This document describes an advanced three-phase PWM inverter topology called a Z-Source inverter and its control using a microcontroller. A microcontroller generates PWM signals to control the inverter using a modified maximum constant boost PWM method. Hardware is designed including a control circuit, driver circuit, Z-Source network, main inverter bridge and power supplies. Experimental results are presented demonstrating generation of three-phase PWM signals to drive an induction motor load.
Speed Control of Induction Motor using Variable Frequency DriveSandeep Kaushal
Induction motor is constant speed motor at a particular frequency and consumes almost same power irrespective of load demand. Let's talk about two different load one is high load and other low load. AT low load motor is delivering the load with some current and thereby torque is maintained. If load goes high, to maintain the same speed and developed torqued, motor will draw extra current and will corresponds to more losses. If speed of motor is reduced corresponding too low load and is increased corresponding to high load, then substantial amount of power can be saved. And speed can be changed by changing the frequency of input supply.
Estimation of Synchronous Generator Parameters from On-line MeasurementsMohammadHasanmosadde
The main objective of this research work is to develop a method to identify synchronous generator parameters from on-line measurements.
Secondary objectives of the research include
• Development of an observer for damper currents
• Calculation of the error characteristics of the estimation
• Development of an index of confidence
• Calculation of a range of values for each estimated parameter
• Study of which machine parameters can be estimated, and which can not
Speed Control of Induction Motor using Variable Frequency DriveSandeep Kaushal
Induction motor is constant speed motor at a particular frequency and consumes almost same power irrespective of load demand. Let's talk about two different load one is high load and other low load. AT low load motor is delivering the load with some current and thereby torque is maintained. If load goes high, to maintain the same speed and developed torqued, motor will draw extra current and will corresponds to more losses. If speed of motor is reduced corresponding too low load and is increased corresponding to high load, then substantial amount of power can be saved. And speed can be changed by changing the frequency of input supply.
Estimation of Synchronous Generator Parameters from On-line MeasurementsMohammadHasanmosadde
The main objective of this research work is to develop a method to identify synchronous generator parameters from on-line measurements.
Secondary objectives of the research include
• Development of an observer for damper currents
• Calculation of the error characteristics of the estimation
• Development of an index of confidence
• Calculation of a range of values for each estimated parameter
• Study of which machine parameters can be estimated, and which can not
Speed control of single phase induction motor with variable frequency voltage...SHAHRUKH ALAM
A PROJECT ON SPEED CONTROL OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH VARIABLE FREQUENCY VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER(VSI) special thanks-:1.Abhishek Srivastav(Coer) 2.Kushal Setia(Coer) 3.Ankit Raj(Coer)
Self control of synchronous motor drives
Phase-Controlled Cycloconverters
Synchronous Motor Drive
Self controlled sync. Motor drive using a cycloconverter
The characteristics of a single phase induction motor are identical to three phase induction motor except that single phase induction motor has no inherent starting torque and some special arrangement have to be made for making itself starting.
Though single phase induction motor is not self-starting, we are using it because the three phase supply is not present at everywhere.
The voltage variation as well as power control of inductive load is essential in industrial sector.
The load may any motor or any inductive load.
We can use thyristor to this job but it is easier using TRIAC.
This ppt gives a small introduction to vector speed control of induction motor.
In my uploads another pdf is there which completely explains about vector control method
Efficient Motor Control Solutions: High Performance Servo Control (Design Con...Analog Devices, Inc.
This session provides insight into the operation of electric motor drive systems. Topics include electric motor operation and construction, motor control strategies, feedback sensors and circuits, power and isolation, and challenges of designing highly efficient motor control systems. A new high performance servo control FMC board will be presented, which provides an efficient motor control solution for different types of electric motors, addresses power and isolation challenges, and provides accurate measurement of motor feedback signals and increased control flexibility due to FPGA interfacing capabilities. The motor control hardware platform will be used to demonstrate rapid prototyping of motor control algorithms using Xilinx base platforms and the MathWorks development and simulation tools.
FOUR QUADRANT SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLERJournal For Research
Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
Updated field oriented control of induction motor.pptxMohit Sharma
It is a simulation work project done on a 5hp,440V/5A and 1440rpm Induction motor.It explains the control of induction motor using matlab-simulink algorithm by PI control as well as Fuzzy logic control.
Speed Control of Induction Motor Drive Using Universal ControllerArif Shahriar
This is a presentation slide based on a paper from IEEE.
