In recent years, synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for different medicinal uses. In the present study, we aimed at the biosynthesis of zinc oxide using a curcumin extract. Although, toxic effects of curcumin derivative and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentration have been studied specifically on animal models besides the antibacterial activity of synthesized curcumin extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to synthesize extract combined zinc oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles and extract were characterized for the particle size distribution, morphology, optical properties and surface charge by using UVvisible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), (TEM) and (SEM). Elemental composition and structural properties were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles and curcumin were irregular shape and had a size distribution in the range of 50–100 nm. The in vitro toxicity effects of zinc oxide and extract showed no toxic effect with different concentration with antibacterial effect.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture with special reference to Pest M...Ramesh Kulkarni
Nanotechnology, a promising field of research opens up in the present decade a wide array of
opportunities in the present decade and is expected to give major impulses to technical innovations in
a variety of industrial sectors in the future.
Neem is a village dispensary free and freely available all over India, with a great fight India could win back its patient from an US company.
If anyone asks me choose a single herb for curing the multiple ailment of mankind NEEM will be first herb of my choice
Prof. Dr Sanjeev Sood
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Neem Oil | Description | Chemical Constituents | UseChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Neem oil, source, description, chemical constitution, preparation and its uses.
This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd Year B.Pharm.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Neem is a village dispensary free and freely available all over India, with a great fight India could win back its patient from an US company.
If anyone asks me choose a single herb for curing the multiple ailment of mankind NEEM will be first herb of my choice
Prof. Dr Sanjeev Sood
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Neem Oil | Description | Chemical Constituents | UseChetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Neem oil, source, description, chemical constitution, preparation and its uses.
This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd Year B.Pharm.
Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline
permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956).
Nitrogen is necessary for all forms of life. It is most important
essential plant nutrient for crop production as it is constituted the building blocks of almost all the plant structures.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising technologies applied in
all areas of science. Metal nanoparticles produced by nanotechnology have
received global attention due to their extensive applications in the biomedical
and physiochemical
fields. Recently, synthesizing metal nanoparticles using
microorganisms and plants has been extensively studied and has been recog-
nized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting microorganisms as
convenient nanofactories. Here, we explore and detail the potential uses of
various biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis and the application of
those nanoparticles. Furthermore, we highlight recent milestones achieved for
the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by controlling critical parameters,
including the choice of biological source, incubation period, pH, and
temperature.
In attendance study focuses on the removal of ZnO nano particles by green chemical reduction method from
the bio components of leaves extract of Gigantic-Swallow-Wort. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), FT-IR Spectroscopy
characterizations was done for synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. X- ray diffraction studies showed that the particles
are hexagonal in scenery.
Nanoparticles Methods for Nanoparticles Synthesis Overviewijtsrd
Nanoparticles exist in several different morphologies such as spheres, cylinders, platelets, tubes etc. The word nanoparticles are used to describe a particle with size in the range of 1nm to 100nm, at least in one of the three possible dimensions. In this size range, the physical, chemical and biological properties of the nanoparticles changes in fundamental ways from the properties of both individual atoms molecules and of the corresponding bulk materials. The enormous diversity of the nanoparticles arising from their wide chemical nature, shape and morphologies, the medium in which the particles are present, the state of dispersion of the particles and most importantly, the numerous possible surface modifications the nanoparticles can be subjected to make this an important active field of science now a days. Dr. Ilamathi Jayaraman | Dr. Vijayakumari. S "Nanoparticles: Methods for Nanoparticles Synthesis: Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46478.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/46478/nanoparticles-methods-for-nanoparticles-synthesis-overview/dr-ilamathi-jayaraman
Background- Chitosan is a natural, biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and easily available polymer that can be used to prepare nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles can be widely used in pharmaceutical industries as an antimicrobial agent or as drug delivery vehicle. Objectives- Aim of the study was to prepare chitosan nanoparticles and characterize them. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results- The present study showed that chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method. The obtained chitosan nanoparticles were characterized and study revealed that they are stable spherical in shape. The size of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) at selected concentration was 216 nm and zeta potential 50mV was done by zeta sizer Nano S (Malvern, UK). Conclusion- Chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionic gelation method.
