This document summarizes Atul Sharma's training report on studying radar systems during an internship from June 16th to July 26th 2014. It introduces radar technology, explaining that radar uses radio waves to detect objects and determine their location, distance and direction. It then describes the basic principles of how radar works, including the radar range equation. It also outlines the main components of a radar system, such as the antenna, transmitter, receiver and display, and different types of radars like primary and secondary radar. Finally, it provides examples of specific radar sets used in India.

1. Training report on
Industrial training at
On the topic:-
STUDY OF RADAR SYSTEM
Submitted to:-
Under:- Mr. Aman Vohra
Start Date for Internship:-June 16th 2014
End Date for Internship:-July 26th 2014
Submitted by:-
Atul Sharma, B.Tech IV
year, ECE
Maharaja Agrasen Institute
Of Technology, GGSIPU

2. INTRODUCTION
 RADAR is an acronym for
RAdio Detecting And Ranging.
 First successfully demonstrated
in 1936.
 It uses electromagnetic waves.
 It enjoys wide range of
application.
The World War II RADAR
‘Wurzberg Rise’

3. Principle Of Working
Radar is used to find the
• Location,
• Distance,
• Direction of the target.

4. Radar Range Equation
Rmax = [Pt .G.б.Ae / (4П)2Smin]1/4
G = 4ПAe / λ2
Ae = G.λ2 / 4П
Where Smin = Minimum power received
Pt = Power transmitted
G = antenna gain
б = radar cross section of target
Ae= effective area
Rmax = Maximum Radar Range

5. Types Of Radar

6. Primary Radar
A Primary Radar transmits high-frequency signals
which are reflected at targets. The arisen echoes
are received and evaluated.
Secondary Radar
At these radar sets the target must have a
transponder (transmitting responder) on board
and this transponder responds to interrogation
by transmitting a coded reply signal.

7. Continuous Wave Radar

8. Pulse Radar

9. Classification on the basis of use:

10. SOME RADAR SETS
3-D surveillance Radar
(ROHINI)
Low Level Light Weight Radar
(ASHLESHA)
Low level Light weight
Radar(BHARANI)
INDRA II

11. RADAR DEVICES
ANTENNA
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
RADAR DISPLAY

12. RADAR ANTENNA
An antenna either receives energy from an
electromagnetic field or radiates electromagnetic waves
produced by a high frequency generator.
Parabolic antenna Cassegrain antenna Slot antenna

13. TRANSMITTER
A radar transmitter generates RF- energy
Necessary for scanning the free space.
RECEIVER
The function of the receiver is to take the weak
echoes from the antenna system, amplify them
sufficiently, detect the pulse envelope, amplify
the pulses, and feed them to the indicator.

14. RADAR DISPLAY
A-SCOPE
B-SCOPE
PLAN-POSITION INDICATOR(PPI)

15. A-SCOPE
Presents only the range to
the target and the relative
strength of the echo.
B-SCOPE
It provides a 2-D representation in which
horizontal axis represents
measurement of azimuth
(bearing) and vertical axis
represents the
measurement of the range.

16. PLAN-POSTION INDICATOR(PPI)
It is an intensity-modulation type display system
which indicates both range and
azimuthal angle of the target
simultaneously in polar
coordinate.
The distance of the bright spot
radiating outward from the
centre gives the range or the
distance of the target from the
radar transmitter while the
direction in which the spot
deflects at certain instant corresponds to the direction of
radar antenna (i.e. target direction) at that instant.

17. Thank You