The paper describes how the speed of induction motor drive can be controlled using universal controller.
Speed control of three phase im by vf open and close loop methodeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the simulation method to control the speed of three phase induction motor by v/f method. Simulation model for speed control in both open loop and close loop is shown here because these motors are the most widely used electrical motor due to the reliability, cheaper cost and thew. Out of the several methods of speed control of an induction such as change of number of poles, variation in frequency, variable stator voltage, constant V/f control, variable rotor resistance, slip recovery method etc., the closed loop constant V/f speed control method is most widely used. Pulse width modulated inverter is the basic requirement of the scheme. Here first a PWM Inverter is modeled and its outputs is fed to the Induction Motor drivesA MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL was designed to successfully implement Open Loop V/f Control on a PWM-Inverter fed three-phase Induction Motor, and the torque is observed to be constant for various rotor speeds. Then a MATLAB model for Closed-Loop V/f Control on a PWM-Inverter fed 3-phase Induction Motor. It was noticed that using a Closed-Loop scheme with a Proportional Integral gave a superior way of controlling the speed of an Induction motor. Keywords: Close loop control, Modelling, Matlab, Open loop control, PWM inverter, Simulink
Speed control of single phase induction motor with variable frequency voltage...SHAHRUKH ALAM
A PROJECT ON SPEED CONTROL OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH VARIABLE FREQUENCY VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER(VSI) special thanks-:1.Abhishek Srivastav(Coer) 2.Kushal Setia(Coer) 3.Ankit Raj(Coer)
Self control of synchronous motor drives
Phase-Controlled Cycloconverters
Synchronous Motor Drive
Self controlled sync. Motor drive using a cycloconverter
The characteristics of a single phase induction motor are identical to three phase induction motor except that single phase induction motor has no inherent starting torque and some special arrangement have to be made for making itself starting.
Though single phase induction motor is not self-starting, we are using it because the three phase supply is not present at everywhere.
The voltage variation as well as power control of inductive load is essential in industrial sector.
The load may any motor or any inductive load.
We can use thyristor to this job but it is easier using TRIAC.
This ppt gives a small introduction to vector speed control of induction motor.
In my uploads another pdf is there which completely explains about vector control method
Efficient Motor Control Solutions: High Performance Servo Control (Design Con...Analog Devices, Inc.
This session provides insight into the operation of electric motor drive systems. Topics include electric motor operation and construction, motor control strategies, feedback sensors and circuits, power and isolation, and challenges of designing highly efficient motor control systems. A new high performance servo control FMC board will be presented, which provides an efficient motor control solution for different types of electric motors, addresses power and isolation challenges, and provides accurate measurement of motor feedback signals and increased control flexibility due to FPGA interfacing capabilities. The motor control hardware platform will be used to demonstrate rapid prototyping of motor control algorithms using Xilinx base platforms and the MathWorks development and simulation tools.
FOUR QUADRANT SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLERJournal For Research
Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
Updated field oriented control of induction motor.pptxMohit Sharma
It is a simulation work project done on a 5hp,440V/5A and 1440rpm Induction motor.It explains the control of induction motor using matlab-simulink algorithm by PI control as well as Fuzzy logic control.
Speed Control of Induction Motor Drive Using Universal ControllerArif Shahriar
This is a presentation slide based on a paper from IEEE.
The paper describes how the speed of induction motor drive can be controlled using universal controller.
Speed control of three phase im by vf open and close loop methodeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the simulation method to control the speed of three phase induction motor by v/f method. Simulation model for speed control in both open loop and close loop is shown here because these motors are the most widely used electrical motor due to the reliability, cheaper cost and thew. Out of the several methods of speed control of an induction such as change of number of poles, variation in frequency, variable stator voltage, constant V/f control, variable rotor resistance, slip recovery method etc., the closed loop constant V/f speed control method is most widely used. Pulse width modulated inverter is the basic requirement of the scheme. Here first a PWM Inverter is modeled and its outputs is fed to the Induction Motor drivesA MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL was designed to successfully implement Open Loop V/f Control on a PWM-Inverter fed three-phase Induction Motor, and the torque is observed to be constant for various rotor speeds. Then a MATLAB model for Closed-Loop V/f Control on a PWM-Inverter fed 3-phase Induction Motor. It was noticed that using a Closed-Loop scheme with a Proportional Integral gave a superior way of controlling the speed of an Induction motor. Keywords: Close loop control, Modelling, Matlab, Open loop control, PWM inverter, Simulink
V/F Control of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives Without Flux or Torque Me...Waqas Tariq
Based on the popular constant volts per hertz principle, two improvement techniques are presented: keeping maximum torque constant or keeping magnetic flux constant. An open-loop inverter-three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor drive system that provides constant maximum torque or increased maximum torque and reduced slip speed at frequencies below the nominal frequency has been modeled, simulated and tested. Load performance analysis of the proposed system under different operation conditions was provided. These principles of operation are extended to the case of operation from variable frequency or variable voltage control method. Finally, the effects of the non-sinusoidal voltage and/or current wave shapes are covered. The results show that both suggested improvement techniques (constant torque or constant flux) improve the steady-state performance A.C. drive system with squirrel cage induction motors. The slip speed has been decreased and the starting torque and maximum torque have been increased, which means that the suggested control techniques can be used in drive systems with short time operating mode under light loads.
