ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using a combustion method with low-temperature solution combustion. XRD and SEM characterization confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles around 30-40nm in size. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO nanoparticles was tested against E. coli using colony counting and disk diffusion methods. Both methods showed the ZnO nanoparticles had antibacterial effects in a concentration-dependent manner, with 100μg/L ZnO demonstrating the strongest antibacterial activity through over 70% bacterial reduction and the largest inhibition zone of 24mm. The ZnO nanoparticles were also found to damage the genomic DNA of treated E. coli cells.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: The reasons for and against Aspergil...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The enzymatic activity of fungi has recently inspired the scientists with re-explore the fungi as potential biofactories rather than the causing agents of humans and plants infections. In very recent years, fungi are considered as worthy, applicable and available candidates for synthesis of smaller gold, silver and other nano-sized particles.
Materials and Methods:
A standard strain of Aspergillus parasiticus was grown on a liquid medium containing mineral salt. The cell-free filtrate of the culture was then obtained and subjected to synthesize SNPs while expose with 1mM of AgNO3. Further characterization of synthesized SNPs was performed afterward. In addition, antifungal activity of synthesized SNPs was evaluated against a standard strain of Candida albicans. The reduction of Ag+ ions to metal nanoparticles was investigated virtually by tracing the color of the solution which turned into reddish-brown after 72h.
Results:
The UV-vis spectra demonstrated a broad peak centering at 400nm which corresponds to the particle size much less than 70nm. The results of TEM demonstrated that the particles were formed fairly uniform, spherical, and small in size with almost 90% in 5-30nm range. The zeta potential of silver nanoparticles was negative and equal to -15.0 which meets the quality and suggested that there was not much aggression. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by A. parasiticus showed antifungal activity against yeast strain tested and exhibited MIC value of 4 μg/mL.
Conclusion:
The filamentous fungus, A. parasiticus has successfully demonstrated potential for extra cellular synthesis of fairly monodispersed, tiny silver nanoparticles.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: The reasons for and against Aspergil...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The enzymatic activity of fungi has recently inspired the scientists with re-explore the fungi as potential biofactories rather than the causing agents of humans and plants infections. In very recent years, fungi are considered as worthy, applicable and available candidates for synthesis of smaller gold, silver and other nano-sized particles.
Materials and Methods:
A standard strain of Aspergillus parasiticus was grown on a liquid medium containing mineral salt. The cell-free filtrate of the culture was then obtained and subjected to synthesize SNPs while expose with 1mM of AgNO3. Further characterization of synthesized SNPs was performed afterward. In addition, antifungal activity of synthesized SNPs was evaluated against a standard strain of Candida albicans. The reduction of Ag+ ions to metal nanoparticles was investigated virtually by tracing the color of the solution which turned into reddish-brown after 72h.
Results:
The UV-vis spectra demonstrated a broad peak centering at 400nm which corresponds to the particle size much less than 70nm. The results of TEM demonstrated that the particles were formed fairly uniform, spherical, and small in size with almost 90% in 5-30nm range. The zeta potential of silver nanoparticles was negative and equal to -15.0 which meets the quality and suggested that there was not much aggression. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by A. parasiticus showed antifungal activity against yeast strain tested and exhibited MIC value of 4 μg/mL.
Conclusion:
The filamentous fungus, A. parasiticus has successfully demonstrated potential for extra cellular synthesis of fairly monodispersed, tiny silver nanoparticles.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
It consists of introduction about nano world and how it is different from the macroscopic world and what are the reasons. it gives information about silver nanoparticles antimicrobial property and it is various application. it consists of synthesis, characterisation of silver nanoparticles.
Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)Sheersha Pramanik 🇮🇳
I have described about the biological processes(other than physical,chemical) for the preparation of Nanoparticles.
do like comment share if you like it.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
The main objective of the present study is to deal with the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide [ZnO] nanoparticles utilizing aqueous leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.` Zinc acetate [Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2] and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] were used as starting materials and Jasminum Fluminense [Nithyamalli] leaf extract is used as precursor in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The resultant nanopowder was characterized by using Ultraviolet [UV] “ Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [FTIR] and Transmission Electron Microscopic [TEM] studies. Formation of ZnO nanoparticles has been confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and the TEM analysis spectacles that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are of face centered cubic (fcc) structure and the size is found to be around 20 nm. FTIR spectral analysis indicated the leaf extract acts as the reducing and capping agents on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. This simplistic and green approach may provide a useful tool to hefty extent in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. These synthesized nanostructures illustrate novel applications in many fields such as cosmetics, optoelectronics, sensors, transducers and biomedical science because it is environmentally friendly and does not involve any harmful substances. S. Amudha"Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract and its Spectral and Optical Characterization Studies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/12908/green-synthesis-of-zno-nanoparticles-using-jasminum-fluminense-leaf-extract-and-its-spectral-and-optical-characterization-studies/s-amudha
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
Nanoparticle of plant extract: A Novel approach for cancer therapyroshan telrandhe
Presented in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ;A Phytomedicine : A Novel Approach For Cancer Treatment. Sponsered By Indian Councial Of Medical Research, Delhi. OrganisedBy KamlaNehru College Of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur441108, Maharastra, India. ON 25 & 26 March 2017
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Future Perspecti...iosrjce
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical,
antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from
continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent
chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher
toxicity to various micro-organisms. For this reason Ag NPs having scope for medical instruments,
antimicrobial application, products for health care such as scaffolds, burn dressing, water purification,
agriculture uses. Ag NPs can be synthesized by using various methods which is primarily classified into two
type’s namely physical process which includes laser ablation, condensation, evaporation etc. and chemical
process which includes hydrazine, sodium borohydride, green synthesis etc. Among all these methods green
synthesis is non-toxic, eco-friendly and cost effective. In this review paper different synthesis process especially
green synthesis, properties, applications of silver nanoparticles and their recent advances are described. We
also highlight the toxicity and compares Ag NPs with others nanoparticles.
