The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Reflux it's impact on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage wat...eSAT Journals
Abstract A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3 / m2 • h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent. The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated, compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Removal Efficiency;
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Reflux it's impact on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage wat...eSAT Journals
Abstract A/O BAF system has been used in the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus and other nutrients present in wastewater, This economical and effective way of nutrients removal uses different parameters in the actualization of desired objectives, one of them is the Reflux ratio, this research focuses on the influence and roles of Reflux, Sponge Iron and Manganese sand on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. The following experimental operational parameters was set up for the purpose of this experiment, Hydraulic load of 0.5 m3 / m2 • h., Air/Water ratio of 10:1 (0.42L/min) and reflux ratio of 100 and 200 percent. The experiment is divided into two main areas: The effects of reflux ratio presence and absences on removal efficiency of the BAF system. The reflux water was introduced into the anaerobic column and sometimes in aerobic column. The results were examined to note the extent to which reflux plays a part on the removal rate of the nutrients when introduced into the aerobic column instead of the anaerobic column and vice versa. sponge iron and manganese sand column were also introduced, and the results of the nitrifying bacteria shown it supports the removal efficiency observed in the BAF system. The results were all investigated, compared and the analysis showed that reflux helped more in the removal of nitrogen and ammonia, while sponge iron and manganese sand increased the removal efficiency of phosphorus from waste water Key Word: BAF: Biological Aeration Filter; Total Phosphorus; Total Nitrogen; Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Removal Efficiency;
High organic loaded wastes and wastewater creates environmental pollution. The textile wastewater is a serious environmental challenge faced by Bangladesh textile sub sector. The textile wastewater contains organic compounds and synthetic chemicals. Certain chemicals which are used in the textile industry cause environmental or health problems. Due to presence of chemicals, it cause instance allergic skin reaction or even cause cancer. Environmental degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern in Bangladesh. Textile processing industries is one of the most important industries of Bangladesh with regard to production, export and labor force employment. The major raw material for textile processing is grey fabric and most of materials consist of cotton and blended fabric. Textile processing employs a variety of chemicals depending on the nature of raw material and products such as; enzymes, detergents, dyes, acids, soda and salt. The textile wastewater is a highly polluted in terms of organic matter and suspended matter such as fibers, grease and chemicals. The textile wastewater is usually hot and alkaline with strong smell and color due to use of chemicals dyes. Studies reveled that wastewater from textile industry is highly toxic and has inhibitory effects on an activated sludge and nitrification.
Anaerobic-aerobic treatment of municipal sewage using high Performance Levapor Carriers. It offers remarkable smaller foot print, bio gas production and lower sludge production compared to aerobic treatment reducing unit treatment cost.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Here at ACE DYNAMICS, our innovative, sustainable solutions help our clients to address their Air, Water, Environment, Energy, and Resource management challenges.
Bio-Filter the Green Technology to treat Sewage, Effluent from Dairy Industry, Printing and Dye Industry, Gelatin Capsule manufacturing industry ,Fisheries Industry, For non toxic Chemical Industry effluent treatment . No Smell , No Slude Formation, Low Cost and Extremely low operating cost.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
High organic loaded wastes and wastewater creates environmental pollution. The textile wastewater is a serious environmental challenge faced by Bangladesh textile sub sector. The textile wastewater contains organic compounds and synthetic chemicals. Certain chemicals which are used in the textile industry cause environmental or health problems. Due to presence of chemicals, it cause instance allergic skin reaction or even cause cancer. Environmental degradation by the industrial sector is a matter of serious concern in Bangladesh. Textile processing industries is one of the most important industries of Bangladesh with regard to production, export and labor force employment. The major raw material for textile processing is grey fabric and most of materials consist of cotton and blended fabric. Textile processing employs a variety of chemicals depending on the nature of raw material and products such as; enzymes, detergents, dyes, acids, soda and salt. The textile wastewater is a highly polluted in terms of organic matter and suspended matter such as fibers, grease and chemicals. The textile wastewater is usually hot and alkaline with strong smell and color due to use of chemicals dyes. Studies reveled that wastewater from textile industry is highly toxic and has inhibitory effects on an activated sludge and nitrification.
