This document describes a study that evaluated the effect of incorporating duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) into diets for male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Three experimental diets were tested: T0 (0% duckweed), T1 (5% dried duckweed powder), and T2 (70% T0 feed and 30% fresh duckweed). The results showed that fry fed diet T1 achieved the highest average weight, daily growth rate, and specific growth rate, though differences among treatments were not statistically significant. Diet T1 also resulted in the highest gross profit margin, demonstrating the potential of incorporating a modest amount of dried duckweed into tilap
Growth Response of Heterotis Niloticus (Cuvier 1829) Fingerlings to Artificia...AI Publications
The study amied at determining the growth response and survival rate of Heterotis niloticus on artificial diet and chicken manure reared in earthen pond system. The experiment was designed as 2 treatment x 12 weeks factorial replicated twice. The fingerlings of H. niloticus were collected from the wild, acclimatised and stocked in an earthen ponds of (200m2) at 50 fish/m2/pond and fed with compounded diet of 30% crude protein and chicken manure for twelve weeks. The body weights were determined bi-weekly using electronic weighing balance. Final mean weight of 32.89±9.10g fish fed with chicken manure and 22.19±2.8g were obtained. Fish fed with chicken manure had a better growth rate. The water quality variables were similar except Dissolved oxygen and Turbididty that shows a sharp difference in culture ponds. The results of the present experiment showed that Heterotis niloticus fingerlings have a different growth performance, under earthen pond system with fish fed with chicken manure having better performance. Therefore, the culture of H. niloticus with chicken manure is recommended for better growth.
Comparative Study of Zootechnical Performances and Survival Rates in Rainbow ...IJEAB
Considering its economic and halieutic interest, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, on 1792) is one of the species the most appreciated in the world, in particular for the sports fishing. To compare the effects of two food of different formulation, (the one premises(place) used by the center of salmon farming and the other one imported) on some biological parameters of the trout rainbow, an experimental study was realized between 1st Mars and June 15th, 2016 in the National Center of Hydrobiology and Fish farming of Azrou on 2000 fish fry stemming from the same prize of eggs and restarted randomly in 4 rectangular ponds fed with fresh water and fed four times by days during 107 days. The obtained results show good that the best performances of growth in length and in weight, the survival rate and feed efficiency are attributed to the imported food.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Growth Response of Heterotis Niloticus (Cuvier 1829) Fingerlings to Artificia...AI Publications
The study amied at determining the growth response and survival rate of Heterotis niloticus on artificial diet and chicken manure reared in earthen pond system. The experiment was designed as 2 treatment x 12 weeks factorial replicated twice. The fingerlings of H. niloticus were collected from the wild, acclimatised and stocked in an earthen ponds of (200m2) at 50 fish/m2/pond and fed with compounded diet of 30% crude protein and chicken manure for twelve weeks. The body weights were determined bi-weekly using electronic weighing balance. Final mean weight of 32.89±9.10g fish fed with chicken manure and 22.19±2.8g were obtained. Fish fed with chicken manure had a better growth rate. The water quality variables were similar except Dissolved oxygen and Turbididty that shows a sharp difference in culture ponds. The results of the present experiment showed that Heterotis niloticus fingerlings have a different growth performance, under earthen pond system with fish fed with chicken manure having better performance. Therefore, the culture of H. niloticus with chicken manure is recommended for better growth.
Comparative Study of Zootechnical Performances and Survival Rates in Rainbow ...IJEAB
Considering its economic and halieutic interest, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, on 1792) is one of the species the most appreciated in the world, in particular for the sports fishing. To compare the effects of two food of different formulation, (the one premises(place) used by the center of salmon farming and the other one imported) on some biological parameters of the trout rainbow, an experimental study was realized between 1st Mars and June 15th, 2016 in the National Center of Hydrobiology and Fish farming of Azrou on 2000 fish fry stemming from the same prize of eggs and restarted randomly in 4 rectangular ponds fed with fresh water and fed four times by days during 107 days. The obtained results show good that the best performances of growth in length and in weight, the survival rate and feed efficiency are attributed to the imported food.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Effect of Intensifying Stocking Densities and Proper Feed Management Techniqu...IJERA Editor
Clarias gariepinus was cultured in earthen ponds at three very high stocking densities- 27, 45, and 90 fingerlings/m2 in replicates and fed with both commercial (CF) and formulated feed (FF). After eight weeks, fish fed CF had the highest mean daily weight gain of 0.591±0.004g/day; 0.491±0.004g/day; 0.576±0.001g/day respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 with a corresponding MDWG of 0.576±0.001; 0.608±0.005 and 0.607±0.012g/day with FF. The weight and Condition Factor (g)(C.F.) for CF fed were 32.71g (0.93); 31.66g (0.68) and 32.0g (0.85) respectively for 27, 45 and 90 fingerlings/m2 , while FF correspondingly yielded 34.43g (0.80); 35.33g (0.47) and 35.33g (0.90). The survival rate was highest with CF at 27 fingerlings/m2 and lowest with FF at 90 fingerlings/m2 . Consequently, a stocking density of 45 fingerlings/m2 is recommended for earthen pond culture with either CF or FF. Feeding specificity, timeliness in feeding cum high quality feed enhanced fish growth and development.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Open Access Research Paper
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Assessment of pesticides residues in fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo ...IJEAB
In Benin, the main cash crop is the cotton of which the level of production is largely insufficient to satisfy the national and international market. The main food crops (corn, cassava, yam, bean, rice, etc.) permit to cover the food needed globally, but remain again extensively on this side of the potentialities offered by the ecological conditions of the country. In the process to increase the agricultural production, the herbicides, insecticides and the fertilizers are used now in higher quantity that in the past. The aim of this work was to assess the level of contamination of fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo River in Djidja (Benin) by the pesticides. Nine (09) samples of fish (Tilapia guineensis) have been collected in nine (09) points along the Couffo River. The analysis of these fish has been done by gas chromatography after extraction and purification. In fish, the detected concentrations in average ranged between 0.123 µg/kg and 0.191 µg/kg for the glyphosate, from 0.095 to 0.128 µg/kg for the profenofos, between 0.112 and 0.125 µg/kg for the acetamiprid and 0.127 and 0.139 µg/kg. To assess the risk to public health, pesticides intake by fish consumption was estimated and compared with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values reported by the Codex Alimentarius. This comparison showed that fish consumption does not pose a risk for public health.