Key-words- Chitosan, Chitosan nanoparticles, DLS, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Resorcinol is widely used in manufacturing of several drugs and pharmaceutical products that are mainly used
for topical ailments. The main objective of this study is to use an alternative strategy i.e., biofield treatment to alter
the physical, spectral and thermal properties of resorcinol.
Enlargement of biologically stimulated
investigational processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles is
budding into an important branch of nanotechnology. Eco
responsive methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles
are the present research in the extremity of nanotechnology. The
bioreduction behavior of leaf extracts of Morinda citrifolia L.
(Rubiaceae) in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was
investigated employing UV/Visible Spectrophotometry, Particle
size analyzer, Zeta potential, Filed emission scanning electron
microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and FourierTransform
Infrared Spectroscopy. The antifungal property of the
silver nanoparticles was tested against Candida albicans,
Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. The Antifungal assay
tests Zone of inhibition revealed the concentrations of more than
10µl of silver nanoparticles were inhibited the growth of fungal
pathogens.
Potential Impact of BioField Treatment on Atomic and Physical Characteristics...albertdivis
Magnesium (Mg), present in every cell of all living organisms, is an essential nutrient and primarily responsible for catalytic reaction of over 300 enzymes. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on atomic and physical properties of magnesium powder.
Potential Impact of BioField Treatment on Atomic and Physical Characteristics...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on atomic and physical properties of magnesium powder. Magnesium powder was divided into two parts denoted as control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treatment part received biofield treatment.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5)...Arvind Singh Heer
Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
Abstract
Objective(s):
This paper reports on the toxicity of CuO NPs on hepatic enzymes and liver and lung histology.
Materials and Methods:
To assess the toxicity of copper nanoparticles (10-15 nm) in vivo, pathological examinations and blood biochemical indexes including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) at various time points (2, 7 and 14 days)were studied. Thirty two Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Treatment groups (group 1, 2, 3) received CuO NP solution containing 5, 10 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Control group received 0.5 mL of normal saline via ip injection for 7 consecutive days. After 14 days, the tissue of liver and lung were collected and investigated for their histological problems.
Results:
The histology of the hepatic tissues showed vasculature in central veins and portal triad vessels in all three treatment groups. Histology of lungs showed air sac wall thickening and increased fibrous tissue in all three groups. Biochemical results of the hepatic enzymes showed that the SGOT levels in groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than the control group two days after the intervention.
Conclusion:
Results of this study indicated that all concentration of copper nanoparticles [with 10-15 nm diameters, spherical shape, purity of 99.9%, mineral in nature, and wet synthesis method in liquid phase (alternation)] induce toxicity and changes of histo-pathological changes in liver and lung tissues of rats. It is evident that these nanoparticles cannot be used for human purposes because of their toxicity.
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Disodium Hydrogen Orthophosphate and Sodium...albertdivis
Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate is a water soluble white powder widely used as pH regulator and saline laxative. The sodium nitrate is a highly water soluble white solid, used in high blood pressure, dentinal hypersensitivity, and production of fertilizers. The present study was aimed to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on spectral properties of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and sodium nitrate.