SPACE VECTOR MODULATION BASED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVEpreeti naga
This paper describes an analysis of local PV-wind hybrid systems for supplying electricity to a private house, farmhouse or a small company with electrical power depending on the need at the site. The major system components, work principle and specific working condition are presented in this paper
Sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector Modulation For Two Level Voltage Source Conve...ZunAib Ali
Complete detail of Sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector Modulation For Two Level Voltage Source Converter
Space Vector Modulation includes:
Switching states, space vector, space vector diagram, space vector and switching states relationship, Dwell time, switching sequence
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING ON-OFF CONTROLLER BY PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLERTridib Bose
This presentation consists the speed control of a dc motor using hardware (microcontroller) by changing the reference voltages logically and minimising errors.
Sinusoidal PWM has been a very popular technique used in AC motor control. This is a method that employs a triangular carrier wave modulated by a sine wave and the points of intersection determining the switching points of the power devices in the inverter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Arm cortex ( lpc 2148 ) based motor speed control Uday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulses applied to it, popularly known as PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor will change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148 processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
A Survey: Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) in 3φ Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) IJECEIAES
Since last decades, the pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques have been an intensive research subject. Also, different kinds of methodologies have been presented on inverter switching losses, inverter output current/ voltage total harmonic distortion (THD), inverter maximum output of DC bus voltage. The Sinusoidal PWM is generally used to control the inverter output voltage and it helps to maintains drive performance. The recent years have seen digital modulation mechanisms based on theory of space vector i.e. Space vector PWM (SVPWM). The SVPWM mechanism offers the enhanced amplitude modulation indexes (MI) than sinusoidal PWM along with the reduction in the harmonics of inverter output voltage and reduced communication losses. Currently, the digital control mechanisms have got more attention than the analog counterparts, as the performance and reliability of microprocessors has increased. Most of the SVPWM mechanisms are performed by using the analog or digital circuits like microcontrollers and DSPs. From the recent study, analysis gives that use of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) can offer more efficient and faster solutions. This paper discusses the numerous existing research aspects of FPGA realization for voltage source inverter (VSI) along with the future line of research.
Biến tần trung thế ứng dụng trong công nghiệp cho các ngành như: Xi măng, nước, khai thác mỏ, sắt thép, nhà máy điện hóa chất, … Thiết bị giảm đáng kể dòng hài trên nguồn điện, độ tin cậy cao và dễ dàng bảo trì.
CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN HẠO PHƯƠNG
Trụ sở chính:
Địa chỉ: Số 88 đường Vĩnh Phú 40, Kp. Hòa Long, P. Vĩnh Phú, Thuận An, Bình Dương.
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Địa chỉ: Số 95 TT4 – KĐT Mỹ Đình Sông Đà – Phường Mỹ Đình – Q. Nam Từ Liêm – Hà Nội
Chi nhánh Cambodia:
Địa chỉ: The Park Land SenSok, Borey Chip Mong, House Number 22, P11.Sangkat Phnom Penh Thmey, Khan San Sok, Phnom Penh.