Proximate analysis and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe ...IJEAB
In Nigeria, the major feed resource for ruminant production is the natural grazeland. However, most forage found on such lands cannot absolutely support ruminant production. Therefore, there is need to ascertain the nutritive values of predominant forages in Afe Babalola University before setting up a ruminant farm. Wet season forages: grasses, legumes, forbes and tresses were sampled and analysed for proximate composition and in-vitro gas production using standard techniques. It was found that crude protein ranged between 12.2 and 27.3% in Terminalia catappa and Leucaena leucocephala respectively. The ash content varied from 6.0-22.0% in Andropogon gayanus and Asclepias syriaca respectively. Crude fibre of the forages was between 12.5 and 28.0% in L. leucocephala and Centrosema pubescens respectively. Gas production was measured for 24hrs at 3hr intervals. At mid-fermentation, gas production ranged between 4.0 and 13.3ml/200mgDM (T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively). While at termination, it was from 9.0 - 22.67ml/200mgDM in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) existed among tested forages. Organic matter digestibility was from 37.7-58.54% in Tridax procumbens and A. syriaca respectively. Short chain fatty acid ranged from 0.27 - 0.6µmol in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. The methane gas ranged from 3.33-5.67mmol in Terminalia catappa and Calopogonium mucunoides respectively. In conclusion, most of the forages were found to be adequate for ruminant production in crude protein component. They were all noted to be very low in methane gas production which connotes energy loss in ruminant production. A good mixture of examined forages therefore, might serve as adequate feed resources for ruminant production in the area.
Valorization of agro-alimentary waste for a production of maggots like source...Innspub Net
An experimentation of production of maggots starting from agro-alimentary waste was led to the research station on the diversification of the pisciculture of the University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin). Seven substrates were used for the production: dejections of pigs (P), chicken viscera (V), and soybean oil cake (T) and their respective mixture dejections of pigs-chicken viscera (PV), dejections of pigs-soybean oil cake (PT), chicken viscera-soybean oil cake (VT) and chicken viscera-soybean oil cake-dejections of pigs (VTP). At the end of the experiment, the best productivities of maggots of 8.89 g.100g -1 and 7.20 g.100g -1 are respectively obtained with substrates VT and VTP. Low productivities of 2.62 and 3.20 g.100g -1 being obtained respectively with the dejections of pigs and the chicken viscera. It comes out from this study that the mixture of the soybean oil cake to the chicken viscera seems the best substrate having had a significant attractive effect on the flies and thus of productivity of maggots. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Analysis of microbiological and chemical risks in fresh and smoked fishes sol...AI Publications
The diseases due to fish contamination are an important public health concern worldwide particularly histamine fish poisoning. Histamine is produced during bacterial decarboxylation of the histidine present in fish muscles. The aim of this study is to analyze microbiological and chemical factors of degradation of fresh fish at Lomé fishery port and assess histamine content in smoked fish sold in local market. The method of European Regulation has been used to determine Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) and the content of histamine was performed by Agilent 1290 Infinity II HPLC. The standard NF V08-051: 1999 was used for the count of microbial colonies expressed in colony forming units (CFU/ml). The results show that 100% of fresh fishes were highly contaminated by total aerobic flora (225 0000 CFU/g), Thermotolerant coliforms (88750 CFU/g) and E. coli (103 920 CFU/g). The content of Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) of anchovies and sardinella was ranged from 23.34 ± 0.23 to 103.14 ± 0.27 mg/100g. Smoked fishes from three markets have shown higher histamine mean levels varying from 295.06 to 746.54 mg/kg. These results show that Togolese are exposed to high concentrations of histamine when consuming smoked fish. Determination of histamine is very important due to its toxicity for humans and as an indicator of the freshness of fish and fish products.
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Comparison of growth feed conversion and body composition of juvenile hybrid...ABDUL MALIK
The objective of this study was to compare growth, feed consumption and body composition of
hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) reared in
concrete tanks for 60 days. The juvenile of Nile tilapia, T1 (mean weight 2.08±0.2 g) and hybrid red
tilapia, T2 (mean weight 2.07±0.16 g) were stocked in concrete tanks (15 × 6 × 3 ft). They were fed
with four isoenergetic (20.3 kJ g
) diets containing 35% protein at a daily ration of 5% body weight
with two replications. The highest weight gain was found in T2 (44.2±0.1g), while the lowest one
was recorded in T1 (34.3±0.2 g). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were
-1
not significantly different among treatments (P<0.01).><0.01).><0.05).><0.05), though little variations were noted in the values of individual
fatty acids. Based on the biological and chemical data, it is suggested that hybrid red tilapia, T2 (O.
niloticus × O. mossambicus) has potential for aquaculture in Pakistan.