Nanomaterials & Nanoparticles - Sources & Toxicity - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ arxiv.org
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Experimental Plans and Intensive Numerical Aided DesignIJERA Editor
This paper deals with new methods to optimize design and subsequent phases, notably in SMEs specialized in manufacturing. SMEs use numerical simulation to verify that the design meets the expectations of the specification, following the current traditional process: CAD model, simulation of its behavior, changes in the CAD model... This process suffers from a number of drawbacks: no overall multi-criteria vision, use of CAD software, by nature "constructive, not considering the overall objectives (even with integration of the parameters or with considering the downstream phases). The research centre DINCCS led several projects, relying on industrial cases to consider more efficient approaches. It is proposed to reverse this process by making intensive simulations, based on trade knowledge, before design itself. In order to plan the great number of simulations, automatically designed plan of experiences are used. We discuss the application of this approach to intensive simulations. The stakes are crucial for SMEs, particularly manufacturing ones. Using numerical simulation (optimization) intensively, before setting the CAD model, they can get unexpected gains (mass, better use of the means of manufacture...). The results show that the proposed approach is a very promising new way of computer aided design..
Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio for Wi-Fi Signals Using Cyclostationa...IJERA Editor
The need for radio spectrum usage is increasing day by day with recent advancements in wireless system. But there is limited amount of spectrum available. So that for solving this problem Cognitive Radio (CR) is used for purpose of the spectrum utilization properly. Basically the Licensed users use the licensed bands but the unlicensed users should always check spectrum with the help of CR technology. The main aim of cognitive radio is to sense the spectrum continuously. In this paper, we have provided the proposal that how the capacity of the system can be increased by reuse the unused licensed band by simulating a Cognitive radio system. The secondary users can occupy free space (spectrum holes) and also licensed bands by continuously monitoring the spectrum. The requirements of cognitive radio systems will be investigated by considering spectrum sensing techniques. To achieve this, a Cyclostationary Spectrum Sensing technique is studied and applied to detect OFDM signals in a noisy environment. The results are obtained for the applications employed in high frequency, such as, Wi-Fi.
It consists of introduction about nano world and how it is different from the macroscopic world and what are the reasons. it gives information about silver nanoparticles antimicrobial property and it is various application. it consists of synthesis, characterisation of silver nanoparticles.
Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)Sheersha Pramanik 🇮🇳
I have described about the biological processes(other than physical,chemical) for the preparation of Nanoparticles.
do like comment share if you like it.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
The main objective of the present study is to deal with the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide [ZnO] nanoparticles utilizing aqueous leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.` Zinc acetate [Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2] and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] were used as starting materials and Jasminum Fluminense [Nithyamalli] leaf extract is used as precursor in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The resultant nanopowder was characterized by using Ultraviolet [UV] “ Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [FTIR] and Transmission Electron Microscopic [TEM] studies. Formation of ZnO nanoparticles has been confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and the TEM analysis spectacles that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are of face centered cubic (fcc) structure and the size is found to be around 20 nm. FTIR spectral analysis indicated the leaf extract acts as the reducing and capping agents on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. This simplistic and green approach may provide a useful tool to hefty extent in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. These synthesized nanostructures illustrate novel applications in many fields such as cosmetics, optoelectronics, sensors, transducers and biomedical science because it is environmentally friendly and does not involve any harmful substances. S. Amudha"Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract and its Spectral and Optical Characterization Studies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/12908/green-synthesis-of-zno-nanoparticles-using-jasminum-fluminense-leaf-extract-and-its-spectral-and-optical-characterization-studies/s-amudha
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
Nanoparticle of plant extract: A Novel approach for cancer therapyroshan telrandhe
Presented in NATIONAL CONFERENCE ;A Phytomedicine : A Novel Approach For Cancer Treatment. Sponsered By Indian Councial Of Medical Research, Delhi. OrganisedBy KamlaNehru College Of Pharmacy, Butibori, Nagpur441108, Maharastra, India. ON 25 & 26 March 2017
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Future Perspecti...iosrjce
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical,
antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from
continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent
chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher
toxicity to various micro-organisms. For this reason Ag NPs having scope for medical instruments,
antimicrobial application, products for health care such as scaffolds, burn dressing, water purification,
agriculture uses. Ag NPs can be synthesized by using various methods which is primarily classified into two
type’s namely physical process which includes laser ablation, condensation, evaporation etc. and chemical
process which includes hydrazine, sodium borohydride, green synthesis etc. Among all these methods green
synthesis is non-toxic, eco-friendly and cost effective. In this review paper different synthesis process especially
green synthesis, properties, applications of silver nanoparticles and their recent advances are described. We
also highlight the toxicity and compares Ag NPs with others nanoparticles.
Nanomaterials & Nanoparticles - Sources & Toxicity - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ arxiv.org
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Experimental Plans and Intensive Numerical Aided DesignIJERA Editor
This paper deals with new methods to optimize design and subsequent phases, notably in SMEs specialized in manufacturing. SMEs use numerical simulation to verify that the design meets the expectations of the specification, following the current traditional process: CAD model, simulation of its behavior, changes in the CAD model... This process suffers from a number of drawbacks: no overall multi-criteria vision, use of CAD software, by nature "constructive, not considering the overall objectives (even with integration of the parameters or with considering the downstream phases). The research centre DINCCS led several projects, relying on industrial cases to consider more efficient approaches. It is proposed to reverse this process by making intensive simulations, based on trade knowledge, before design itself. In order to plan the great number of simulations, automatically designed plan of experiences are used. We discuss the application of this approach to intensive simulations. The stakes are crucial for SMEs, particularly manufacturing ones. Using numerical simulation (optimization) intensively, before setting the CAD model, they can get unexpected gains (mass, better use of the means of manufacture...). The results show that the proposed approach is a very promising new way of computer aided design..
Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio for Wi-Fi Signals Using Cyclostationa...IJERA Editor
The need for radio spectrum usage is increasing day by day with recent advancements in wireless system. But there is limited amount of spectrum available. So that for solving this problem Cognitive Radio (CR) is used for purpose of the spectrum utilization properly. Basically the Licensed users use the licensed bands but the unlicensed users should always check spectrum with the help of CR technology. The main aim of cognitive radio is to sense the spectrum continuously. In this paper, we have provided the proposal that how the capacity of the system can be increased by reuse the unused licensed band by simulating a Cognitive radio system. The secondary users can occupy free space (spectrum holes) and also licensed bands by continuously monitoring the spectrum. The requirements of cognitive radio systems will be investigated by considering spectrum sensing techniques. To achieve this, a Cyclostationary Spectrum Sensing technique is studied and applied to detect OFDM signals in a noisy environment. The results are obtained for the applications employed in high frequency, such as, Wi-Fi.
On Steiner Dominating Sets and Steiner Domination Polynomials of PathsIJERA Editor
In this paper, we introduce a new concept of Steiner domination polynomial of a path Pn. The Steiner
domination polynomial of Pn is the polynomial Sγ(Pn, x)
Implementation of Full-Bridge Single-Stage Converter with Reduced Auxiliary C...IJERA Editor
The inclusion of a few additional diodes and passive elements in the high-frequency full-bridge ac–dc converter with galvanic isolation permits one to achieve sinusoidal input-current wave shaping and output-voltage regulation simultaneously without adding any auxiliary transistors. Recently, this procedure, together with an appropriate control process, has been used to obtain low-cost high-efficiency single-stage converters. In an attempt to improve the performance of such converters, this paper introduces three new single-stage full-bridge ac–dc topologies with some optimized characteristics and compares them with the ones of the existing full-bridge single-stage topologies. The approach used consists in the definition of the operating principles identifying the boost function for each topology, their operating limits, and the dependence between the two involved conversion processes. Experimental results for each topology were obtained in 500-W modular voltage disturbances that result from the input-current wave-shaping process.
Cloud computing is an on demand service in which shared resources, information, software and other devices are provided to the end user as per their requirement at a specific time. A cloud consists of several elements such as clients, datacenters and distributed servers. There are n number of clients and end users involved in cloud environment. These clients may make requests to the cloud system simultaneously, making it difficult for the cloud to manage the entire load at a time. The load can be CPU load, memory load, delay or network load. This might cause inconvenience to the clients as there may be delay in the response time or it might affect the performance and efficiency of the cloud environment. So, the concept of load balancing is very important in cloud computing to improve the efficiency of the cloud. Good load balancing makes cloud computing more efficient and improves user satisfaction. This paper gives an approach to balance the incoming load in cloud environment by making partitions of the public cloud.
Geological-Structural Setting of Massif and the Levels of Quartz - Sulphide M...IJERA Editor
Kaptina gabbro massif is placed in the northern half of the eastern Mirdita ophiolitic belt and is spreaded in a relatively large area. Petrology of Kaptina gabbro massif is very complicated as in view of the diversity of rocks that are spreaded within it as well in view of structurally construction. In this region are exposed all components of the Mirdita ophiolitic Complex, as well as oceanic sedimentary cover, the Cretaceous one and the newer mollasic formations of Pliocene-Quaternary. Kaptina gabbro massif has an irregular shape, however is seen a certain extension in the meridional - submeridional direction. This massif is plunged in the South and the West under volcanogenic formations to come back in the small output in the lower Bisaku and to join more south with the Bulshari gabbro massif. The outputs of massif are expanded towards the north - northeast. In construction of gabbro massif take part a range of rocky types that stay in various reports regarding surface spreading. Greater spreading in all the massif have gabbronorite, in close connection with them stay norite and gabbro.
Tumor Detection Based On Symmetry InformationIJERA Editor
Various subjects that are paired usually are not identically the same, asymmetry is perfectly normal but sometimes asymmetry can benoticeable too much. Structural and functional asymmetry in the human brain and nervous system is reviewed in a historical perspective. Brainasymmetry is one of such examples, which is a difference in size or shape, or both. Asymmetry analysis of brain has great importance because itis not only indicator for brain cancer but also predict future potential risk for the same. In our work, we have concentrated to segment theanatomical regions of brain, isolate the two halves of brain and to investigate each half for the presence of asymmetry of anatomical regions inMRI.
Stability and stabilization of discrete-time systems with time-delay via Lyap...IJERA Editor
The stability and stabilization problems for discrete systems with time-delay are discussed .The stability and
stabilization criterion are expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). An effective method
allowing us transforming a bilinear matrix Inequality (BMI) to a linear matrix Inequality (LMI) is developed.
Based on these conditions, a state feedback controller with gain is designed. An illustrative numerical example
is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method and the reliability of the results.
Geochronos File Sharing Application Using CloudIJERA Editor
Accessing, running and sharing applications and data at present face many challenges. Cloud Computing and Social Networking technologies have the potential to simplify or eliminate many of these challenges. Social Networking technologies provide a means for easily sharing applications and data. Now a day’s people want to be connected 24x7 to the world around them. Networking and Communication have come together to make the world a small place to live in. People want to be in constant touch with their subordinates where ever they are and avail emergency services whenever needed. In this paper we present an on-line/on-demand interactive application service (Software as a Service). The service is built on a cloud computing basement that provisions virtualized application servers based on user demand. An open source social networking platform is leveraged to establish a portal front-end that enables applications and results to be easily shared between users. In the proposed system users can access the documents uploaded into the cloud by others and provide any data they have in hand to other users through the same cloud. This also allows the users to have an interactive session through the chat screens present in the cloud. The paper also highlights some major security issues existing in current cloud computing environment.