Email: cs@haophuong.com – Website: haophuong.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/haophuongcompany/
HOTLINE: 1800 6547
Simulation Design of DC Motor Control System Based on MC9S12D64 MCUIJERA Editor
In order to simulate motion condition of industry motor such as automobile air-conditioning motor, automobile
idle valve motor and automobile water cooling motor etc., hardware and software simulation design of direct
current (DC) motor control system are carried out based on MC9S12D64 MCU in this paper. Through analyzing
and comparing a sampled voltage data, MCU controls a DC motor to rotate or not to rotate, and give an alarm
with a buzzer and a red LED light according to requests. The scheme of hardware circuit is performed. The
programming flow chart and the main programming codes are presented. This system is proved to be reliable by
an experimental rig
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Advanced Three Phase PWM Inverter Control Using Microcontroller
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 5, Issue 2 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 21-28
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
Advanced Three Phase PWM Inverter Control Using
Microcontroller
Amol Sutar1
, Satyawan Jagtap2
1
(Electronics Deparment, Finolex Academy, Ratnagiri, India)
2
(E&TC Deparment, RIT, Rajaramnagar, Islampur, India)
Abstract: This paper presents an advanced three phase inverter topology the Z-Source Inverter and its control
using microcontroller 89C52. Z-Source Inverter employs second order filter network at front end which
provides unique buck-boost feature for inverter. Z-Source inverter can be controlled by any traditional PWM
method. Here the modified maximum constant boost PWM method is utilized for Z-Source inverter control. The
microcontroller 89C52 is used to generate PWM pulses and to control operation of Z-Source inverter. The
complete hardware is designed to drive the three phase induction motor. The hardware design involves the
design of control circuit, driver circuit, Z-Source network, main inverter bridge, power supply etc. The Z-Source
inverter is implemented and tested to verify the Z-Source inverter concept. The desired three phase PWM
signals are generated by using control circuit and detailed hardware results are presented.
Key words: driver, maximum constant boost, microcontroller, PWM, voltage boost, Z-Source Inverter.
I. Introduction
In most of the industries traditional voltage source and current source inverters are used to drive
induction motor systems. For efficient power utilization various new PWM techniques are developed and still
developing. Impedance-source inverter also referred as Z-Source Inverter is an advanced PWM inverter
topology. Z-Source Inverter is more advantageous over traditional inverters with high efficiency, improved
power factor and THD, EMI immunity [1] and so on. Nowadays PWM control method is mostly used in power
converter applications. These PWM signals can be generated using analog circuit as well as digital circuit.
PWM generation using analog circuit requires large number of discrete circuits such as triangular carrier wave
generator circuit, sine wave generator circuit; comparator, adder circuits and phase shifters etc. Each of these
circuit is formed by connecting many discrete components together such as transistors, resistors, capacitors,
inductors, op-amps and so on. In addition analog method of three phase PWM generation requires accurately
designed phase shifter circuits and other circuit. Also the response of analog circuit may get affected by
environmental conditions, noise, changes in the voltages and currents in the circuit and so on. Thus analog
method is critical and increases complexity and cost of the circuit. Digital method of PWM generation requires
only microcontroller and its minimum configuration. With the advent in the technology now many
microcontrollers has in built feature of PWM generation. While some special controller ICs are also available
that are designed and fabricated for three phase PWM generation and control purpose. PWM generation
digitally require only knowledge of internal architecture of controller and good programming skill. In this work
microcontroller 89C52 is used for three phase PWM generation and inverter control.
II. Block Diagram And Working
Block diagram of the Z-Source inverter fed induction motor drive system is shown in the fig.1. DC
voltage source can be a battery, fuel-cell stack, diode rectifier, and/or capacitor. An impedance network
abbreviated as Z-Source is couples the inverter main circuit and input power source. Z-Source circuit consists of
two capacitors and two inductors connected in such a way as to form second order filter, smoothens dc link
voltage and current. Z-source inverter circuit provides both voltage buck and boost properties, which cannot be
achieved with conventional voltage source and current source inverters. Three phase inverter circuit consists of
six switches connected in three legs, converts input dc link voltage in to corresponding three phase ac voltage.
Microcontroller and driver circuit is used to control on/off time of switching devices in a proper sequence in a
particular time used in the main inverter circuit. Microcontroller 89C52 used to generate modified maximum
constant boost PWM signal. These PWM signal is applied to the gate terminals of MOSFETs through gate
driver circuit. LCD interface with microcontroller is provided for better user interface with the system. The
input keys are interfaced to microcontroller port pins to set input voltage, shoot-through time control, and to
interrupt microcontroller to start and stop sending PWM signal at port pins.
2. Advanced Three Phase PWM Inverter Control Using Microcontroller
www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
III. Hardware Overview
The detailed hardware circuits and explanation is presented in this section. The complete hardware is
designed for induction motor control. The complete hardware design involves the design of control circuit, gate
driver circuit, low power dc supply, high power dc supply, Z-Source network [2] and the inverter circuit,
selection of switches etc.