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) COMMERCIAL ...IAEME Publication
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
More Related Content
Similar to Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex male fry of Oreochromis niloticus | ijaar 2021
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Open Access Research Paper
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Assessment of pesticides residues in fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo ...IJEAB
In Benin, the main cash crop is the cotton of which the level of production is largely insufficient to satisfy the national and international market. The main food crops (corn, cassava, yam, bean, rice, etc.) permit to cover the food needed globally, but remain again extensively on this side of the potentialities offered by the ecological conditions of the country. In the process to increase the agricultural production, the herbicides, insecticides and the fertilizers are used now in higher quantity that in the past. The aim of this work was to assess the level of contamination of fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo River in Djidja (Benin) by the pesticides. Nine (09) samples of fish (Tilapia guineensis) have been collected in nine (09) points along the Couffo River. The analysis of these fish has been done by gas chromatography after extraction and purification. In fish, the detected concentrations in average ranged between 0.123 µg/kg and 0.191 µg/kg for the glyphosate, from 0.095 to 0.128 µg/kg for the profenofos, between 0.112 and 0.125 µg/kg for the acetamiprid and 0.127 and 0.139 µg/kg. To assess the risk to public health, pesticides intake by fish consumption was estimated and compared with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values reported by the Codex Alimentarius. This comparison showed that fish consumption does not pose a risk for public health.
Proximate analysis and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe ...IJEAB
In Nigeria, the major feed resource for ruminant production is the natural grazeland. However, most forage found on such lands cannot absolutely support ruminant production. Therefore, there is need to ascertain the nutritive values of predominant forages in Afe Babalola University before setting up a ruminant farm. Wet season forages: grasses, legumes, forbes and tresses were sampled and analysed for proximate composition and in-vitro gas production using standard techniques. It was found that crude protein ranged between 12.2 and 27.3% in Terminalia catappa and Leucaena leucocephala respectively. The ash content varied from 6.0-22.0% in Andropogon gayanus and Asclepias syriaca respectively. Crude fibre of the forages was between 12.5 and 28.0% in L. leucocephala and Centrosema pubescens respectively. Gas production was measured for 24hrs at 3hr intervals. At mid-fermentation, gas production ranged between 4.0 and 13.3ml/200mgDM (T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively). While at termination, it was from 9.0 - 22.67ml/200mgDM in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) existed among tested forages. Organic matter digestibility was from 37.7-58.54% in Tridax procumbens and A. syriaca respectively. Short chain fatty acid ranged from 0.27 - 0.6µmol in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. The methane gas ranged from 3.33-5.67mmol in Terminalia catappa and Calopogonium mucunoides respectively. In conclusion, most of the forages were found to be adequate for ruminant production in crude protein component. They were all noted to be very low in methane gas production which connotes energy loss in ruminant production. A good mixture of examined forages therefore, might serve as adequate feed resources for ruminant production in the area.
Valorization of agro-alimentary waste for a production of maggots like source...Innspub Net
An experimentation of production of maggots starting from agro-alimentary waste was led to the research station on the diversification of the pisciculture of the University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin). Seven substrates were used for the production: dejections of pigs (P), chicken viscera (V), and soybean oil cake (T) and their respective mixture dejections of pigs-chicken viscera (PV), dejections of pigs-soybean oil cake (PT), chicken viscera-soybean oil cake (VT) and chicken viscera-soybean oil cake-dejections of pigs (VTP). At the end of the experiment, the best productivities of maggots of 8.89 g.100g -1 and 7.20 g.100g -1 are respectively obtained with substrates VT and VTP. Low productivities of 2.62 and 3.20 g.100g -1 being obtained respectively with the dejections of pigs and the chicken viscera. It comes out from this study that the mixture of the soybean oil cake to the chicken viscera seems the best substrate having had a significant attractive effect on the flies and thus of productivity of maggots. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
Analysis of microbiological and chemical risks in fresh and smoked fishes sol...AI Publications
The diseases due to fish contamination are an important public health concern worldwide particularly histamine fish poisoning. Histamine is produced during bacterial decarboxylation of the histidine present in fish muscles. The aim of this study is to analyze microbiological and chemical factors of degradation of fresh fish at Lomé fishery port and assess histamine content in smoked fish sold in local market. The method of European Regulation has been used to determine Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) and the content of histamine was performed by Agilent 1290 Infinity II HPLC. The standard NF V08-051: 1999 was used for the count of microbial colonies expressed in colony forming units (CFU/ml). The results show that 100% of fresh fishes were highly contaminated by total aerobic flora (225 0000 CFU/g), Thermotolerant coliforms (88750 CFU/g) and E. coli (103 920 CFU/g). The content of Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) of anchovies and sardinella was ranged from 23.34 ± 0.23 to 103.14 ± 0.27 mg/100g. Smoked fishes from three markets have shown higher histamine mean levels varying from 295.06 to 746.54 mg/kg. These results show that Togolese are exposed to high concentrations of histamine when consuming smoked fish. Determination of histamine is very important due to its toxicity for humans and as an indicator of the freshness of fish and fish products.
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Comparison of growth feed conversion and body composition of juvenile hybrid...ABDUL MALIK
The objective of this study was to compare growth, feed consumption and body composition of
hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) reared in
concrete tanks for 60 days. The juvenile of Nile tilapia, T1 (mean weight 2.08±0.2 g) and hybrid red
tilapia, T2 (mean weight 2.07±0.16 g) were stocked in concrete tanks (15 × 6 × 3 ft). They were fed
with four isoenergetic (20.3 kJ g
) diets containing 35% protein at a daily ration of 5% body weight
with two replications. The highest weight gain was found in T2 (44.2±0.1g), while the lowest one
was recorded in T1 (34.3±0.2 g). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were
-1
not significantly different among treatments (P<0.01).><0.01).><0.05).><0.05), though little variations were noted in the values of individual
fatty acids. Based on the biological and chemical data, it is suggested that hybrid red tilapia, T2 (O.
niloticus × O. mossambicus) has potential for aquaculture in Pakistan.
