EMERGING TREND IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. .JI
!Micropro_ject
On
HYDROELECTRICITY & HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
Submitted By
SHAIKH SOHAIL
SEMESTER: 6
SUBJECT: ETM (22652)
MKCT's
MKCity
A Dynamic Gurukul
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Manav Kalyan Charitable Trust's
Manav School ofPolytechnic, Vyala Akola
2021-2022

2. .JI
!ltficropro_ject
On
HYDROELECTRICITY & HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
Submitted toM.S.B.T.E. In Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirementfor the
diploma of
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted By
SHAIKH SOHAIL
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Swapnil Mahajan sir. (Lecturer)
MKCT's
MKCity
A Dynamic Gurukul
~-W-<-.,,_~,,,._s- ;t,J_<j'. pC :l,-<,,,,._:l,~Al
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Manav Kalyan Charitable Trnst's
Man.av School ofPolytechnic, Vyala Akola
2021-2022-

3. MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. SHAIKH SOHAIL Roll. No 11 of 6
Semester of Diploma in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING of
institute. MANAV SCHOOL OF POLYTECHNIC VYALA.
(Code:1668) has completed the Micro Project Satisfactorily in Subject
EMERGING TRENDS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING for the
Academic year 2021 to 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: VYALA AK.OLA Enrollment No: 2016680068
Date: .... ..... .. ... ...... ....... .. .. Exam Seat No: ...... .. ........... ....
Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure in submitting the microproject on the
HYDROELECTRICITY & HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
I feel great pleasure in expressing my deepest sense gratitude and sincere
thanks to my guide Mr. SWAPNIL MAHAJAN for his valuable guidance
during the microproject work, without which it would have been very difficult
task.
This acknowledgment would be incomplete without expressmg my
special thanks to Mr. Y . P. TIDKE HOD Mechanical Engineering for his
support during work.
I also express my sincere gratitude to our respected Principal Mrs. P.S
GADHE for providing us necessary facilities.
Last but not least, I would like to thanks all the Teaching, Non-Teaching
staff member ofmy Department and my friends those who helped us directly or
indirectly for completing of this microproject .
IV
-Name of Students
SHAIKH SOHAIL

5. CONTENTS
Ch.No. Chapter Page no.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 CONSTRUCTION& WORKING 3
3 TYPES 5
5 ADVANTAGES 7
6 DISADVANTAGES 8
7 APPLICATIONS 9
8 CONCLUSION 10
REFERENCES 11
LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. No. Figure Name Page no.
1.1 ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM HYDROPOWER 1
2.1 A TURBINE AND GENERATER PRODUCE THE 2
ELECTRICITY
V

6. ABSTRACT
Hydro power plants convert potential energy of water into electricity. It is a clean source
of energy .The water after generating electrical power is available for irrigation and other
purposes. The first use of moving water to produce electricity was a waterwheel on the Fox
River in Wisconsin in 1882. Hydropower continued to play a major role in the expansion of
electrical service early in this century around the world. Hydroelectric power plants generate
from few kW to thousands of MW. They are classified as micro hydro power plants for the
generating capacity less than 100 KW. Hydroelectric power plants are much more reliable
and efficient as a renewable and clean source than the fossil fuel power plants. This resulted
in upgrading of small to medium sized hydroelectric generating stations wherever there was
an adequate supply of moving water and a need for electricity. As electricity demand soared
in the middle of this century and the efficiency of coal and oil fueled power plants increased,
small hydro plants fell out of favor. Mega projects of hydro power plants were developed.
The majority of these power plants involved large dams, which flooded big areas of land to
provide water storage and therefore a constant supply of electricity. In recent years, the
environmental impacts of such large hydro projects are being identified as a cause for
concern. It is becoming increasingly difficult for developers to build new dams because of
opposition from environmentalists and people living on the land to be flooded.
VI

7. Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
HYDROELECTRICITY
I.I Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity produced from
Hydropower. In 2015, hydropower generated 16.6% ofthe world's total electricity and
70% of all renewable electricity, and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year
for the next 25 years
'odd t:kcu·ic it y g-t:n<:nttion by source
in 20 18. ·rota l g-t:IILTation "aS 26.7
P ' h _l 11
- Coa l (38%)
D Natural gas (23% )
- H yd1
·0 ( 16%)
- Nuclear ( I 0%)
- Vind (5%)
- Oil (3%)
O sol..u- (2%)
D Biofucls (2'¼,)
D Othc1· ( I'¼,)
Fig.1.1Hydroelectricity Coosumpboo
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating
33 percent of global hydropower in 2013. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer
with 920 TWh ofproduction in 2013, representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use.
MSOP, VYALAAKOLA. Page. 1

8. HYDROELECTRICITY
1.1 The cost ofhydroelectricity
is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The hydro
station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants. The typical cost of electricity from a
hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 US cents per kilowatt hour. With a dam
and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity, since the amount produced by the
station can be varied up or down very rapidly (as little as a few seconds) to adapt to
changing energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project
produces no direct waste, and it generally has a considerably lower output level of
greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy
plants (see also Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources). However, when
constructed in lowland rainforest areas, where inundation of a part ofthe forest is necessary,
they can emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases.
MSOP, VYALAAKOLA. Page. 2