Different Image Segmentation Techniques for Dental Image ExtractionIJERA Editor
Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments and often used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves etc.). In this paper, we have proposed image segmentation techniques: Region based, Texture based, Edge based. These techniques have been implemented on dental radiographs and gained good results compare to conventional technique known as Thresholding based technique. The quantitative results show the superiority of the image segmentation technique over three proposed techniques and conventional technique.
The Cortisol Awakening Response Using Modified Proposed Method of Forecasting...IJERA Editor
A growing body of data suggests that a significantly enhanced salivary cortisol response to waking may indicate
an enduring tendency to abnormal cortisol regulation. More methods have been proposed to deal with
forecasting problems using fuzzy time series. In this paper, our objective was to apply the response test to a
population already known to have long-term hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis dysregulation.
We hypothesized that the free cortisol response to waking, believed to be genetically influenced, would be
elevated in a significant percent age of cases, regard less of the afternoon Dexamethasone Suppression Test
(DST) value based on fuzzy time series and genetic algorithms. The proposed method adjusts the length of each
interval in the universe of discourse for forecasting the Longitudinal Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST)
data on a fully remitted lithium responder for past 5 years who was asymptomatic and treated with lithium
throughout the experimental results show that the proposed method gets good forecasting results.
Improving the Role of Universities in Conserving the Architectural HeritageIJERA Editor
Universities are known by their significant role in forming the cognitive and educational minds. This paper focused on improving the role of the universities in conserving the architectural heritage through developing an effectivefertile research system that plays a major role in building the necessary programs planned for the architectural heritage conservation. In this paper, a methodology was proposed including archeological survey a documentation of the registered and unregistered historical buildings and archeological sites planned by the local universities in order to come up yet with a reliable source for the status of those historical buildings and sites and improve the universities role in conserving the architectural heritage especially on the research and documentation part of the conservation process.
An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable Resources Conne...IJERA Editor
In our nation the usage of electricity is increasing day-by-day. According to that conserdations, the generated
power from the non-renewable sources will not satisfy the demands properly. so for these purpose, by using
multiple renewable sources, it will be very useful to some type of dc applications. The power produced from the
individual renewable sources will not be satisfy the demand at all times. So by integration of a multiple
renewable sources such as wind and solar a huge amount of power will be produced. These power will be
coordinated to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. For integration of renewable sources an aggregated model
has to be proposed. In according to these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the
system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique
has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the
deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. In these paper, the operational analysis can be
performed when real time soc is higher than the optimised soc and droop curves are plotted.
Hypothesis on Different Data Mining AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
In this paper, different classification algorithms for data mining are discussed. Data Mining is about
explaining the past & predicting the future by means of data analysis. Classification is a task of data mining,
which categories data based on numerical or categorical variables. To classify the data many algorithms are
proposed, out of them five algorithms are comparatively studied for data mining through classification. There are
four different classification approaches namely Frequency Table, Covariance Matrix, Similarity Functions &
Others. As work for research on classification methods, algorithms like Naive Bayesian, K Nearest Neighbors,
Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network & Support Vector Machine are studied & examined using benchmark
datasets like Iris & Lung Cancer.
Analysis and Visualization of Network Data Using JUNGIJERA Editor
The JUNG (Java Universal Network/Graph) Framework is a free, open-source software library that provides a common and extendible language for the manipulation, analysis, and visualization of data that can be represented as a graph or network. It is written in the Java programming language, allowing JUNG-based applications to make use of the extensive built-in capabilities of the Java Application Programming Interface (API), as well as those of other existing third-party Java libraries. In this paper, the JUNG Framework is described which is used to visualize data.
Analysis on Recommended System for Web Information Retrieval Using HMMIJERA Editor
Web is a rich domain of data and knowledge, which is spread over the world in unstructured manner. The
number of users is continuously access the information over the internet. Web mining is an application of data
mining where web related data is extracted and manipulated for extracting knowledge. The data mining is used
in the domain of web information mining is refers as web mining, that is further divided into three major
domains web uses mining, web content mining and web structure mining. The proposed work is intended to
work with web uses mining. The concept of web mining is to improve the user feedbacks and user navigation
pattern discovery for a CRM system. Finally a new algorithm HMM is used for finding the pattern in data,
which method promises to provide much accurate recommendation.