Similar to Curcumin extract nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and antimicrobial effect | JBES Journals @slideshare (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
12 | Muhammed et al.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Curcumin extract nanoparticles: preparation, characterization
and antimicrobial effect
Awatif I Muhammed*1
, Baraa M Thakir2
, Rana A Kamal1
, Dalia M Hassan3
,
Safa F Ali3
, Noor Mahdi4
1
Veterinary Drug Center, Corporation of Research and Industrial Developmental,
Ministry of Industrial & Minerals, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq
3
Al Razi Center for Researches, Corporation of Research and Industrial Developmental,
Ministry of Industrial & Minerals, Baghdad, Iraq
4
Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq
Article published on March 15, 2020
Key words: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Nano characterization, Toxic effect, Bacterial test, Curcumin extract
Abstract
In recent years, synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for different medicinal
uses. In the present study, we aimed at the biosynthesis of zinc oxide using a curcumin extract. Although, toxic
effects of curcumin derivative and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentration have been studied
specifically on animal models besides the antibacterial activity of synthesized curcumin extract and zinc oxide
nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to synthesize extract combined zinc oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The
synthesized nanoparticles and extract were characterized for the particle size distribution, morphology, optical
properties and surface charge by using UVvisible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), (TEM) and
(SEM). Elemental composition and structural properties were studied by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles and curcumin were
irregular shape and had a size distribution in the range of 50–100 nm. The in vitro toxicity effects of zinc oxide
and extract showed no toxic effect with different concentration with antibacterial effect.
*Corresponding Author: Awatif I Muhammed muhammedawatif@gmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 12-17, 2020
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
13 | Muhammed et al.
Introduction
Nanoparticles now a day can be synthesized by
physical, chemical and biological methods with
desired specifications such as size and shape
(Jayarambabu and Kumari, 2015). The chemical
methods are not much explored due to expensive and
toxic chemicals used for synthesis so the new study
revealed to used metallic nanoparticles like silver,
gold, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, iron oxide,
aluminium oxide, zinc oxide (Senthilkumar and
Sivakumar, 2014). Among these, zinc oxide
nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have attracted attention of
scientists worldwide due to its medicinal values when
it combined with different herbal extract. Curcumin:
1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-
3,5 -dione, is a lipophilic molecule that rapidly
permeates cell membrane (Jaruga et al., 1998).
Curcumin has a long history of administration in
China, India and Iran for the treatment of many
diseases such as diabetes, liver diseases, rheumatoid
diseases, atherosclerosis, infectious diseases and
digestive disorders (Ammon and Wahl, 1991;
Pandeya, 2005). Curcumin received high attention
due to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral
and antiangiogenesis effects. It does not appear to be
toxic to animals (Shankar, 1980) or humans (Soni
and Kuttan, 1992) even at high doses. Recent studies
have discussed poor bioavailability of curcumin
because of poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and
rapid systemic elimination (Anand, 2007; Sharma,
2007). According to (Yang et al., 2012) reported 1%
bioavailability for 1g/kg of oral administration of
curcumin in rats; the elimination more than 75%
excreted in feces and negligible amount was detected
in urine (Wahlstrom and Blennow, 1978). So
according to FDA has declared curcumin as “generally
safe.” Nanotechnology is considered as technology of
the future and the use of nanoparticles combined with
extract for enhancing the bioavailability and the
solubility of lipophilic compounds such as curcumin
when used as folk medicine or combined with
chemical, improve the therapeutic effects through
protecting from degradation and prolonged blood
circulation, decreasing their toxicity (Freitas, 2005).
Over a period of time, numerous emphases have been
given to develop the biodistribution of natural
curcumin, but it is only just recently that the
application of the field of nanotechnology has
considerably enhanced its therapeutic effects.
Nanoparticles when combined with herbal extracts
are emerging as one of the useful alternatives that
enhance therapeutic effect of different concentrations
of curcumin extract that are used in future and
improved major problems as solubility or stability
and increase rate of metabolism in wound healing
and others. in present study was aimed to synthesize,
characterize and check antimicrobial activity and
toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles combined to
curcumin extract for improved major those problems.
Material and method
The leaves of the plant were subjected to surface
sterilization using 30% alcohol, and then dried in
shade. The dried leaves were subjected to size
reduction to a coarse powder by using dry grinder and
passed through sieve. The powdered sample (50 g)
was boiled in hot water for 30 min after which it was
filtered using a filter paper no.1. The filtrate was
evaporated to dry at 40°C producing yellow color
solid residue (yield: 5% w/w). The residue was
weighed and stored in air and water proof containers,
kept in refrigerator at 4°C. From this stock, fresh
preparation was made whenever required
(Yasmeen and Prabhu, 2012). The curcuma extract
used at concentration 5% equals to 50000 ppm
calculated by the equation: C(%)=C(ppm) /10000; 5%
= C(ppm)/ 10000= 50000 ppm (Sun et al., 2010).
