurbishing existing
plant and equipment. The cost of generating power fro m small scale hydro schemes depends on the
characteristics of the site, and in particular the height of the hydraulic head, such that the scheme’s economic
viability decreases as the head decreases. In certain locations, however, even very small hydro schemes can be
developed to provide an economic source of power. House hold Hydroelectric Generation is the scheme of
rainwater channels on the basement of buildings for carry ing away water to turbines coupled to a generator that
will convert the falling or running water into electricity with the water eventually flo wing to tankers to be
stockpiled and vacuum pu mped back to the roof during non rainy days, instead of pipes carrying water to the
sewage, with the excess stockpiled rainwater to be used to irrigate plants and gardens. Successfully proven with
the appropriate architectural engineering design, house hold hydroelectric power will save the world fro m the
potential of devastation or at least reduce human suffering. Which can be designed with a water cycle
continuous loop, is a perpetual energy source that will meet the future of unlimited demands even with
overpopulated developing countries in the billions? Normally, hydroelectricity depends on large natural water
storage. Reservoirs upstream of dams or rivers flo wing down fro m mountain tops where the water flo w can be
controlled to have constant water level to assure power provided for a populated community. W ith hydroelectric
power generation fro m rooftops of buildings the Philippines, a country with an average rainfall of more than 80
inches or more than 2000 mm of rain each year, can have a perpetual energy source simp ly by designing a
Rooftop Hydroelectric Po wer Generator emplaced in structures of high rises, schools, and homes providing the
possibility of electricity in all the provinces with (barangays) v illages of people currently living without power.
The individual build ings, depending on the square area of the rooftops and gravitational flow of the
rainwater, will be classified as small to min i or micro hydro in capacity of providing the energyAn ind ustrial
Rain water hydroelectric power generation to provide electricity in metropolises, entire provinces, or new
developments that can have the infrastructure of poles and wires will provide electricity in a world worried
about Climate Change and Global Warming destruction with no worries of accidental flooding associated with
existing hydroelectric power p lants, but the idea of ind ividual build ings can provided wireless electricity in a
planned community and independent from the problems lin ked with powe r p lants like during typhoon seasons
of uprooted poles and dislodged wires. For the duration of dry seasons or non rainy days, vacuumed pu mped
fro m stockpiled rainwater in tankers on ground level can produce electricity even during high peak demands
instead of a loop, but during tropical storms electricity will be naturally created fro m raindrops and gravity for
an energy source provided by Mother Nature, every rainy day perpetually. [14-18]
Figure 1: Process of Hydro Electric power Generation
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 78
3. House Hold Power Generation Using Rain Water
4. POTENTIAL EN ERGY OF WATER
Anybody of mass that has been raised above the Earth's surface has a potential energy relative to the
same mass on the Earth's surface. As explained above, by running elevated water over a turbine, some of this
potential energy can be converted into kinetic and electrical energy. In the water cycle, water evaporates via
solar energy and gains potential energy that is then lost again when the water precipitates. This cycle of
evaporation, rain, turbine, provides a mechanism for the conversion of solar into electrical energy. At best, the
amount of electrical energy that can be generated is equal to the potential energy of the rain.This gravitational
potential energy is simply equal to the product of mass, height, and gravitational c onstant (9.81 m/s2). For
example, the potential energy of a cubic meter of water (1000kg) in a stratus cloud at 2000 m of elevation is
about 20 MJ, or 5.5 kWh. This means that in a region where the average amount of rain is about 0.40 m, the
total amount of rain potential energy lost over a 1 km2 plot of land is about 7.8 x 1012 J, 2.18 x 106 kWh, or
enough energy for about 220 homes. Un fortunately, the vast majority of this energy is lost via frict ion with the
air during the rain fall. The next section looks at the total amount of kinetic energy that is still present when the
rain hits the ground. [4-6]
Table 1: Examp les of the potential energy of rain on the roof of two buildings and into the Colu mbia River
Basin
In order to account for the total amount of amount of potential energy that practically be used, assume
that the rain is funneled (v ia ho me gutters) and then stored into a tank located about roof level, say, 7 m off the
ground. The total amount of potential energy of the rain water in the tank would be equal to about 70 kJ per
cubic meter of water. As an example, if the total roof space were about 185 m2 (2000 sq feet), the amount of