Nanoparticles Methods for Nanoparticles Synthesis Overviewijtsrd
Nanoparticles exist in several different morphologies such as spheres, cylinders, platelets, tubes etc. The word nanoparticles are used to describe a particle with size in the range of 1nm to 100nm, at least in one of the three possible dimensions. In this size range, the physical, chemical and biological properties of the nanoparticles changes in fundamental ways from the properties of both individual atoms molecules and of the corresponding bulk materials. The enormous diversity of the nanoparticles arising from their wide chemical nature, shape and morphologies, the medium in which the particles are present, the state of dispersion of the particles and most importantly, the numerous possible surface modifications the nanoparticles can be subjected to make this an important active field of science now a days. Dr. Ilamathi Jayaraman | Dr. Vijayakumari. S "Nanoparticles: Methods for Nanoparticles Synthesis: Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46478.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/46478/nanoparticles-methods-for-nanoparticles-synthesis-overview/dr-ilamathi-jayaraman
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Nanotechnology in cancer and its synthesisShreyaBhatt23
basic introduction to nanotechnology and the types of nanomaterials used in medical purpose. sysnthesis of nanomaterials by physical , chemical, biosynthesis, green synthesis of nanomaterials
Antimicrobial activity of trachyspermum ammi leaves mediated silver nanoparti...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 3mM AgNO3 solution through the extract of Trachyspermum ammi leaf using domestic microwave irradiation method. On mixing leaf extract with silver salt solution in ratio 1:4 the color changed from colourless to yellowish brown which partially confirmed the degradation of silver ions to silver nanoparticles (SNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using UV–visible spectroscopic techniques, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The shape of the synthesized nanoparticles was found to be cubical. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized silver nanoparticles against two human pathogens were evaluated by using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. KEYWORDS: Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, SNPs, MIC, SEM-EDAX, Green Synthesis
ABSTRACT- In this study, the effect of ZnO and TiO2-NPs on beneficial soil microorganisms and their secondary metabolites production was investigated. The antibacterial potential of NPs were determined by growth kinetics of P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens and B. amyloliquefaciens. Significantly decreased in the cell viability based on optical density measurements were observed upon treatment with increasing concentrations of NPs. While comparing the effect of the different concentrations of the NPs (200 µg/ml) on IAA production by different bacterial strains, ZnO nanoparticles showed greater inhibitory effect than TiO2-NPs on IAA production by bacterial strains. The effect of Nanoparticles on phosphate solubilization was found inhibitory at 200 µg/ml. Treatment with ZnO showed concentration dependent enhancement in siderophore production by bacteriaby exposure to ZnO-NPs whereas TiO2-NPs showed concentration dependent progressive decline for iron binding siderophore molecules. Reduction in antibiotic production by P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens was noticed in the presence of ZnO and TiO2 as compared to the control. The fluorescence of NADH released by P. aeruginosa was observed to be quenched in presence of ZnO and TiO2-NPs as compared to control. The present study highlights that the impact of nanoparticles on bacterial strains and the release of plant growth promoting substances by PGPR strains was dose dependent, which gives an idea about the level of toxicity of these nanoparticles in the environment. Therefore, the discharge of nanoparticles in the environment should be carefully monitored so that the loss of both structure and functions of agronomically important microbes could be protected from the toxicity of MO-NPs.
Key-words- MO-NPs, IAA, Phosphate Solubilization, Siderophore, PCA, NADH, ZnO-NPs, TiO2-NPs
In attendance study focuses on the removal of ZnO nano particles by green chemical reduction method from
the bio components of leaves extract of Gigantic-Swallow-Wort. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), FT-IR Spectroscopy
characterizations was done for synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. X- ray diffraction studies showed that the particles
are hexagonal in scenery.
Magnetic particles in algae biotechnology iqraakbar8
Magnetic nano- and microparticles have been successfully used in many areas of algae biotechnology, especially for harvesting of algal biomass, separation of algal biologically active compounds, immobilization of algal cells, removal of important xenobiotics using magnetically modified algae.
Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising technologies applied in
all areas of science. Metal nanoparticles produced by nanotechnology have
received global attention due to their extensive applications in the biomedical
and physiochemical
fields. Recently, synthesizing metal nanoparticles using
microorganisms and plants has been extensively studied and has been recog-
nized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting microorganisms as
convenient nanofactories. Here, we explore and detail the potential uses of
various biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis and the application of
those nanoparticles. Furthermore, we highlight recent milestones achieved for
the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by controlling critical parameters,
including the choice of biological source, incubation period, pH, and
temperature.
The next years will prove the importance of greensynthesis methods for MNPs and MONPs production because they are not
only easy to execute, fast, and cheap but also less toxic and environmentally ecofriendly. Nanoparticle synthesis using microorganisms
and plants by green synthesis technology is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly. Plants and microorganisms
have established the power to devour and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their neighboring niche. The biological entities are
known to synthesize nanoparticles bothextra and intracellularly. The capability of a living system to utilize its intrinsic organic
chemistry processes in remodeling inorganic metal ions into nanoparticles has opened up an undiscovered area of biochemical analysis.
Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal oxidenanoparticles (MONPs) are used in numerous fields. The new nano-based entities are
being strongly generated and incorporated into everyday personal care products, cosmetics, medicines, drug delivery, and clothing
toimpact industrial and manufacturing sectors, which means that nanomaterials commercialization and nanoassisted device will
continuously grow. They can be prepared by many methods such as green synthesis and the conventional chemical synthesis methods.
The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and
physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost
effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. Greensynthesis includes infinite accession to produce MNPs and
MONPs with demanding properties. The structure–function relationships between nanomaterials and key information for life cycle
evaluation lead to the production of high execution nanoscale materials that are gentle and environmentally friendly. Majority of plants
have features as sustainable and renewable suppliers compared with microbes and enzymes, as they have the ability to pick up almost
75% of the light energy and transform it into chemical energy, contain chemicals like antioxidants and sugars, and play fundamental
roles in the manufacture of nanoparticles. Plants considered the main factory for the green synthesis of MNPs and MONPs, and until
now, different plant species have been used to study this, but the determined conditions should be taken into consideration to execute
this preparation.
A NOVEL PRECURSOR IN PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL OXIDE (NIO) A...antjjournal
Synthesis of Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) materials synthesis by aqueous chemical growth (ACG) Techniques. Oxide based material having a wide band gap, and suitable for optical devices,Optoelectronic devices, UV photodetector, and Light emitting diode LEDs. The analysis
and characterizationof Nickel Oxide (NiO) and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) nanoparticles by(1) X-ray diffraction (XRD), (2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (3) Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
Curcumin extract nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and antimicrobi...Innspub Net
In recent years, synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for different medicinal uses. In the present study, we aimed at the biosynthesis of zinc oxide using a curcumin extract. Although, toxic effects of curcumin derivative and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentration have been studied specifically on animal models besides the antibacterial activity of synthesized curcumin extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to synthesize extract combined zinc oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles and extract were characterized for the particle size distribution, morphology, optical properties and surface charge by using UVvisible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), (TEM) and (SEM). Elemental composition and structural properties were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles and curcumin were irregular shape and had a size distribution in the range of 50–100 nm. The in vitro toxicity effects of zinc oxide and extract showed no toxic effect with different concentration with antibacterial effect.