Preparation of Zinc oxide nanoparticles
1.5g of ZnO was dissolved in 80ml of Sterile water
then put the mix in Ultrasonic cleaner for 10 minutes
then add 100μl of Hydrofluoric acid (H.F) + Ethanol
1: 1 ratio by Micropipette then put the mix in
Ultrasonic cleaner for 30 minutes than add 0.05g of
PVC then put the mix in ultrasonic cleaner again for
45 minutes then examined to make sure it became
nanoparticles (Sangeethaa, 2011).
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
To determined structure and crystalinity of
synthesized ZnO as nanoparticles by using X- ray
diffractometer (XRD-6000, Shimadzu).
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
14 | Muhammed et al.
The source of X-ray radiation had been Cu-Kα
radiation with 0.15406nm wavelength and device had
been operated at 40KV and 30mA emission current
which scanned the sample between (20 - 60 degree)
analyzed in Ibn-Al-Haitham College.
Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM)(TEM)
The sample scanned by Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) is basically a type of electron microscope with
(EDAX), the magnification power 250000 AIS2300C
(Oxford instruments).
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
To observe the surface roughness and topography of
deposit thin films, checked by using Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy (AA3000, Angostrom Advanced Inc. USA
AFM contact mode) in science College of Baghdad
University (Kumar and Chen, 2008).
Preparation the mix of herbal extract with
nanoparticle Zinc oxide
One concentrations of curcuma extract (5) ppm was
mixed with Zno nanoparticle (21000 ppm), the
concentration of ZnO nanoparticle was mixed with
each concentration of extract in ratio 1:1.
Result and discussion
x-ray diffraction analysis of synthesized ZnO thin film
XRD diffraction patterns of synthesized ZnO
nanostructure thin films prepared by simple chemical
methods and deposited on glass are shown in Fig. 1.
ZnO contain seven main peaks at diffraction angles
(31.7°, 34.36°, 36.2°, 47.2°, 56.54°, 62.78° and
67.88°) corresponding to (100, 002, 101, 102, 110,
103, 112) planes. This result agree well with that
presented in references. All the diffraction peaks are
indexed to hexagonal structure and there is no trace
of cubic face which were match well the standard
peaks (JCPDS NO.00-005-0664). Crystallite size (D)
in nm for a knowing X-ray wavelength at a diffraction
angle of ZnO nanostructure is calculated by using
scherrer formula (Sathyavathi et al., 2010).
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Fig. (2) and (3) shows SEM images of ZnO
nanoparticles and ZnO combined with extract
prepared with simple chemical method.
The images confirm different morphological size of
NPS. The morphology of ZnONPs not uniform with
average size (35-64)nm; while the NPS combined
with extract the average size ranges between (48-
84)nm this result agree with (Agarwal et al., 2017).
Fig. 1. XRD pattern of ZnO nanoparticles, which
obtained by the chemical method is precipitated by
drop casting method on a glass.
Fig. 2. SEM pattern of ZnO Nanoparticles and
curcuma extract.
Fig. 3. SEM images of ZnO Nanoparticles thin films
deposited on glass by drop casting method.
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
15 | Muhammed et al.
EDS pattern of zinc oxide nanoparticles was shown in
Fig. 4 and percentage analysis were showed in Tables 1.
The fig. and table, were observe the peaks of carbone
and aluminum along with some other constituents as
Sulphur, potassium, silicon and calcium which acted as
a capping agent to nanoparticles.
Table 1. EDS analysis of ZnO Nanoparticles and
curcuma extract synthesized.