Fig.1. Z–Source inverter fed induction motor drive
3.1 DC Power Supply
DC power supply is designed for obtaining 5V and 12V supply. Regulator ICs 7805 and 7812 are used
to regulate the DC output at 5V and 12V respectively. 5V supply is used for the operation of the microcontroller
board while 12 V supply is used for the MOSFET/IGBT gate driver circuit.
3.2 Microcontroller Control Circuit
For PWM generation microcontroller 89C52 is used. The control circuit diagram is shown in the
following fig.2, drawn using Proteus software. This circuit includes LCD interface at port0 of microcontroller,
five push button switches and one led interfaced to port3 pins, gate driver circuit not shown interfaced to PWM
output port2 pins and microcontroller minimum circuit. LCD display is used to display starting message
regarding project title, welcome message and provides user interface. It also displays theoretical values of output
voltage for given input voltage. Five switches are provided for special purposes, to interrupt microcontroller,
increment, decrement shoot-through time and input voltage values and to change the mode of operation. Two
types of edge aligned PWM waveforms are generated using microcontroller. For this two modes of operation are
provided. One is traditional mode of operation and other is boost mode.
Fig.2. Microcontroller interface diagrams
In traditional mode of operation traditional PWM is generated, while in boost mode of operation some part
of traditional zero state is converted into shoot-through state. The six PWM signals are send at port P2 pins P2.0
through P2.5. The control circuit simulation is performed using Proteus software.
3.3 Gate Drive Circuit
Gate drive circuit for MOSFETs and IGBTs usually contains input opto-isolation, input buffer
amplifier and totem pole arrangement of gate driving transistor with high current sink and source capability.
There are number of gate driver ICs available in the market that are designed to drive power transistors such as
Micro-
controller
DC
Power
Input
Keys
Gate
Driver
Three
Phase
Inverter
Z-Source
Network
IM
DC
Supply
LCD
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MOSFETs, IGBT. In this project the gate driver IC PC923 is selected from SHARP Company. It has following
salient features such as
1. Built-in direct drive circuit for MOS-FET/IGBT drive (IO1P , IO2P:0.4A).
2. Opto-isolation, High isolation voltage VISO = 5000 Vrms between input and output.
3. High speed response ( tPLH , tPHL: max 0.5us).
4. Wide operating supply voltage range (Vcc:15 to 30V, Ta= -10 to 60˚C).
5. High noise reduction type (CM H = MIN.-1500V/ µs) (CML=MIN. 1500V/µs).
Fig.3. shows typical gate drive circuit using PC923. PC923 consists of IR led at input side between pin no.2
and 3, with cathode at pin no.3. +5V supply is connected to pin no.2 (anode) and pin no.3 (cathode) is connected
to port2 pin through a current limiting resistor 1.2k.
Fig. 3. Gate drive circuit using PC923
PWM input is applied to pin no.3 from microcontroller port pin. Pin no.6 of PC923 is an output pin
connected to gate terminal directly through a small 33Ω/0.5W resistor. Pin no.7 is ground pin, but for upper
inverter switches in Inverter Bridge pin no.7 is connected to common point. A bootstrap capacitor of 100uf is
connected between pin no.7 and +Vcc supply pin no.8 to ensure that gate voltage is always higher by 12V
(+Vcc) than common point voltage.
3.4 DC source and Inverter Circuit
The three phase inverter circuit diagram is shown in the fig.4. The input DC supply from AC mains is
obtained using single phase rectifier and dc capacitor of 1000uf. The dc voltage is then fed to the Z-Source
network through reverse blocking ultra fast diode MUR460. The output dc link voltage is then applied across
the three phase inverter. The three phase inverter circuit consists of six MOSFETs IRF840 with inbuilt anti-
parallel diode. The three phase inverter circuit generates the three phase output ac voltage that is then applied to
ac load. The output ac load is a three phase induction motor.
Fig. 4. Schematic of the Z-source inverter system
IV. PWM Generation Using Microcontroller
Modified maximum constant boost PWM control method is most advantageous over the other PWM
control methods. In this method shoot-through duty ratio and hence boost factor is maintained constant form
cycle to cycle. It also reduces voltage stress across switching devices and improves performance [3], [4]. In this
work maximum constant boost with third harmonic injected PWM signal is generated digitally through
programming microcontroller. This section describes how the PWM signals can be generated using
microcontroller 89C52.