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A Study on the Antibacterial Activity Of Zno Nanoparticles Prepared By Combustion Method against E Coli Durga Prasad1, C. R.Girija1*, A. Jagannatha Reddy2, H. Nagabhushana3, B. M. Nagabhushana4, T. V. Venkatesha5 , S T Arun Kumar6 1* Department of Chemistry, SSMRV Degree College, Jayanagar 4th T Block, Bangalore, 2Department of Physics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 3Department of PG studies in Physics and Research, University Science College, Tumkur University, Tumkur 4 Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 5Department of P.G. Studies & Research in Chemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 6Serene Biosciences, Bangalore Abstract Crystalline Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by low temperature solution combustion method using Oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH) as fuel, at much lower temperature (300oC). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of wurtzite-structured pure ZnO No peaks from any else phases of ZnO and no impurity peaks were observed, indicating the high purity of the obtained hexagonal ZnO nanocrystals. The antibacterial activity of the formed nano ZnO were investigated against the pathogenic bacteria namely against E-coli. The bacteriological test is performed in Luria-Bertani and Nutrient agar media on solid agar plates and liquid broth system using different concentration of ZnO by standard microbial method. We have used both colony counting method and disk diffusion method. In both the methods ZnO nanoparticles with 100microg/L showed best antibacterial activity, and further studies on destruction of bacterial genomic DNA was done using PCR and gel electrophoresis revealed the DNA fragment bands, this activity might be due to surface charge interactions between the particles and cells. Free radical scavenging properties of the particles might have helped in cell wall disruption, and drastic antimicrobial action. Key words: Combustion, Nano-materials, Zinc oxide, X-ray techniques, E Coli
I. Introduction
Nanotechnology is of growing importance in many branches of research because of the opportunity for miniaturization and the interesting properties associated with a small particle size. It is well known that many fundamental properties of nanostructure materials (optical, electrical, mechanical, etc.) can be expressed as a function of their size, composition, and structural order. Meanwhile, nanostructures with different morphologies are nuclear parts of functional nanostructure devices [1, 2]. The preparation of nanoparticles is a complicated process and a wide variety of different variables may affect the properties of the final product. Some important variables have distinct effects on the properties of the final product, while others may have only minor effects or no effect at all. Certain variables can also have an interaction effect on the properties of the prepared nanoparticles. The effects of a large number of variables can be effectively studied with the aid of a statistical experimental design. Their uniqueness arises specifically from higher surface-to-volume ratios and an increased percentage of atoms at the grain boundaries. The ongoing worldwide nanotechnology revolution is predicted to impact several areas of biomedical research and other science and engineering applications. Nanoparticle- assisted drug delivery, cell imaging, and cancer therapy are important biomedical applications of nanotechnology. For semiconductor materials, doping with different elements can adjust their electrical, optical, and magnetic properties effectively [3–8]. Progress in utilizing inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical applications has advanced rapidly as a result of the extensive amount of work done in the synthesis and modification of the nanoparticles. The advantage of using the inorganic oxides for biomedical applications is that they contain mineral elements essential to humans and exhibit strong activity even when administered in small amounts. The synthesis of nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes has generated much interest in recent years with respect to the advanced nanoscience and nanotechnology in the next generation of electronic and optical Nano devices. Recently, the nanoscience development has been beyond the simple pursuit for single nanoparticle, and the hierarchical assembly of nanoscale of building blocks into complex architectures has attracted much interest due to their special collective properties and wide potential
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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applications in functional nano devices. Microbial contamination is a serious issue in health care and food industry, so that development of antimicrobial agents and surface coatings has been attracting increasing attention in recent years. Due to the spread of antibiotic resistant infections, interest in alternative antimicrobial agents, such as inorganic materials, has been rising [9]. Antimicrobial properties have been demonstrated for metallic nanoparticles [9, 10] and metal oxide powders and nanoparticles [11]. The inorganic materials can be used in different forms, such as powders [11, 12], coated on cellulose fibers [9], or as a part of organic/inorganic nano composite coating. Nanomaterials reveal good result than other techniques used in water treatment because of its high surface area (surface/volume ratio). It is suggested that these may be used in future at large scale water purification [13]. Silver is a safe and effective anti-bactericidal metal because it is non- toxic to animal cells and highly toxic to bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis [14]. Metal nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity when embedded and coated to surfaces can find immense applications in water treatment, synthetic textiles, biomedical and surgical devices, food processing and packaging [15-17]. Therefore, development of nanostructured coatings with antimicrobial properties is of considerable interest. In this work, we investigated antimicrobial properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by low temperature solution combustion method. It has been demonstrated that ZnO powders and nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli [12]. ZnO nanoparticles arrays fabricated by combustion method have an advantage of low growth temperature (300 °C). A range of (1 – 100 micro M) concentration of ZnO was used on an environmentally relevant gram- negative model microorganism, E.Coli to study the antibacterial activity with standard microbiological test.