ADDITION OF ORGANIC WASTE ON NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) COMMERCIAL ...IAEME Publication
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important commodity in the aquaculture
of freshwater fish in Indonesia, apart from its distinctive taste but also a good protein
content for fulfilling community nutrition. However, the high demand for nile tilapia is
not enough just to rely on fishermen, so it takes effort to increase the growth rate of it.
This study aimed to determine the effect of shrimp waste and coconut pulp addition to
enhance protein retention, energy retention and growth rate of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). This was an experimental study by means of completely
randomized design method. There were five treatments and four replications in each
treatment. The treatment used was the addition of shrimp waste and coconut pulp on
commercial feed. Two hundred nile tilapia were used in this study. The study was
conducted for 30 days by feeding three times a day. The research data were analyzed
using ANOVA and Duncan. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that the
addition of 30% shrimp waste and coconut pulp flour to nile tilapia commercial feed
(Oreochromis niloticus) significantly affected the energy retention value of 12,050%,
protein retention of 21 245% and growth rate of 1.471%. Adding organic waste to
commercial fish feed can boost the growth rate of nile tilapia.
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Spatial-temporal variation of biomass production by shrubs in the succulent k...Innspub Net
Forage production in arid and semi-arid rangelands is not uniform but varies with seasons and in various landscapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal variation in forage production in RNP. Plants sampling was carried out in 225 plots distributed in each of the five vegetation types. In each vegetation strata, sampling points was based on proximity to an occupied stock post, a rain gauge, a foothill and flat plains. A total of were measured in the 5 study sites. Line Intercept Method in combination with harvest method were used in ground measurement of biomass production. To assess biomass production using remote sensing technique, par values were obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imageries which consisted of 8 days composite images at spatial resolution of 1km² pixel size. There was positive correlation between line intercepts and biomass production Biomass production was higher in succulent Karoo biome than in desert biome. There was a strong relationship between biomass production with rainfall and with fpar values. Since leaf and stem succulents’ plants were found to contribute the highest amount of forage production in RNP, they should be given conservation priority.
Vegetative propagation technologies using stem and root cuttings of Paulownia...Innspub Net
Paulownia is a multipurpose tree with high-quality wood features including machining qualities, rot resistance, fast growth, a good tree form, high yield, light wood weight and good potential for plantation and agroforestry. In 2012, Paulownia was introduced into Ghana under the FC/Industry plantations project for field trials at Asenanyo and Pra-Anum Forest Reserves. Recent field assessment depicted their inability to produce viable seeds for propagation. Thus, vegetative propagation techniques were investigated to possibly produce high-quality planting materials for large scale Paulownia (P. elongata and P. fortunei) plantations. Root and stem plant materials were collected from Pra-Anum Forest Reserve. They were treated with 0.0% (control), 0.1%, and 0.3% Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) levels and planted in polyethylene bags filled with loamy soils and kept under shade. Root cuttings were planted horizontally in a 2×3 factorial design with 10 cuttings per treatment replicated 4 times. Stem (bi-nodal leafless hardwood) cuttings were vertically planted in 2×4 factorial design, 10 cuttings per treatment at 3 replications. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used. The root cuttings of both species survived irrespective of IBA levels. A significant variation (P≤0.05) was observed in the survival rate (over 75%), sprouting and rooting abilities. The stem cuttings were not successful, though, they developed shoots and leaves at the initial stages. In conclusion, vegetative propagation of Paulownia particularly, root cutting is possible for the multiplication of planting materials for plantation establishment. It is ill-advised to use lignified brown stem/ hardwood cuttings for the propagation of Paulownia.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex male fry of Oreochromis niloticus | ijaar 2021
1. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Djossou et al. Page 9
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the
feeding of mono sex male fry of Oreochromis niloticus:
Zootechnical performance and economic profitability
Sènan Maxime Boris Djossou1
, Diane N. S. Kpogue Gangbazo*1
, Arsène F. M. D'almeida3
,
André B. Aboh2
, Elie Montchowui1
, Emile D. Fiogbe4
1
School of Aquaculture, National University of Agriculture, Kétou, Benin
2
Ecole de Gestion et d'Exploitation des Systèmes d'Elevage, Kétou, Benin
3
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches Agricoles d'Agonkanmey,
Recette Principale Cotonou, Benin
4
Unité de Recherches sur les Zones Humides, Département de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences et
Techniques, Université d'Abomey, Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
5
Oenology Research Units, College of Health Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bordeaux University,
Institute of Grape and wine Sciences, Chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d'Ornon, France
Article published on September 30, 2021
Key words: Oreochromis niloticus, Spirodela polyrhiza, Feeding, Zootechnical parameters, Gross profit margin
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an
experiment was conducted on the farm "Awara" in the village of Agongo in Sèmè - Kpodji during 70 days.
The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets
made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2
(mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival
rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final
average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin
was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
* Corresponding Author: Diane N.S. Kpogue Gangbazo senami_diane@yahoo.fr
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 9-16, 2021
2. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Djossou et al. Page 10
Introduction
Aquaculture is now a booming sector in the world. In
addition to providing employment, it generates
profits and participates in the diversification of
animal protein diets. One of the critical issues facing
this activity is the availability and cost of a balanced
feed (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003) that can
adequately cover the nutritional needs of farmed
tilapia. The importation of granulated feeds and
fishmeal is the main cause of the high cost of
production. It is therefore essential to seek new
sources of cheap protein and local agro-industrial by-
products and aquatic plants in order to reduce the
cost of fish production (Fiogbe et al., 2009).