Anaerobic-aerobic treatment of municipal sewage using high Performance Levapor Carriers. It offers remarkable smaller foot print, bio gas production and lower sludge production compared to aerobic treatment reducing unit treatment cost.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Here at ACE DYNAMICS, our innovative, sustainable solutions help our clients to address their Air, Water, Environment, Energy, and Resource management challenges.
Bio-Filter the Green Technology to treat Sewage, Effluent from Dairy Industry, Printing and Dye Industry, Gelatin Capsule manufacturing industry ,Fisheries Industry, For non toxic Chemical Industry effluent treatment . No Smell , No Slude Formation, Low Cost and Extremely low operating cost.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...njcnews777
This paper presents results from the model capacity evaluation of an activated sludge plant at a large 37.8 MGD regional municipal wastewater treatment plant with reuse potential. The plant capacity evaluation (stress test) was performed to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies as a part of the continuous improvement of the treatment plant for process optimization and maximization of flow through the plant.
Wastewater Management with Anaerobic Digestion Accra, GhanaHeather Troutman
This analysis identified Old Fadama, an informal settlement of 80,000 inhabitants in Accra, Ghana, that currently lacks adequate access to sanitation facilities, clean water, electricity, and is burdened by severe environmental degradation as a possible site to implement a system of small-scale anaerobic digesters throughout the community as a means to treat 122,139 L of wastewater per day producing 20,727 to 29,406 m3 biogas per day, which is sufficient to run a cooking stove for 3.24 to 4.59 hours per house per day (assuming 5 inhabitants per house). Additionally, this system can provide sufficient fertilizer and soil amendment for utilization in urban and peri-urban agriculture, which provides livelihood for 18 percent of Accra’s total population and produces 90 percent of all perishable produce consumed in the city.
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 7 ||Pages|| 01-13||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 1
Performance Evaluation of Activated Sludge Wastewater
Treatment Plant (ASWTP) At QIT, Ibeno Local Government
Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
By
E. C. Ukpong
Department of civil Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
-----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------
This research was conducted to ascertain the performance of Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant
(ASWTP) at QIT, Ibeno Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The aim of the study was to investigate the
level of effectiveness of the activated sludge process. The study involved the analysis of the wastewater samples
collected at the influent aeration tank and the effluent discharge by standard methods. The performance
evaluation was based on the removal efficiency of the characteristic wastewater. The result showed that
wastewater had no smell with clear colour at normal temperature and equilibrium pH value of 7. The TSS, TDS,
total alkalinity reduction values were 4.68, 8.61 and 0% respectively. The DO value reduction was in the range
of 40 to 45% and the BOD and COD values reduced by 28 to 32.79% and 46.42 to 49.54%, respectively. The
total coliform removal efficiency was between 17 and 21%. On the basis of the results of the study the
wastewater treatment plant, has good potential to produce high quality effluent on a continuous bases. It is
recommended that operators of the plant should be adequately trained and maintenance ensured.
KEYWORDS: Wastewater, efficiency, effluent, activated sludge process, performance
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 24 April 2013, Date of Publication: 15.July 2013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (ASWTP) at QIT, Ibeno Local
Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was conducted to ascertain the performance of activated sludge
wastewater treatment plant used at QIT in Ibeno. The tank design can affect oxygen transfer rates, (Mackinne,
1989). Location of the inlet, outlet and diffusers are important. Tank turnover time must be minimum when
oxygen demand rates are high. Tank turnover is the time its takes to mix the contents of the aeration tank. In
tended aeration, the mixed liquor suspended solids (ML.SS), is recommended to be 5000 to 6000mg/l (Pfeffer,
1989). However, many extended aeration plants operate below these values because solids separation and
handling become more difficult at higher levels for some systems.