II. Materials and methods:
2.1 Materials and instruments:
All chemicals were by Merck chemicals. ATCC strains of E. coli (ATCC 25922) and the antimicrobial susceptibility test discs were from Hi Media Pvt. Ltd. The PXRD patterns were obtained using a Philips PW/1050/70/76 X-ray diffract meter. The morphology of powders was examined using JEOL (JSM-840A) scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectra were recorded using Nicollet IMPACT 400 D FTIR spectrometer, as KBr pellet. The absorption spectra were recorded with a UV- visible spectrophotometer (Elico-159).DNA fragment studies using Genotype PCR and Genei electrophoresis instrument
2.2 Preparation of nano ZnO:
• Nanosized ZnO powders were prepared using the Solution combustion method. In Solution combustion method, the heating and evaporation of metal nitrate solution (oxidizer) with fuel results in self-firing, thus generating intense heat by exothermic reaction. This intense heat can be utilized to synthesize the powders. The stoichiometry of the redox mixture for combustion is calculated on the total oxidizing and reducing valencies of the oxidizer and the fuel using the concept of propellant chemistry
• Nano-crystalline ZnO has been prepared by using Zinc nitrate and Oxalyl Di hydrazide (ODH) as fuel, at much lower temperature (300oC).
Zn(NO3)2(aq) + C2H6N4O2 (aq) ZnO (s) + 2CO2 + 3H2O + 3N2 2.3 Antibacterial Assay ATCC strains of Escherichia Coli (ATCC 25922) bacteria grew in Luria–Bertani (LB) medium containing 4.0 g peptone, 2.0 g yeast extract, 5.0 g NaCl and 400 mL H2O of which pH value was adjusted to 7.2–7.5 with 1 mol L−1NaOH before autoclaving. We then added 6.8 g agar to 1 L of LB medium, producing LB agar. The bacteria were inoculated in the LB medium in a self-regulating thermostat for 6 h at 370C. One milliliter original bacterial inoculum was added into 9 mL 0.9% normal saline and they were diluted to 106cfumL−1 (colony forming unit, cfu), then inoculated into LB broth for 12 hour at 370C. Once the standard culture were prepared 2 methods were used to study the antibacterial activity Colony counting method: This method is simple and very efficient method in determining the effect of any agent used to test the antibacterial activity. The method involves firstly adding of a bacterial strain on the media. Bacteria were grown at 37 °C. The optical density of bacteria cell at 600 nm wavelength used for all testing was 0.3–0.4, in which cells are growing rapidly in the mid-log phase. Then different concentration of ZnO nano particles(100μg/L, 75μg/L, 50μg/L, 25μg/L) along with bacteria were used, One milliliter of bacteria cell in culture broth containing different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles was incubated at appropriate temperature on a shaking platform at 250 rpm. After 24 h, 10 μl cell suspensions were collected from each sample tube, spread onto culture agar plate and incubated overnight ( for 24h) and then the total number of colonies are counted by using a colony counter.
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Disc diffusion method was used to determine the inhibition zones, sterile molten Mueller Hilton agar (Himedia) cooled at 45 °C was used with disks containing ZnO nanoparticles. Then plates were incubated at 37 0C for 24 h with different concentration of ZnO nanoparticles, The zone of inhibition was measured using a zone reader. Effect on the DNA of bacteria To determine ZnO effect on the DNA damage of the treated E Coli bacterial isolates, The reaction mixture containing 0.5 mL LB broth medium. ZnO 100mg/l and bacteria in 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was pre-incubated for 24 h at 37°C [18]. The amount of DNA from normal bacteria cells and treated bacteria cells by ZnO was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis. 1 × 106 cells were lysed in 250 μL cell lysis buffer containing 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0, 10 mM ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, 0.1 M NaCl, and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The lysate was incubated with 0.5 mg/mL RNase A at 37°C for one hour, and then with 0.2 mg/mL proteinase K at 50°C overnight. Phenol extraction of this mixture was carried out, and DNA in the aqueous phase was precipitated by 25 μL (1/10 volume) of 7.5 M ammonium acetate and 250 μL (1/1 volume) isopropanol. DNA electrophoresis was performed in a 1% agarose gel containing 1μg/mL ethidium bromide at 70 V, and the DNA fragments were visualized by exposing the gel to ultraviolet light, followed by photography [19]
III. Results and discussion
3.1 Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles
The powder X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) patterns (Figure 1) of the combustion synthesized ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated that the ZnO is crystalline in nature, and the diffraction peaks matched very well with hexagonal wurtzite phase of Figure 1: The powder X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) patterns of the combustion synthesized ZnO nanoparticles ZnO (JCPDS No. 36-1451). The diffraction pattern and inter-planar spacing closely matched to those in the standard diffraction pattern of ZnO [20]. No characteristic peaks of any impurities were detected, suggesting that high-purity ZnO was obtained. In addition, the peak was widened, implying that the particles size is small according to the DS formula D = kλ/(βcosθ), where k is the Scherrer constant, λ the x-ray wavelength, β the peak width at half maximum, and θ the Bragg diffraction angle. The average crystallite size estimated by the DS equation was 30- 40nm.The UV-Vis spectrum of ZnO showed a sharp absorption band at 362 nm (Figure 2). The energy calculated according to the Planck's theory was 3·443 eV.21 (Figure 3) presents the FTIR spectra of the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by combustion method, which showed the composition and quality of the product. The band at 434 cm–1 was correlated to the stretching vibration of ZnO [20, 21].The band
Figure 2: The UV-Vis spectrum of combustion synthesized ZnO nanoparticles
Figure 3: The FTIR spectra of combustion synthesized ZnO nanoparticles
observed at the region of 3452 cm–1 corresponded to O-H stretching and bending modes of vibration. The other bands at 593 cm–1 and 786 cm–1 were probably
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due to the carbonate moieties that are generally observed when FTIR samples are measured in air [22].The SEM analyses also revealed the presence of agglomerates of the nanoparticles. SEM image of ZnO (Figure 4) depicts that, ZnO nano particles are connected to each other to make large network
Figure 4: SEM of combustion synthesized ZnO nanoparticles systems with irregular pore sizes and shapes. Pore formation in the combustion derived products is due to large number of escaping gases which results in high surface area of the nano particles. Fig. 4 shows the FTIR spectrum of the synthesized material which was acquired in the range of 300–4000 cm−1. The spectrum contains one strong absorption band at 418cm−1 which confirms the stretching vibration of ZnO (ν -ZnO) bands. The broad absorption bands at 3410cm−1 encompass the O-H stretching vibrations of adsorbed water on the ZnO surface. No other absorption peaks of any impurities were observed which confirms the purity of ZnO nanoparticles.