The main considerations in the choice of ingredients
to be incorporated in the formulation of fish diets are:
their nutritional value, digestibility, palatability,
availability and cost (Lovell, 1991; De Silva and
Anderson, 1994; Rodriguez et al., 1996).
Several studies have already been carried out on the
trial of adding value to agricultural by-products, fish
and poultry co-products and various aquatic and
terrestrial plants in fish diets (Bello and Nzeh, 2013;
Hêdji et al., 2014; Bashir and Suleiman, 2018; Dibala
et al., 2018 and Dorothy et al., 2018). Worldwide,
tilapia are the highest ranking fish. Indeed, they are
very hardy, reproduce easily in natural environments
and controlled systems, accept and value natural and
pelleted feeds, and grow rapidly (Abou, 2007).
The use of diets formulated from raw materials
available on the local market has shown evidence in
the feeding of tilapia (Abou, 2007; Bamba et al.,
2008). Global production of tilapia is about 3.5
million tons/year. Fish farms alone produce almost
half of this amount (FAO, 2010).
Various studies conducted on the Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) have shown that it is an
omnivore that consumes various macrophytes in its
natural habitat (Leng et al., 1995; El Sayed et al.,
1999). The duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) is one of
the aquatic macrophytes most consumed by the Nile
tilapia (Teferi, 1997; Setlikova and Adamek, 2004). S.
polyrhyza is very rich in protein (15-40%) and has a
good profile in Essential Amino Acids (Skillicorn et
al., 1993; Xiaolong et al., 2018). It also has a low fiber
content (Skillicorn et al., 1993).
It can develop rapidly in ponds, pits or swamps (Bou
et al., 2012; Heuzé and Tran, 2015). The
incorporation of S. polyrhyza meal in the diet of
certain fish species such as Piaractus brachypomus
has resulted in high zootechnical performance and
economic profitability (Cruz - Velasquez et al., 2014).
Very few studies have been carried out on the
valorization of duckweed (S. polyrhyza) in the
feeding of fry of O. niloticus. This study was then
initiated in order to develop a feed formula based on
local conventional raw materials and duckweed.
Materials and methods
Experimental device
The experiment took place on the Awara farm in the
commune of Sèmè Podji (Republic of Benin). A pond
of 200 m2 containing six happas was used for this
experiment. These happas are arranged in two series
of three on each side of the pond. Each happa is 3 m2
in area and 0.7 m deep. These snags are covered with
nets to protect the fish from predators.
Three diets (Table 1) that cover the nutritional
requirements (Lazard, 2007 cited by Iga - Iga, 2008)
of Oreochromis niloticus fry have been formulated
and manufactured with local ingredients.
The choice of ingredients is based on their nutritional
quality, quantity, availability, and price on the local
market (Guillaume, 1999). These diets were tested in
this experiment with one repetition per treatment.
The T0 treatment contains 0% S. polyrhiza, the T1
treatment contains 5% dry S. polyrhiza powder and
the T2 treatment is composed of mixed feed (70% T0
feed and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). Duckweed (S.
polyrhiza) was produced and harvested in the ponds
of the experimental site.
3. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Djossou et al. Page 11
Table 1. Centesimal composition of experimental
regimens.
Ingrédients
S. polyrhiza content of
experimental diets (%)
T0 (0) T1 (5)
Fish meal 33 28
Soybean cake 33 33
Cotton cakes 31 31
Cassava flour 1 1
S. polyrhiza dry 0 5
Red oil 1 1
Minero-Vitamin
Concentrate
1 1
Total 100 100
The nutritional value and cost price of each
experimental regimen is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Nutritional value and cost price of
experimental diets.
Nutritional value
and cost price
T0 T1 T2
Protein (%) 42.16 41.51 40.01
Fat (%) 5.99 5.64 5.69
Brute energy
(MJ/100g)
1.80 1.76 1.71
Protein/ Energy
(g/MJ)
23.42 23.58 23.40
Cost price of akg of
feed (FCFA)
356.40 341.10 249.48
In this experiment, single-sex male tilapia O. niloticus
fry of individual average weight 1±0.1g were used.
These fry were purchased from the JDA (Youth and
Agricultural Development) farm. The stocking density
was thirty-nine (39) fry per happa, i.e. 13 fry/m². The
ration is maintained at 30% of live weight and
distributed manually 2 (two) times a day (8 am and 5
pm). During the experiment, the physico-chemical
parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH) of the
water were measured twice a week. The temperature
was 27.71 ± 0.22°C. The dissolved oxygen level was
6.29 ± 0.43mg/L and the pH was 6.29 ± 0.37. Growth
control peaches were carried out every 14 days. During
these control fisheries, all fish were harvested by
happas. They are then counted and weighed.
Samples from each experimental regime were taken
and subjected to bromatological determinations.
Proteins were determined after acid digestion
(H2SO4) concentrated at 440 °C of a feed sample by
the N-Kjeldahl method. Dietary lipids were
determined by the method of Bligh and Dyer, 1959.
Zootechnical parameters and statistical analyses
The following parameters have been calculated for
each treatment:
- Survival Rate (SR in%) = 100 x Nf/Ni where Nf =
Final Number, Ni = Initial Number ;
- Average Daily Gain (ADG in g/d) = (Wf - Wi)/Δt,
where Wf = Final body weight, Wi = Initial body
weight and Δt = Duration of the experiment ;
- Specific Growth Rate (SGR in%/D) = 100 (LnWf -
LnWi)/Δt where LnWf = Naperian logarithm of
final body weight, LnWi = Naperian logarithm of
initial body weight, Δt = duration of experiment;
- Consumption Index (CI) = RD / (Bf- Bi) where Bf =
Final Biomass, Bi = Initial Biomass, RD =
Distributed Ration ;
- Production (P inkg/ha) = 10000 x (Bf - Bi)/Surface
area of each catch;
- Annual Production (AP inkg/ha/year) = Production
x 365 days /Trial duration in days ;
- Gross Cost of onekg of Fish (GCF in FCFA) = Cost
price of onekg of feed x CI;
- Annual Gross Production Cost (AGPC in FCFA) =
AP x GCF;
- Total Cost of Feed Distributed (TCFD in FCFA) =
GCF x Total Quantity of Feed Distributed;
- Total Selling Price of Fish (TSPF in FCFA) = AP x 1500;
- Gross Profit Margin (GPM in FCFA) = TSPF -
(TCFD + Purchase Price of Fish).