Effluent polishing, aeration and chlorination should be considered in the design. Effluent discharge
standards may require very good effluent in certain areas or at certain times. As regulations become more
stringent, it may be necessary to incorporate post treatment into old plants.The activated sludge process is a
system in which biologically active growth is continuously circulated with incoming biologically degradable
waste in the presence of oxygen, (Agunwamba, 2001).The untreated or pre-settled wastewater is mixed with 20
to 50 percent of its own volume and return sludge. The mixture enters an aeration tank where the organisms and
wastewater are mixed together with a large density of air (Mckinney, 1989). The organisms oxidize a portion of
the waste organic water to form carbondioxide and water and produce new microbial cells. The mixture then
enters a microorganisms settle and are removed from the effluent stream. The return sludge which as a fraction
of the microorganisms or activated sludge recycled to the influent end of the aeration tank, mixed with
wastewater. Newly activated sludge is continuously being produced in this process and the excess sludge
produced each day (waste activated sludge) must be disposed of together with the sludge from the primary
treated facilities as shown in Figure 1.
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However, certain problems may be encountered during the operation of an activated sludge plant
(Sawyer, 1990). They include: biotransformation of organic matter due to the development of bacteria in the
aeration tank and separation of the bacterial flocs from clarified water inside the secondary settling tank,
(Goodman, 1999). The conventional aeration activated sludge system is a plug flow reactor operated with cell
recycle. Oxygen is supplied at a uniform rate throughout the aeration tank since oxygen requirement decreases
towards the tank outlet, there is a waste of oxygen in this process, (McKinney, 1989).Wastewater or sewage
discharges after treatment into stream or a large body of water such as lake or sea. (Sewage is the wastewater
from a community consisting of human excreta, urine and sludge such as wastewater from bathroom, laundry
and kitchen) that contains pathogenic organisms, organic and nutrients. It is therefore important to treat sewage
prior to disposal. According to (Agunwamba, 2001), the objectives of wastewater treatment include: reduction
of biological oxygen demand (BOD), reduction of suspended solids (SS), destruction of pathogens and removal
of nutrients, toxic compounds, non-biodegrable compounds and dissolved solids, (Viessman and Hammer,
1993).The activated sludge systems are designed in various forms, such as the conventional system; tapered,
stepped, contract stabilization, extended aeration and high rate process systems (Pipes, 2005).The extended
aeration is just one form of the conventional aeration system. In this system screened or comminuted raw
sewage are fed directly into the aeration tank and maintained for a period much longer than the case of the
conventional process. The rate of return sludge is high, (Aguwamba, 2001). There are many variations of
activated sludge because of its potential to economically stabilize organic constituents in wastewater.
The quality of treated effluent wastewater are expected to conform to prescribed standards in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Table 1: Effluent Limitation Guidelines (Domestic Wastewater)
Parameters (mg/l) Values
pH >10
TSS >5000
TDS 1500 – 10000
BOD 25 – 50
COD 10 – 150
Total Alkalinity 50 – 200
Oil and Grease >48
Source: WHO, 1973
Table 2: Effluent Reuse Standards
Parameter (mg/l) Agricultural/Irrigation Fish Rearing Recharge
BOD No limit <10 <5
SS <30 100 <30
TS 2500 <2000 Low
TN No limit <0.3 None
NH3 No limit No limit <0.5
TP No limit No limit <10
FC (MPN/100ml) <1000 <1000 <1000
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Source: Khurshid, 2000
Table 3: Effluent Limitations on Treated Sanitary Wastewater
Effluent Characteristics (mg/l) Values
1. Residual Chlorine (mg/l) 0.8 – 1.5
2. BOD5 (mg/l) 30 – 45
3. TSS (mg/l) 45
4. Fecal Coliform Colonies/100ml 200 – 400 MPN/100ml
5. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/l 4.0 – 5.0
Source: Principal Legislative Petroleum Act, DPR, 1969
The principal difference between extended aeration and conventional activated aeration and
conventional activated sludge is that the extended aeration system has no primary clarifiers. It has a reduced
organic loading, an extended aeration time, and far less excess sludge. In the basic extended aeration plant, the
influent is mixed with the mixed liquor suspended solids (ML.SS) and the return sludge. This allows for
immediate absorption and absorption of organic by microorganisms in the aeration tank. The returned sludge
maintains the level of active bio-mass in the system by not allowing it to escape the system to the effluent.