9. HYDROELECTRICITY
Chapter 2
CONSTRUCTION & WORKING
2.1 The construction ofa hydroelectric complex can cause
significant environmental impact, principally in loss of arable land and population
displacement. They also disrupt the natural ecology of the river involved, affecting habitats
and ecosystems, and the siltation and erosion patterns. While dams can ameliorate the risks
of flooding, they also contain a risk of dam failure, which can be catastrophic.
2.2 Hydroelectric Power: How it Works
So just how do we get electricity from water? Actually, hydroelectric and coal-fired power
plants produce electricity in a similar way. In both cases power source is used to tum a
propeller-like piece called a turbine.
A turbine and generator produce the electricity
Generator
J-'.1g. A turbinegenerator
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10. HYDROELECTRICITY
As to how this generator works, the Corps of Engineers explains it this way:
"A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A
hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity. The operation
of a generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday. He found that when a
magnet is moved past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a large generator,
electromagnets are made by circulating direct current through loops of wire wound
around stacks of magnetic steel laminations. These are called field poles, and are
mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The rotor is attached to the turbine shaft, and
rotates at a fixed speed. When the rotor turns, it causes the field poles (the
electromagnets) to move past the conductors mounted in the stator. This, in turn,
causes electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output terminals.
MSO.P, VYALAAKOLA. Page. 4

11. Chapter3
TYPES
3.1 Conventional (dams)
HYDROELECTRICITY
from the reservoir See also: List of conventional hydroelectric power stations Most
hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water
turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on
the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference
is called the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine.
3.2 Pumped-storage
Main article: Pumped-storage hydroelectricity See also: List of pumped-storage
hydroelectric power stations This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands
by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical
demand, the excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir.
When the demand becomes greater, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a
turbine. Pumped-storage schemes currently provide the most commercially important means
of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily capacity factor of the generation
system. Pumped storage is not an energy source, and appears as a negative number in
listings.
3.3 Rm-of-the-river
Main article: Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity See also: List of run-of-the-river
hydroelectric power stations Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or
no reservoir capacity, so that only the water coming from upstream is available for
generation at that moment, and any oversupply must pass unused. A constant supply of
water from a lake or existing reservoir upstream is a significant advantage in choosing sites
for run-of-the-river. In the United States, run of the river hydropower could potentially
provide 60,000 megawatts (80,000,000 hp) (about 13.7% of total use in 2011 if
continuously available.
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12. HYDROELECTRICITY
3.4 Tide
A tidal power station makes use ofthe daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides; such
sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also
be dispatchable to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of
hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot water
wheels. Tidal power is viable in a relatively small number of locations around the world. In
Great Britain, there are eight sites that could be developed, which have the potential to
generate 20% ofthe electricity used in 2012.
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13. HYDROELECTRICITY
Chapter4
ADVANTAGES
I.Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source.
2. Hydroelectricity makes it feasible to utilize other renewable sources
3. Hydroelectricity promotes guaranteed energy and price stability
4. Hydroelectricity contributes to the storage of drinking water
6. Hydroelectricity helps fight climate changes.
7. Hydroelectricity improves the air we breathe.
8. Hydroelectricity offers a significant contribution to development.
9. Hydroelectricity means clean and cheap energy for today and for tomorrow.
10. Hydroelectricity is a fundamental instrument for sustainable development.
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14. Chapter 5
DISADVANTAGES
5.1 Disadvantages ofHydroelectric Energy
1. Impact on Fish
HYDROELECTRICITY
To create a hydro plant, a running water source must be dammed. This prevents fish from
reaching their breeding ground, which in turn a.ffects any animal that relies on those fish for
food.
As the water stops flowing, riverside habitats begin to disappear. This can even remove
animals from accessing water.
1. Limited Plant Locations
2. from the energy.
3. .Higher initial Costs
4. Carbon and Methane Emissions
5. Susceptible to Droughts
6. Flood Risk
MSOP, VYALAAKOLA. Page. 8

15. Chapter 6
APPLICATION
6.1 Applications ofHydro Electric Power Plant
HYDROELECTRICITY
1. Unlike other source of energy, Hydroelectric Power Plant helps in generating
Eco Friendly Energy.
2. They help in creating Recreational Facilities.
3. It also helps in Flood Risk Management.
4. The water from the dam is used for Agricultural Irrigation Facility.
5. It helps in generating revenue as the location ofthe Plant creates a tourist spot.
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16. Chapter 7
CANCLUSION
HYDROELECTRICITY
I would like to state that I have described in this project about hydroelectric power plant
& hydroelectricity. After completing this project I have acquired a lot of knowledge it was
a very pleasent experience for me in making this project. Hydropower plants are a vital
energy source to the world. Water is an efficient and reliable fuel. The use, creation, and
expansion ofpower plants should continue being pursued.
MSOP, VYALAAKOLA. Page.

17. HYDROELECTRICITY
REFERENCES
• https://electricalfundablog.com/hydroelectric-power-plant/
• https://simple.m.wik.ipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity#:~:text=Hydroelectricity
MSO.P, VYALAAKOLA. Page.