The statistical analysis was performed using the
Statistica software (version 5.5) by the analysis of
variance method with one classification criterion
(ANOVA 1). Hartley's test was used to test the
homogeneity of the variances (Dagnelie, 1975).
Saville's, 1990 Least Significant Difference (LSD) test
was used to assess the differences between treatments
for each calculated zoo technical parameter. A
probability threshold of 5% was used. The means
obtained for each parameter were presented ± the
standard deviation.
Results
Survival rates and growth parameters
The survival rate was 100% for the three treatments
T0, T1, T2 during this experiment. The experimental
diets did not then have a significant impact on the
4. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Djossou et al. Page 12
survival rate of the fry used in this study (P>0.05).
Mean final fry weights of O. niloticus fry ranged from
10.32 ± 2.60g to 11.67 ± 2.52g depending on the
treatments (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Variation in mean fry weights as a function of
treatment.
Fry fed with the local feed containing 5% dry S.
polyrhiza had the highest weight growth (11.67 ±
2.52g). On the other hand, fry fed with the mixed feed
obtained the lowest average final weight (10.32 ±
2.60g). However, no significant difference was shown
between the different final mean weights obtained at
the end of this experiment (P˃0,05). The analysis in
Table 3 shows that O. niloticus fry fed the diet
containing 5% dry S. polyrhiza had the best Average
Daily Gains (ADG) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR).
The values obtained for these two growth parameters
were 0.27 ± 0.07 g/d and 5.63 ± 0.57%/d,
respectively. The analysis of variance shows that there
are no significant differences in fry ADG and SGR for
different treatments (P˃0,05).
Table 3. Zootechnical parameters of O. niloticus fry
as a function of treatment.
Trématent ADG (g/j) SGR (%/j) CI
T0 0.24±0.06 a 5.44±0.53 a 1.27±0.31 a
T1 0.27±0.07 a 5.63±0.57 a 1.17±0.30 a
T2 0.23±0.07 a 5.30±0.64 a 1.37±0.41 a
Results were presented ± standard deviation. Values
in the same column and sharing the same letter are
not significantly different (P > 0.05).
Food utilization parameters
The food utilization parameters during this
experiment are presented in Table 3. The
Consumption Index (CI) varied between 1.17 ± 0.31
(T1) and 1.37 ± 0.41 (T2). There is no significant
difference at the 5% threshold between the CI (P˃0,05)
obtained for the different treatments applied.
Economic profitability
Table 4 shows the results of an economic study of the
production of O. niloticus with the different diets
used in this study. The Gross Production Cost of
onekg of fish varied from 341.78 FCFA (Q2) to 452.62
FCFA (T0). The highest annual production
(Kg/ha/year) was obtained in Q1. With a selling price
perkg of tilapia (live weight) of 1.500 FCFA on the
local market, the sale of the total production
harvested with the T1 treatment allows the producer
to collect 20.857.410 FCFA. This revenue will enable
him to generate a gross profit margin of
10.464.865.28 FCFA. The lowest gross profit margin
comes from the batch of fish fed with the T0
treatment (7.991.440.75 FCFA).
Table 4. Economic Profitability Study.
Headings T0 T1 T2
Gross
production
cost of
onekg of fish
(FCFA)
452.62 399.08 341.78
Purchase
price of fish
(FCFA/year)
3.900.000 3.900.000 3.900.000
Production
(kg/ha)
2.465 2.666.7 2.406.7
Annual
production
(kg/ha/year)
12.853.21 13.904.94 12.549.05
Annual
Gross
Production
Cost (FCFA)
5.817.619.91 5.549.183.45 4.289.014.31
Total
amount of
feed
distributed
(kg/year)
16.323.57 16.268.78 17.192.20
Total cost of
feed
distributed
(FCFA/year)
7.388.374.25 6.492.544.72 5.875.950.12
Total selling
price of fish
(FCFA/year)
19.279.815 20.857.410 18.823.575
Gross profit
margin
(FCFA/year)
7.991.440.75 10.464.865.28 9.047.624.88
Discussion
Survival rate
The experimental regimens did not significantly
influence the survival rates (100%) obtained during
5. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Djossou et al. Page 13
this experiment. These results are similar to the
100% obtained by Dibala et al., 2018. However, they
are better than those obtained by Fiogbe et al., 2009
which were 86.67 and 97.78% in fry of the same
species reared in ponds. These rates are much
higher than those of 22.5 to 49.4% and 67.1 to 70.5%
respectively obtained by Schouveller, 1996 and
Abou, 2007 by feeding tilapia O. niloticus with
Azolla in the pond.
Growth parameters
Growth performance varied according to the
treatments. The best Mean Final Weights (MWf),
Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Specific Growth Rate
(SGR) were obtained with the T1 diet containing 5%
S. polyrhiza flour.
The highest Average Daily Gain was obtained with the
diet containing 5% dry S. polyrhiza (0.27 ± 0.07 g/d).