After approximately 24 hours the aeration, the mixed liquor suspended solids (ML.SS) is allowed to settle in the
sedimentation tank. The settled sludge is returned to the aeration tank to maintain the level of active
microorganisms in the system. The supernatant of the settled sludge leaves the system as effluent that may be
chlorinated or given further treatment.Although activated sludge plants are widely used in wastewater treatment,
they are associated with certain problems. Biological foams or scums are often formed on the liquid surface of
activated sludge plants. The stable foam is grey to cream-brown in colour, quite heavy in consistency and upto
30cm deep. The scum or foams appear on the aeration tank and then eventually cover most of the liquid surfaces
including that of the final effluent from the plant. The scum or foam consists of many Gram-positive, branching
filamentous bacteria (Blackall and Chudoba, 1991). The predominant organism that had been isolated from the
foam was identified as Nocradia amarac, (Viessman and Hammer, 2003), Rhnodocuccus rhodochrus, (Young,
2006) and other nocardioform actimomycetes (Viessman and Hammer, 2003) and (Vanden Berg and Kennedy,
2004).
The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of the wastewater treatment through the
evaluation of activated sludge wastewater treatment plant at QIT, Ibeno, inorder to investigate the influent and
effluent composition of wastewater and to compare the level of compliance of the parameters to WHO/DPR
standards, as well as to determine the effectiveness of the sewage treatment plant. The study will only be limited
to the wastewater characteristics at QIT, Ibeno.Figures 2 and 3 shows the plan view and section of the extended
aeration activated sludge system at Ibeno.
Fig. 2: Plan View Of The Extended Aeration Activated Sludge System
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Fig. 3: Section Thru Extended Aeration Sludge System
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Description of the Study Area
The QIT is a crude oil terminal of Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited (MPNU), a subsidiary company
of Exxon Mobil located in Ibeno Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria along the coast of the
Atlantic Ocean. Ibeno Local Government Area (Figure 4) was created out of the defunct Uquo Ibeno Local
Government Area on December 4, 1996 by the Federal Government of Nigeria. Ibeno Local Government Area
has a coastal area of over 1,200 square kilometers. It is situated on the Eastern flanks of Niger Delta which in
turn is part of the Gulf of Guinea (UNICALCONS, 2003). It is located at the south end of Akwa Ibom State with
Latitude 4o
321
and 4o
341
North of Equator and Longitude 7o
541
and 8o
021
East of Greenwich Meridian. Ibeno
LGA shares borders with Eket, Esit Eket, Onna and Mbo in the North, Eastern Obolo Local Government Area
on the West and Cross River Estuary on the East (Daniel and Akpan, 2006). It occupies the largest Atlantic
coastline of more than 129km in Akwa Ibom State (Akpan et al, 2002). The communities on the west bank of
the Qua Iboe River do not have access to the hinterland except by boat through the river and creeks. Qua Iboe
River Estuary which lies within the study area coordinates has Douglas Creek emptying into it. This creek is
about 900m long and 8m deep. It is the point where petroleum exploration and production (E&P) waste from the
Exxon Mobil Qua Iboe Terminal (QIT) tank farm are transferred to the lower Qua Iboe River Estuary and
adjourning creeks through two 24” diameter pipes. The Exxon Mobil oily sludge dumpsite is located adjacent to
this creek and the flare stack where gas is flared continuously is also situated a few meters from this creek
(Akpan, 2003). The creek also serves as the boundary from Exxon Mobil Crude Expansion Project (UNILAG
CONSULT, 1997).