Antibacterial assay: Colony counting method: According to standard reduction of bacteria criterion, less than 0–20% reductions indicates no bactericidal effect; between 20–50% reduction indicates a low bactericidal effect; between 50–70% reduction indicates an expressive bactericide; greater than 70% reductions is considered a powerful bactericidal effect. According to this criterion,(Figure 5) 25μg/L ZnO has no bactericidal effect. But, the plates containing concentration of 50μg/L, 75μg/L shows 30% and 50% denote expressive bactericidal effect and plates with 100μg/L concentrations has a powerful bactericidal effect. Based on these results, ZnO nanoparticles have an expressive antibacterial effect for the gram negative E. coli strains. Figure 5: Antibacterial activity of different concentration of ZnO nano particles Disk diffusion method: The antibacterial effect of the prepared ZnO nanoparticle at different concentrations was studied on E Coli isolates,(Table 1 and Figure 6) showed the inhibition zone of different concentrations of metals nanoparticles. Results showed that, ZnO exhibited inhibition zone (mm) of about 0, 18, 20 and 24 mm in diameter for 100μg/L 75μg/L, 50μg/L, and 25μg/L of zinc nanoparticles concentrations, respectively. Table 1: Zone of inhibition (mm) of ZnO nanoparticle against E Coli.
Figure 6: Zone of inhibition of E Coli against ZnO nanoparticle
ZnO Nanoparticle μg/L
Zone of Inhibition (mm)
0
0
25
0
50
18
75
20
100
24
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ZnO nanoparticles affect on the DNA of bacterial isolates The amount of DNA from normal bacterial cells and ZnO treated bacterial cells was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Agar gel electrophoresis images as shown in (Figure 7) revealed that there are destructive effects of ZnO on pathogenic bacteria genome. The results showed that, there was single band for normal E Coli cell detected at a distance 1.5 cm of about molecular weight 2300 bp, while DNA of ZnO-treated E Coli cells was fragmented showing the evidence of action of nano ZnO particle effect in DNA damage there by increasing antibacterial activity.
Figure 7: The amount of DNA from normal E Coli cells (EC) and bacterial cells treated by nano ZnO on agarose gel
IV. Conclusion
The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle on E Coli sp. was investigated. The study with the colony counting and disk diffusion method showed best antibacterial activity at 100mg/l concentration and the morphological and DNA structures of the bacterial cells following treatment with potentially effective ZnO were detected. The experimental results indicated that 100 mg/l of ZnO was MIC at which bacterial cells were inhibited and the cellular components became disorganized and scattered from their original ordered. Also ZnO caused a destructive effect on DNA, resulting in a loss of replication and degradation of DNA, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth. Thus use of nano particles may help in better treatment of pathogenic bacteria and can be further used has a potential agent for treating against bacteria V. Acknowledgement
Authors thank the management RSST and Principal, SSMRV Degree College, Medall Health Care Pvt. Ltd., and Chemistry TEQIP Laboratory of M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore for providing facilities for preparation of materials and Kuvempu University for their support to carry out this research work. Reference [1] F. Caruso, Adv. Mater. “Nanoengineering of Particle Surfaces”,13 (2001) 11. [2] T. Gao, Q.H. Li, T.H. Wang, Chem. Mater. “Selectively enhanced band gap emission in ZnO/Ag2O nanocomposites”17 (2005) 887. [3] J.H. Li, Y.C. Liu, C.L. Shao, X.T. Zhang, D.Z. Shen, Y.M. Lu, J.Y. Zhang, X.W. Fan, J. “Effects of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of MgxZn1−xO nanocrystals“Colloid Interface Sci. 283 (2005) 513. [4] Y.W. Chen, Y.C. Liu, S.X. Lu, C.S. Xu, C.L. Shao, C. Wang, J.Y. Zhang, Y.M. Lu, D.Z. Shen, X.W. Fan, Effects of Laser Excitation Power and Temperature on the Emission Around3.31 eV from ZnONanocrystals and Nanorods, J. Chem. Phys. 123 (2005) 134701. [5] J.J. Liu, M.H. Yu, W.L. Zhou, “Room- temperature Ferromagnetism of Mn Doped ZnO Aligned Nanowire arrays with Temperature Growth”Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 (2005) 172505. [6] G.Z. Shen, J.H. Cho, J.K. Yoo, G.C. Yi, C.J. Lee, “Hydrothermally Grown ZnO Micro/Nanotube Arrays and Their Properties”J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 5491. [7] Y.Z. Yoo, Z.W. Jin, T. Chikyow, T. Fukumura, M. Kawasaki, H. Koinuma, “Zinc Oxide Bulk, Thin Films and Nanostructures: Processing Properties andApplications: Appl.Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 3798. [8] B.Y. Geng, G.Z. Wang, Z. Jiang, T. Xie, S.H. Sun, G.W. Meng, L.D. Zhang, Synthesis and photoluminescence of Dy- doped ZnO nanowires”Appl.Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 4791. [9]. Wang Y, Gao S, Ye WH, Yoon HS, Yang YY. Co-delivery of drugs andDNA from cationic core–shell nanoparticles self- assembled from abiodegradable copolymer. Nat Mater 2006; 5:791-6. [10] Seo WS, Lee JH, Sun X, Suzuki Y, Mann D, Liu Z,etal. FeCo/graphiticshellnanocrystals as advanced magnetic-resonance-imaging and nearinfraredagents. Nat Mater 2006;5:971-6.
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