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4.1 PWM switching pattern
Table 1 shows all possible PWM states for Z-source inverter and respective PWM code pattern. The
letters A, B, C indicates upper three switching devices and A‟, B‟, C‟ indicates lower three switching devices in
three arms of the main inverter circuit. Two devices in the same arm can not switched on simultaneously in
traditional inverters this state is called shoot-through state. Z-source inverter allows shoot-through state possible.
As shown in table PWM for Z-source inverter consists of six active states s1-s6, two zero states and a shoot-
through state (ST). The PWM code in hex is shown in the right side last column. Microcontroller sends this
PWM code at the port2 at regular time instances provided by timer. All PWM code bit are complemented when
passed through gate drive circuit. Thus bit 0 in Table1 implies that particular switch is ON and bit 1 implies
OFF switch in each PWM state.
4.2 PWM generation
PWM generation using microcontroller requires instantaneous PWM pulse width data values. These
pulse width data values for single phase cycle are sufficient. This PWM data is generated with respect to 16.6%
third harmonic injected sinusoidal signal „Va‟ shown in fig.5. Those values are stored in the look up table/array.
Table 1: PWM switching pattern
State C’ B’ A’ C B A
PWM
code(hex)
S1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0x2a
S2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0x23
S3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0x0e
S4 0 1 1 1 0 0 0x1c
S5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0x15
S6 1 1 0 0 0 1 0x31
Zero1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0x38
Zero2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0x07
ST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0x00
Using three different pointers PWM pulse width data values corresponding to the three phase
waveform are accessed. These pointers are adjusted so as to point to pulse width values that are 1200
degree
phase shift apart in time from other. The number of PWM pulses per cycle is equal to fc/fm. Where fc is carrier
frequency and fm is modulating signal frequency. This number must be divisible by three in order to obtain
synchronous three phase PWM waveforms. For example if fc = 3600Hz and fm = 50Hz then number of pulses per
cycle is equal to 72. This number is divisible by three 72/3 = 24. So while accessing the pulse width values first
pointer points to zeroth location, second pointer points to 24th
location of array and at the same time third
pointer points to 48th
location of array. The following steps illustrate the algorithm to obtain the three phase
PWM waveforms using microcontroller;
1) Access the three phase synchronous PWM pulse width data values from look up table using three different
pointers to look up table.
2) Send the desired PWM code pattern at port pins.
3) Set the timer value with lowest pulse width value first.
4) Start the timer and wait until timer flag set.
5) Send the next desired PWM code pattern at port pins.
6) Set the timer value with next higher pulse width value.
7) Start the timer and wait until timer flag set.
8) Send the next desired PWM code pattern at port pins.
9) Set the timer value with next higher pulse width value.
10) Start the timer and wait until timer flag set.
11) Increment pointer by one and loop back step 1.
The dead time can be provided through program at requisite time while sending PWM code pattern.
The pulse width values are accessed during zero state time only so that active state timing would not be
disturbed. For obtaining PWM pulse width data for single cycle manually requires large number of calculations
and a lot of time. To avoid this calculation part completely and to obtain pulse width values directly for any
given modulation index and carrier frequency a C code is written and used. Three phase PWM waveforms are
shown in the fig. 6.a. and fig.6.b. This is Edge aligned three phase PWM with respect to the third harmonic
injected three phase fundamental components with fc = 2400Hz and fm = 50Hz. The simulation is performed
using Proteus software.
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Fig. 5 third harmonic injected three phase waveform
Fig.6.a shows the traditional three phase PWM waveform. Ga, Gb, and Gc are gate triggering pulses
for upper three switches while Ga‟, Gb‟ and Gc‟ (compliments of Ga, Gb and Gb) respectively are gate
triggering pulses for lower three switches in the inverter three arms. Three phase PWM waveforms with shoot-
through are shown in the fig.6.b. These PWM waveforms can be referred as third harmonic injected shoot-
through PWM waveforms. The shoot-through state is applied during the traditional zero states only.
Fig.6.a. Traditional three phase PWM waveforms Fig.6.b. shoot-through PWM waveforms
The shoot-through time can be varied so as to change the output voltage. The shoot-through time and
switching cycle time period both are maintained constant over switching cycle to switching cycle so as to
maintain shoot through duty cycle and the boost factor constant [2].