A%
W%
K
Error
Int
Line
Element
62.05
47.31
0.2640
170.7383
1287.7
Ka
C
21.26
21.59
0.1126
170.7383
540.0
Ka
O
1.00
1.46
0.0211
125.0808
97.9
Ka
Na
0.87
1.34
0.0243
125.0808
111.2
Ka
Mg
8.62
14.76
0.2917
125.0808
1318.0
Ka
Al
1.32
2.36
0.0455
125.0808
202.4
Ka
Si
0.75
1.48
0.0296
125.0808
129.7
Ka
P
0.44
0.90
0.0195
125.0808
83.7
Ka
S
1.61
3.61
0.0773
125.0808
326.6
Ka
Cl
1.76
4.36
0.0962
39.8506
390.8
Ka
K
0.32
0.81
0.0183
39.8506
72.9
Ka
Ca
Atomic force microscope AFM
The 3D AFM images and granularity accumulation
distribution chart of ZnO NPs are around 49nm and
ZnO NPs herbal extract synthesized around 56nm
and particles had one or more dimention. The ZnO
NPs extract has irregular ball shape with good
dispensability distributed within the scanning area
(500x500)nm with individual columnar grains
extending upwards and the average grain size is
80.48nm and the average roughness with root mean
square about (11.7, 14) nm respectively as in table (2)
by using special software (Imager size 2212.88nm)
(Massimiliano, 2004).
Fig. 4. EDX pattern of ZnO Nanoparticles and
curcuma extract.
Fig. 5. A 3D AFM image B granularity accumulation distribution chart of ZnO Nanoparticles and curcuma extract.
Table 2. the grain size roughness average and root
mean square ZnO Nanoparticles and curcuma extract.
Roughness average 11.7nm
Root mean square 14nm
Average diameter 80.48nm
Fig. 6. TEM pattern of ZnO Nanoparticle and
curcuma extract.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
TEM analysis can be used to understand the
characteristics and size of the synthesized NPs. The
analysis was carried out using a Tecnai G2 20 with an
accelerating voltage of 200 kV and the images with
different magnifications are shown in Fig. 6. The fig.
observed that the average particle size is found to be
50–200nm and confirmed that the particles are
almost irregular crystal a slight variation in thickness,
which supports the SEM results. The particle size
determined from TEM analysis is almost close to the
size obtained from XRD and SEM analysis.
A B
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020
16 | Muhammed et al.
Fig. 7. Antibacterial activity of ZnO Nanoparticle and
curcuma extract (1) compared to crude extract (2) by
using E. coli and ST. aurius.
Acute Oral Toxicity of ZnO NPs and curcuma extract
In the study toxic effect of ZnO NPs and curcuma
extract we used the limit range to evaluate the acute
toxicity in mice. The concentration of NPS extract 5%
was considered as stock solution were take 1ml and
dissolved in 9ml of saline and administrated via
gavage to different concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.01,
0.001, 0.0001g/ml) after 24hr. and During 14 days of
administration orally, no clinical signs of toxicity or
mortality were observed. The median lethal dose
(LD50) < 0.0001g/ml/mice in the present study
which suggesting its safety (Song et al., 2018)
Antibacterial effect
From the studies, it was observed that the NPS
curcuma extract was found to have good
antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus [19] according to crude
extract, amoxicillin, gentamicin and erythromycin
(Droepenu et al., 2019).
Conclusions
It is known that the green synthesis of ZnO NPs
curcuma extract is much safer and environmentally
friendly as compared to chemical synthesis. In
response to this assumption, this study successfully
used synthesis ZnO NPs combined with curcuma
aqueous extract. FTIR and AAS confirmed the
presence of ZnO and organic constituents in the
fabricated samples. SEM and TEM reported the shape
and size of the samples as ranging between 50-
100nm, having agglomerated petal-like morphologies
with organic materials from the plant extract
surrounding the particles and serving as capping
agents and this size synthesized is suitable for
applications in the biomedical field beside the
synthesized ZnO NPs and extract exhibited
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus
(Gram +ve) and Escherichia coli (Gram –ve). in other
way; the nano extract didn’t appear any toxic effect
when given to albino mice in different doses. This
shows that the synthesized ZnO NPs and extract can
be used as medical alternative in future.
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