Some communities in Ibeno LGA are located at the bank of Qua Iboe River while some are located on
the Atlantic Littoral. Communities such as Mkpanak, Upenekang, Iwuoachang, are located on the east bank of
the Qua Iboe River and Okorutip and Ikot Inwang are on the west bank of the Qua Iboe River while Iwuopom-
Opolom, Itak Abasi, Akata, Okoroitak are located on the Atlantic coastline (UNICALCONS, 2003).
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Figure 4: Map of Akwa Ibom State showing Ibeno L.G.A - the study area
2.2 Description of QIT Wastewater Treatment Plant
The sewage treatment plant is a factory package steel unit manufactured by Purcstream, Inc., Florence,
USA. The system is based on the extended aeration method of sewage treatment. The method of treatment
consists basically of four operations.
1) Screening: The first part of entry on sewage in the plant.
2) Aeration: Decomposition of sewage by aerobic bacteria and other organisms into carbon dioxide and
water and other minor constituents.
3) Settling: The treated sewage passes to the settling chamber or clarifier. Here heavy activated sludge
mass settles to the bottom while the clear water liquid flows over a vertical plate or weir into a
discharge line.
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4) Chlorination: The treated liquid (the effluent) from settling chamber is chlorinated to kill disease
carrying (pathogenic) bacteria and treated effluent passes into the chlorine, usually for 30 minutes and
pass out of the tank through the final plant discharge. See figures 2 and 3 respectively.
2.3 Experimental Methods
Samples were collected into sterilize plastic containers measuring about three litres and were clearly
labeled for identification and then placed on ice until arrival at the laboratory where it was stored in a
refrigerator at 2o
C and they were allowed to freeze. Samples were collected at monthly interval between
February, 2011 and May, 2011. The samples were collected at the following three points for analysis, influent
line, aeration tank and the effluent end are were taken to the laboratory for the physical and chemical analysis.
The test conducted include: BOD, COD, TDS, pH, DO, Odour, Colour, temperature, TSS, Total Alkalinity, Oil
and grease and total coliform per 100ml according to the standard method as described by (APHA, 1998).
The pH was determined by using electronic pH meters, model 240 with probe, screen and control knobs. The
instrument was switched on and the probe inserted in beaker containing sample and the reading taken. The
colour was visually determined.Also the total suspended solid (TSS) was determined by the use of DR 2010
spectrophotometer. The procedures are as described by (APHA, 1998). The dissolved oxygen (DO) was
measured using the dissolved oxygen meter. The procedure was carried out by rotating the wave length dial
gauge until the gauge display showed 535mm, then press the read/enter knob and fill a blue ampul cap with
sample in the cell holder. Finally press read/enter knob and wait for the result to display for recording.The
biological oxygen demand (BOD5) was carried out by the method similar to (DO). In BOD5 test, the water
samples were incubated at 20o
C for 5 days in the dark container. After one day incubation period, DO was
measured as DO1. The procedure was repeated for five days incubation dissolved oxygen, DO5 and the
difference between DO1 incubation and DO5 incubation period gave the BOD5 measured in mg/l. The
instrument used for the measurement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) are also described by (APHA, 1998).
III. RESULTS
The results of experimental analysis are presented in Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively.