V. Hardware Results
The Z-source inverter system is implemented as per design. The detailed hardware configuration and
its performance is analysed in this sections. Test is carried out for both the three phase star connected lamp load
and motor load connected across the output ac lines.
Fig.7.a. Experimental setup with lamp load in ON state Fig.7.b. Experimental setup with lamp load and motor
Fig.7 shows the hardware configuration in on state. Initially three phase star connected lamp load is used for
testing purpose. The control circuit , low power dc supply and driver cicuit is mounted on separate cards. . The
high voltage DC supply for inverter cicuit, Z-Source impedance network is mounted on the same board as
shown. The main inverter bridge circuit and lamp load are implemented on saperate boards as shown in the
fig.7.
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5.1 Hardware Results for Traditional PWM Inverter
Following fig.8 shows the input dc voltage and a phase output waveform for lamp load in traditional
mode of operation. As shown the phase voltage waveform has six steps. The input dc supply is 375V, the
modulation index is fixed at 0.8, so the output ac phase voltage is given by
.
2 2
ac
Vdc
V M = 106V (1)
The theorotical and experimental results are tabulated in the table 1. Input DC voltage = 375V.
Table 1: Observation table
Sr.
No.
Parameter Theorotical Practical
1 DC link Voltage
(V)
375 375
2 Line to Line
Voltage (V)
183 180
3 Output phase
voltage (V)
106 104
Fig.8. Input DC Voltage and Phase Voltage Fig. 9. Line to Line voltage waveforms
The line to line voltage waveforms are shown in the following fig.9. The output line to line voltage is
found to be about 180V practically while the theorotical value is183V for Vdc = 375V. The three phase ac
voltage waveforms are shown in the following fig. 10. The output line to line voltage is found to be about 104V
practically, while the theorotical value is 106V for Vdc = 375V. Thus experimental results are consistant with
this theorotical result for traditional inverter. The Same results are obtained for both lamp load and motor load.
Fig. 10. Three Phase Voltage waveforms Fig. 11. Input DC Voltage and DC link Voltag
5.2 Hardware Results for Z-Source Inverter
When shoot-through is applied in the traditional zero states the mode of operation is called boost mode.
The test is conducted at lower input voltage. The input dc voltage is set to 100V, modulation index is same M =
0.8, switching period is 365us and shoot-through state of 97us is applied, the theorotical results are obtained as
1. The boost factor B = 2.136
2. Average dc link voltage = 156V
3. Peak dc link voltage = 213V
4. The output phase voltage Vac = 60.4Vrms
5. The output line to line volatge = 104Vrms
The theorotical and practical results are tablated in the following table 2. Input DC voltage =100V
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Table 2: Observation table
Sr.
No.
Parameter Theorotical Practical
1 DC link Voltage
(V)
156 151
2 Line to Line
Voltage (V)
104 98
3 Output phase
voltage (V)
60.4 60
Practically it is verified that as the shoot-through time is increased the output dc link voltage and hence
output ac voltage increased gradually. Practical results are consistant with theorotical results. The input voltage
and dc link voltage is shown in the fig.11. As shown dc link voltage is greater than the input dc voltage. The
input dc voltage is 100V while the dc link voltage peak value is about 215V. The average dc link voltage is
found to be 151V. The diode voltage and dc link voltage is shown in the fig. 12. The peak reverse voltage across
diode is equal to peak dc link voltage i.e 215V. The capacitor voltage is shown in the fig.13. The capacitor
voltage remains almost constant equal to average dc link voltage i.e. 151V. The inductor voltage is shown in the
fig. 14. As shown the pulse voltage appears across inductor during shoot-through.
Fig. 12. DC link Voltage and diode voltage waveforms Fig. 13. DC link Voltage and Capacitor Voltage
The DC link voltage does not remain constant as in case of traditional PWM inverter. Whenever shoot-
through state is applied dc link voltage decreases to zero since all switches are turned on simultaniously, at the
same time capacitor enerzises the inductor during which inductor voltage becomes equal to the capacitor voltage
and inductor current increases gradually. This regenerative action of z-source impedance network increases the
dc link voltage and output ac voltage.