This value is higher than those obtained by Fiogbe et
al., 2009 and Abou, 2007, who respectively valued
dried and fresh Azolla in the diet of pond reared O.
niloticus fry. These authors found ADGs of 0.10 g/d
and 0.07 g/d, respectively. Our results are also
superior to those observed by Elègbe et al., 2015, who
had ADGs ranging from 0.18 ± 0.04g/d to 0.23 ±
0.01g/d. The specific growth rate in this study is
higher (5.63 ± 0.57%/d) in the 5% dry S. polyrhiza
feed than in the other two experimental diets.
However, the SGRs obtained with all our treatments
are higher than the 1.88±0.03%/d and 0.38%/d
observed respectively by Elègbe et al., 2015 and
Fiogbe et al., 2009. Fasakin et al., 1999 by
substituting 5 or 10% of the fishmeal with that of the
leaves of S. polyrhyza obtained a SGR equal to 2.4 in
the fry of O. niloticus. Richter et al., 2003, by
incorporating 12% of the Moringa Oleifera leaf meal
in the feed of O. niloticus fry obtained a SGR of 2.4 ±
0.28%. Setlikova and Adamek, 2004, obtained a SGR
of 3.18 ± 1.49 by feeding the fry of O. niloticus
exclusively to plants.
Food utilization parameters
The best consumption index (1.17 ± 0.30) is obtained
with feed containing 5% S. polyrhiza flour. This result
is close to that of Richter et al., 2003 who had an CI
of 1.0 ± 1.3 by incorporating 20% M. oleifera leaf
meal in the feed of O. niloticus fry. Our CI is lower than
the 4.3 obtained by Fasakin et al.,1999 by
incorporating more than 20% S. polyrhiza meal in the
feed of O. niloticus fry. Fiogbe et al., 2009 recorded
consumption indices between 1.7 and 3.0. Abdelhamid
et al., 2012 and Ahmed et al., 2013 also had
consumption indices ranging from 2.81 to 4.09 and
1.40 to 1.51, respectively, in valuing unconventional
food resources in the feeding of Nile Tilapia fry.
In general, the results of zootechnical parameters
(MWf, ADG, SGR and CI) obtained in this study are
more interesting than those obtained by several
authors who valorized local raw materials in the
feeding of Nile Tilapia fry. We can then deduce that
our experimental diets are well digested and used by
the fish to which they were distributed. The best
growth and feed utilization performances were
obtained with the diet containing 5% S.polyrhiza dry
leaf meal. This result is consistent with those
observed by Fasakin et al., (1999; 2001) who
recommend levels of 5-10% in diets for O. niloticus
fry. Incorporation of duckweed at high levels in fish
diets results in lower feed consumption, lower growth
and feed utilization parameters (Gaigher et al., 1984;
Fasakin et al., 2001; Anthonius et al., 2018; Dorothy
et al., 2018). Indeed, S. polyrhiza sometimes contains
high amounts of calcium oxalate which may limit the
consumption of the diets in which it is incorporated
(Gizen and Khonder, 1997; Fasakin et al., 1999; Mwale
and Gwaze, 2013). Macrophytes often contain anti-
nutritional factors such as tannins, phenol, phytates and
saponins that give an unpleasant taste to diets
containing them (Fasakin et al., 1999; Mwale and
Gwaze, 2013). Also, the presence of phytates in food can
reduce the bioavailability of minerals, reduce protein
digestibility through the formation of phytic acid-protein
complexes and damage the cecum pyloricum and
decrease nutrient absorption (Francis et al., 2001).
Economic profitability
The cost prices of our experimental diets varied between
356.40 and 249.48 FCFA per kilogram. These prices per
kilogram of food are close to the values obtained by Iga-
Iga, 2008 for food made from local by-products (410
6. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Djossou et al. Page 14
FCFA/Kg and 192.5 FCFA/Kg). The highest gross profit
margins were obtained with T1 and T2 diets containing
duckweed (S. polyrhiza). This result confirms the work
of Fasakin et al., 2001; Chowdlwry et al., 2008,
Tabukdar et al., 2012; Cruz - Velasquez et al., 2014
which showed that the incorporation of macrophytes in
the diet of tilapia (O. niloticus) leads to sustainable
production and a significant increase in the economic
profitability of the farm.
Conclusion
The results obtained at the end of this experiment
show that the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) can be
valued in the feed without hindering the zoo technical
performance of male mono sex fry of Oreochromis
niloticus. The best zoo technical performance was
obtained with T1 (5% S. polyrhyza meal). However,
economic profitability is higher with diets containing
duckweed (meal or fresh). We can then recommend
T1 and T2 diets to fish farmers.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Mr. Jacob D. DJISSOU,
promoter of the AWARA farm, and his collaborators
for having put at our disposal the fish farming
infrastructures used to carry out this experiment.
Références
Abdelhamid MA, Nagwa AM, Mehrim AI,
Soliman AAA. 2012. Impact of non- conventional
feedstuffs on growth performances and nutrients
utilization of Nile tilapia fish. Egyptian Journal of
Nutrition and Feeds 15(1), 349-357.
Abou Y, Fiogbe ED, Micha J-C. 2007. A
preliminary assessment of growth and production of
Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L, Fed Azolla
based diets in Earthen ponds. Journal of Applied
Aquaculture 19(4), 55-69.
Ahmed GU, Sultana N, Shamsuddin M, Hossain
MB. 2013. Growth and production performance of
monosex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with
homemade feed in earthen mini ponds. Pakistan Journal
of Biological Sciences 16(23), 1781-1785.
Anthonius C, Yong ASK, Fui FC. 2018.
Supplementation of duckweed diet and citric acid on
growth performance, feed utilization, digestibility and
phosphorus utilization of TGGG hybrid grouper
(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus
lanceolatus) juvenile. Songklanakarin Journal of
Sciences and Technology 40(5), 1009-1016.