Table 4: Wastewater characteristics in QIT Ibeno for the month of February, 2011
Parameter Influent Aeration Tank Effluent Remarks
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
Percentage
reduction
Odour Foul
smell
Foul
smell
Foul
smell
Foul
smell
AHL
No smell
AHL
No smell
No smell
Colour Black Black Black Black Clear Clear Clear
Temperature
(o
C)
30.5 29.4 29.6 29.4 28.20 28.20 Normal
temperature
PH 5.54 6.50 5.34 6.20 5.66 6.80 Equilibrium
TSS 4000 3000 3000 2300 45 45 1.23
TDS 8500 6000 2190 2080 3400 2800 32.94
Total Alkalinity 150 140 140 130 130 120 80
Dissolved
Oxygen (DO)
(mg/l)
10 8 10 8 4.5 4.0 40
BOD5 (mg/l) 213.5 200 180 120 108 70 32.79
COD (mg/l) 131.2 100 95 80 81 65 49.54
Oil and grease 12.8 5.6 8.6 2.04 5.6 0.04 0.31
Total coliform
per 100ml
1000 950 850 700 240 210 21
Source: Author‟s field work (2010)
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Table 5: Wastewater characteristics at QIT Ibeno for the month of March, 2011
Parameter Influent Aeration Tank Effluent Remarks
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
Percentage
reduction
Odour Foul smell Foul smell Foul smell Foul smell No smell No smell No smell
Colour Black Black Black Black Clear Clear Clear
Temperature (o
C) 29.8 29.6 30.0 29.6 29.5 28.0 Normal
pH 5.60 6.4 5.84 6.10 5.81 7.01 Equilibrium
TSS 4050 3100 3100 2200 46 45 1.11
TDS 8600 6108 2200 2050 3200 2500 29.07
Total Alkalinity 152 139 138 130 136 129 84.87
Dissolved Oxygen
(DO) (mg/l)
10 8 10 8 4.5 4.0 4.0
BOD5 (mg/l) 220 130 130 100 90 70 53.85
COD (mg/l) 135.2 90.5 90.0 80 65 60 44.38
Oil and Grease 12.50 5.20 4.20 3.00 2.10 0.06 0.48
Total coliform per
100ml
1010 950 800 700 220 190 18.81
Table 6: Wastewater characteristics at QIT Ibeno for the month of April, 2011
Parameter Influent Aeration Tank Effluent Remarks
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
Percentage
reduction
Odour Foul smell Foul smell Foul smell Foul smell No smell No smell No smell
Colour Black Black Black Black Clear Clear Clear
Temperature (o
C) 30.10 29.2 29.0 29.0 28 28 Normal
pH 5.32 5.61 5.50 6.20 5.71 6.91 Equilibrium
TSS 4010 3150 3100 2100 47 44 1.1
TDS 8710 6410 2300 2100 3100 2200 25.26
Total Alkalinity 150 141 139 129 129 128 85.33
Dissolved Oxygen
(DO) (mg/l)
10 8 9 8 5 4.5 45
BOD5 (mg/l) 225 132 132 105 95 75 33.33
COD (mg/l) 137 92.5 91.50 81.0 64.5 59.5 43.43
Oil and Grease 12.80 5.40 4.10 3.20 2.80 0.09 0.70
Total coliform per
100ml
1000 900 780 670 210 180 18
Table 7: Wastewater characteristics at QIT Ibeno for the month of May, 2011
Parameter Influent Aeration Tank Effluent Remarks
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
MHE
Phase 1
MHE
Phase 2
Percentage
reduction
Odour Foul smell Foul smell Foul
smell
Foul smell No smell No smell No smell
Colour Black Black Black Black Clear Clear Clear
Temperature (o
C) 30.51 29.50 29.40 29.40 28.50 28.50 Normal
pH 5.60 6.50 5.80 6.25 5.78 7.01 Equilibrium
TSS 4000 3100 3100 2100 45 45 1.23
TDS 8600 7100 2090 2070 3500 2700 31.40
Total Alkalinity 152 148 148 130 140 120 78.95
Dissolved Oxygen
(DO) (mg/l)
10 8 10 8 5 4.0 40
BOD5 (mg/l) 250 230 103 95 90 70 28
COD (mg/l) 140 100 98 97 80 65 46.43
Oil and Grease 9.0 7.0 8.90 5.20 4.10 0.05 0.56
Total coliform per
100ml
1000 900 800 600 200 170 17
IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The result in Table 4 shows that the effluent wastewater has no smell, shows clear colour, normal
temperature and equilibrium pH value while the TSS, TDS and total alkalinity reduces by 1.23, 32.94 and 80%
while the DO increases by 71.43% with the reduction of BOD5, COD and oil and grease by 32.79, 49.54 and
0.31% showing high performance of the treatment plant.