potential energy would be 130 kJ (0.036 kWh) per cm of rain. In a college town where the amount of rain is
only about 43 cm/year, this amounts to only about 1.5k Wh. Even in the rain iest place on earth the amount of
energy generated would be 48kWh. [7] In order to capture enough rain for a years worth of energy, the amount
of surface area at 7 m and exposed to 100 cm of rain per year would need to be about 515000 m2. Th is assumes
a perfectly efficient generator, which does not exist. Instead of relying entirely on rainfall to fill the tank of
water on top of the house, a ho me owner could have a similarly sized tank (o r pool) at ground level and build a
mechanis m catching water that rises due to evaporation. This would be the same conversion of solar thermal
energy into electricity as explained above. The average amount of water that can be evaporated per unit of
surface varies, with a peak of 404 cm in Death Valley and a value of about 182 cm in the San Francisco area. If
the evaporation was taking place fro m a pool of the same size as the roof tank (185 m2 to a tank 7 m
high) above, the total amount of energy harvested would be about 6.42 kWhr at Stanford and 14.3 kWr in Death
Valley. Again, not nearly enough to power a home. Finally, another (obviously horrib le) idea is to fill the
potential energy tank on top of house via a garden hose. Since the homeowner does not directly run/pay for the
water pu mp, th is would not be a net electricity loss when looked at fro m the ho me's perspective. Assuming a
garden hose can output 6 gallons per minute (456 x $10-6 m3/s) onto the rooftop, the total amount of power
generated is about 31W. Running this hose for an hour would generate about $0.003 worth of electricity while
consuming 360 gallons, or about $1, of water (appro ximately 2000x more expensive).Studying the total amount
of rainfall on an entire river valley, yields vastly different results. For examp le, the size of the River basin is
about 668 x 109 m2. Making (my own) estimate that half of this land drains upstream of the Nagarjuna Sagar
Dam, this means that the exposed surface area for rain collect ion is about 334 x 109 m2. The Nagarjuna Sagar
Dam itself is about 170 m high and generates 21 x 109 kWh per year. Th is means that, on average, 14 cm of
rain that falls in the upper basin needs to reach the dam in order to provide it with enough potential energy
(assuming perfect conversion) to generate its electricity. As a final limit, if all the rain that fell in the Un ited
States (an area of 9.62 x 1012 m2 and depth of 76.2 cm) was passed over a structure the height of the dam, a
total of 3.4 x 1012 kWh could be produced. While this nu mber is still only 80% of the total electrical
production, it is worth mentioning that the hydroelectric production is already at 21.5% of this number.
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4. House Hold Power Generation Using Rain Water
5. RAIN KINETIC ENERGY
As shown above, trapping rain, storing it, and running it past a turbine is one mechanis m of converting
the energy of rainfall into electricity. Another option that can be used in tandem is to capture the kinetic energy
of the rain direct ly. Th is can be done using piezoelectricity, where crystals convert mechanical motion into
electricity. Again making the unrealistic assumption of perfect conversion, the amount of kinetic energy in a
object is half the mass times the velocity squared. The velocity of rain is limited by air resistance and typically
has a maximu m of around 8 m/s [4]. Doing the calcu lation, the amount of kinetic energy falling on a 185 m2
roof is about 59.2 kJ (0.016 kWh) per cm o f rain. Th is is only about 1.6 kWh of energy per year in an area that
receives a meter of rain per year. As an unrealizable limit , the total amount of rain kinetic energy over the USA
is about 65 billion kWh (a quarter of the total energy use). There are pract ical applications that arise fro m this
effect, however. Recent research has demonstrated how this effect can power small sensors tha t use only a little
amount of energy and are inconvenient to power by other means. [7-9]
6. CONCLUS ION
This article shows basic calculations and estimates for the amount of energy that could potentially be
harvested from rain. In moderate scales, there is little potential for energy generation using either the potential or
kinetic energy of falling water. In the gigantic scale, however, where nature has carved out a large basin to catch
rainfall, dams and turbines can be installed to produce significant amoun ts of electricity. On small sensors, the
kinetic energy of rain can provide enough energy in order to sustain operation. Overall, using precip itation to
generate electricity can be used situationally to compliment other technologies, but is not an end solu tion.
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is entirely done on the general basis of our own idea and its just a review of how to generate
power fro m rain water for House hold purpose. Under the Gu idance of our Asst Prof. Dr. San jeev Sharma Dept
of Mechanical Automation & Clean Technology, and with the co-operation of our Chancellor Dr. Raj Singh
and our Director Of Clean Technology Dr. R. R. A lluri A mity University Rajasthan.
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