Fig. 14. DC link Voltage and inductor voltage Fig. 15. Output phase voltage waveforms
The three phase output ac waveforms are shown in the fig.15 and line to line voltage is shown in the
fig. 16. The three phase output voltage waveform consists of six step as in case of traditional inverter. The phase
voltage is found to be 60V practially, while theorotical value is 60.4V. The line to line voltage observed is 98V,
while theorotical value is 104Volt. As shown line to line voltage is square waveform with PWM variations. The
peak to peak value of these pulses varies between ±215V. When three phase motor load is connected we obtain
similar results for phase voltage and line voltage as for lamp load. The three phase load current waveforms for
motor load is shown in the fig.17. To observe current waveforms 1Ω/5W resistor is connected in series with
each of three phase stator windings. The voltage drop across these resistors is observed using differential
8. Advanced Three Phase PWM Inverter Control Using Microcontroller
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module and DSO. The voltage drop across each of these resistors is equal to current flowing through associated
stator winding.
Fig. 16. Output line to line ac voltage with lamp load Fig. 17. Three phase load current for motor load.
Thus above results shows that Z-source inverter is more advantagious over traditional PWM inverter.
Z-source inverter boosts the output voltage just increasing shoot-through time without distorting the output
phase voltage and line to line voltage waveforms. Traditional PWM inverter gives 106V for 375V input dc
voltage, while the same output voltage can be produced by Z-Source inverter from 165V input dc voltage.
VI. Conclusion
The Z-source inverter system can produce any output voltage greater than the dc input voltage by
controlling the shoot-through duty ratio, which is impossible for the traditional ASD systems. In this work,
described the hardware implementation, analyzed the circuit, and demonstrated its concept and superiority
practically. Maximum constant boost with third harmonic injection PWM control method increases output
voltage boost while minimizing voltage stresses across switching devices. It allows over-modulation where
modulation index can be varied from 0.57 to 1.154. It requires only two reference lines for creating shoot-
through pulse times. So it can be easily implemented using microcontroller 89C52 using it‟s in built timer.
Hardware results are compared with traditional PWM inverter and are consistent with theoretical results.
Microcontroller 89C52 is a general purpose microcontroller. It does not have in built PWM generator.
PWM signals can be generated only through programming using its timer feature. Microcontroller 89C52 can be
used to generate synchronized three phase PWM signal and speed control of induction motor. Also it offers
required flexibility in control circuit operation through programming. It offers low cost solution for three phase
induction motor control. For closed loop control ADC can be interfaced to the microcontroller. Besides these
advantages there are some limitations that must be considered:
Timing overhead due to computations, function calls, conditional execution, jumps and Interrupt latency
and so on wastes much of the microcontroller time.
These time overheads puts limits on maximum PWM frequency that microcontroller can generate.
Practically it is found that even with 20MHz crystal, maximum three phase PWM frequency is limited to
5Khz. These time overheads spread in all PWM pulses evenly. Thus although synchronous PWM can be
obtained but extends the PWM period evenly by some amount of time.
These limitations can be overcome by using PIC, DSP or advanced microcontrollers which have in built ADC
and PWM generation feature.
References
Journal Papers:
[1] Fang Zheng Peng, “Z- Source Inverter”, IEEE Transaction on Industry Applications. 39: 2003,2. Wuhan,China.
[2] S. Rajakaruna, Member, IEEE and Y. R. L. Jayawickrama, “Designing Impedance Network of Z-Source Inverters” IEEE
Transactions on industry application.
[3] Miaosen Shen, Jin Wang, Alan Joseph, Fang Zheng Peng, Leon M. Tolbert, and Donald J. adams, “Constant Boost Control of the Z-
Source Inverter to Minimize Current Ripple and Voltage Stress”, IEEE Transactions on industry application vol. 42, no. 3, May/June
2006
[4] Omar Ellabban, Joeri Van Mierlo and Philippe Lataire, “Comparison between Different PWM Control Methods for Different ZSource
Inverter Topologies” IEEE Transactions on industry application, May/June 2010.
[5] K.Niraimathy, S.Krithiga, “A New Adjustable-Speed Drives (ASD) System Based On High-Performance Z-Source Inverter”, 978-1-
61284-379-7/11 2011 IEEE, 2011 1st International Conference on Electrical Energy Systems
[6] G. Pandian and S. Rama Reddy, “Embedded Controlled Z Source Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive” IEEE transaction on industrial
application, vol.32, no.2, May/June 2010.
[7] S. M. Wankhede, “Micro controller Based Control of Three Phase Induction Motor Using PVl1 Technique”, ICEEN/2011.
Books
[8] Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power Electronics”, Second Edition, Pearson Education.
[9] Dr. P. S. Bhimbra , “Power Electronics”, Fourth Edition, Khanna Publn.