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Similarly, Tables 5, 6 and 7 also show similar results with the total coliform decreasing by 21, 18.81,
18 and 17% respectively showing high performance of the treatment plant. From Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7, it was
observed that the influent values of the wastewater characteristics were high and begins to show some reduction
from Phase 1 and 2 of the aeration tank and gives a remarkable result at the effluent in Phase 1 and 2. The final
results are as shown in the histogram in Figure 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 respectively. The
results of the wastewater treatment plant (ASWTP) has good potential to produce high quality effluent analysed
for the months of February, March, April and May, 2011 respectively. The results are as discussed below:
[1] pH: The pH gives equilibrium values in all the months the samples were analysed.
[2] TSS and TDS: The TSS and TDS resulted in 1.23, 1.11, 1.1 and 1.23% while the TDS gives 32.94, 29.07,
25.26 and 31.40% reduction.
[3] Total Alkalinity: The total alkalinity decreases by 80, 84.87, 83.55 and 79.95% as shown in Tables 4, 5, 6
and 7 respectively.
[4] Dissolved Oxygen: The aeration system treatment relies on oxygen for it treatment. Hence the DO reduces
by 40, 45 and 40%.
[5] BOD5 and COD: The BOD5 and COD give an indication to the treatment plant. From Tables 4, 5, 6 and
7, it shows that BOD5 reduces by 32.79, 53.85, 33.33 and 28% while the COD values reduces by 49.54,
44.38, 43.43 and 46.43% respectively, showing the performance of the treatment plant.
[6] Oil and Grease Values: The oil and grease values also decreases to 0.31, 0.48, 0.70 and 0.56%
respectively.
[7] Total Coliform per 100ml: From Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7, the total coliform per 100ml decreases by 21,
18.81, 18 and 17% respectively.
V. CONCLUSION
[1] Based on the result of this study, the following conclusion can be drawn:
[2] The wastewater in the aeration tank has foul smell and black colour. This indicates that the sewage was
septic due to insufficient aeration and after treatment the effluent produce has no smell and clear colour.
[3] The wastewater was strong on BOD basis but high on SS content. The low BOD of waste treatment or
even high volume of water usage that dilutes the sewage.
[4] The operators of sewage treatment plant could not monitor the degree of waste treatment or even ensure
its sufficiency because they did not carry out daily measurement of parameters such as sludge solids
volume, dissolved oxygen and pH.
[5] Although some of the effluent results meet DPR/WHO standard, they are deficient in the areas of total
alkalinity.
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Fig 6: Treatment Plant Aeration Tank Characteristics
Fig. 7: Effluent Characteristics
Fig. 8: Influent Characteristics
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Fig. 9: Treatment Plant Aeration Tank Characteristics
Fig. 10: Effluent Characteristics
Fig. 11: Influent Characteristics
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Fig. 12: Treatment Plant Aeration Tank Characteristics
Fig. 13: Effluent
Characteristics
Fig. 14: Influent Characteristics
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Fig. 15: Treatment Plant Aeration Tank Characteristics
Fig. 16: Effluent Characteristics
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[3] Akpan, E. R., Ekpe, U. J. and Ekpo, H. E. (2003). Seasonal Variation in Water Quality of the Calabar River Estuary: Influence of
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[5] APHA (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition, Washington D.C., American
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[6] Blackall, L. L. and Chudoba, J. (2003). “Foaming in activated sludge plants A survey in Queensland, Australia and an
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Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Onshore Facilities. Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited, Lagos, Nigeria, Vol. 1, pp. 12-13.
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[19] Vanden Berg, L. and Kennedy, K. J. (2004). Comparison of Advanced anaerobic reactors, Proc. 3rd Int. Sym. On Anaerobic,
Digestion, Boston, 14-19 Aug., pp. 71-90.
[20] Viessman, W. (Jr.) and Hammer, M. J. “Water supply and pollution control” 4th Ed. Harpet Collins Publishers, New
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[21] Viessman, W. and Hammer, M. J. (1993). Water System and Pollution Control, Harper Collins Publishers, New York.
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Report Ser; 517, Geneva.
[23] Young, J. C. (2006). “The anaerobic Filter for waste treatment” Ph.D Thesis Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.