Bamba Y, Ouattara A, Da Costa KS, Gourène
G. 2008. Production de Oreochromis niloticus avec
des aliments à base de sous - produits agricoles.
Sciences et Nature 5(1), 89-99.
Bashir AY, Suleiman B. 2018. Growth and Feed
Utilization Value of Fermented Tamarindus indica L.
Seed in the Diet of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus,
1758). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 18, 905-911.
Bello NO, Nzeh GC. 2013. Effects of varying levels of
Moringa oleifera leaf meal diet on growth performance,
hematological indices and biochemical enzymes of
African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Elixir
Aquaculture 57A (2013) 14459-14466.
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. 1959. A rapid method for lipid
extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of
Biochemistry and Physiology 37, 911-917.
Bou M, Pipet N, Dutartre A. 2012. Synthèse des
études menées de 2006 à 2011 sur les lemnacées dans
le Marais poitevin, IUT La Roche sur Yon, IIBSN,
Irstea, Institution Interdépartementale du Bassin de
la Sèvre Niortaise Hôtel du Département (IIBSN)
Maison du Département 91 pp.
ChowdhurymmP, Shahjahan M, Rahman MS,
Sadiq-ul IM. 2008. Duckweed (Lemna minor) as
supplementary feed in monoculture of nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences 3, 54-59.
Cruz-Velásquez Y, Kijora C, Agudelo-Martínez
V, Schulz C. 2014. Inclusion of fermented aquatic
plants as feed resource for Cachama blanca, Piaractus
brachypomus, fed low-fish meal diets. Orinoquia
Supplemento 18(2), 29-236.
7. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Djossou et al. Page 15
Dagnelie P. 1975. Théorie et Méthodes Statistiques
(Vol. II). Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux:
Belgique 463 pp.
Dibala CI, Yougbarémc, Konaté K, Coulibaly
ND, Dicko MH. 2018. Production du tilapia du Nil
(Oreochromis niloticus Linneaus, 1758) avec des
aliments à base de protéines végétales. Journal of
Applied Biosciences 128, 12943-12952.
Dorothy MS, Raman S, Nautiyal V, Singh K,
Yogananda T, Kamel M. 2018. Use of potential
plant leaves as ingredient in fish feed- A review.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and
Applied Sciences 7(7), 112-125.
Elegbe HA, Imorou TI, Agbohessi P, Ble C,
Banag A, Chikou A, Tomedi M, Laleye P. 2015.
Co-culture Clarias gariepinus-Oreochromis niloticus
: Quels avantages pour l’amélioration des
performances zootechniques et économiques des
poissons élevés dans les «whedos» du delta de
l’Ouémé au Bénin ? International Journal of
Biological and Chemical Sciences 9(4), 1937-1949.
El-Sayed AM. 1999. Alternative dietary protein
sources for farmed tilapia, Oreochromis spp.
Aquaculture 179, 149-168.
Fasakin EA, Balogun AM, Fagbenro OA. 2001.
Evaluation of sun-dried water fern, Azolla Africana
and duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza in pratical diets
for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings.
Journal of Applied Aquaculture 11(4), 83-92.
Fasakin EA, Balogun AM, Fasuru BE. 1999. Use of
duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza L. Schleiden, as a
protein feedstuff in pratical diets for tilapia Oreochromis
niloticus L. Aquaculture Research 30(5), 313-318.
Fiogbe ED, Akitikpa B, Accodji J-MM. 2009.
Essais de mise au point de formules alimentaires à
base d’azolla (Azolla microphylla kaulf) et de sous-
produits locaux pour la pisciculture rurale du tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus L. International Journal of
Biological and Chemical Sciences 3(2), 398-405.
Fitzsimmons K. 2000. Tilapia: The most important
aquaculture species of the 21st century. In Fifth
International Symposium on Tilapia Aquaculture. Rio
de Janeiro 3-8.
Francis G, Makkar HPS, Becker K. 2001.
Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived
alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish.
Aquaculture 199, 197-227.
Gaigher IG, Porath D, Granoth G. 1984. Evaluation
of duckweed (Lemna gibba) as feed for tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus X Oreochromis aureus) in a
recirculating unit. Aquaculture 41, 235-244.
Gijzen HJ, Kondker M. 1997. An overview of the
ecology, physiology, cultivation and application of
duckweed inception report. Annex-1, literature
review. Duckweed research project (DWRP). Dhaka,
Bangladesh 53 pp.
Guillaume J. 1999. Formulation des aliments en
aquaculture. In : Guillaume, J, Kaushik, S, Bergot, P. et
Metailler, R, Eds. Nutrition et alimentation des poissons
et des crustacés. Paris, France : INRA 379-395 pp.
Hêdji CC, Kpoguè GDNS, Houinato MR,
Fiogbe ED. 2014. Valorisation de Azolla spp,
Moringa oleifera, son de riz et de coproduits de
volaille et de poisson en alimentation animale.
Journal of Applied Biosciences 81, 7277-7289.
Heuz V, Tran G. 2015. Duckweed. Feedipedia, a
programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
https://www.feedipedia.org/node/15306.
Iga-Iga R. 2008. Contribution à la mise au point
d’aliments pour tilapia Oreochromis niloticus à base
d’intrants locaux : cas du Gabon Institut de
Recherches Agronomiques et Forestières (IRAF).
Mémoire de fin d’étude l’obtention du Master
Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires
Spécialité Sciences Halieutiques et Aquacoles Agro-
Campus Ouest 43pp.
8. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Djossou et al. Page 16
Leng RA, Stambolie JH, Bell R. 1995.
Duckweed—A potential high-protein feed resource for
domestic animals and fish. Livestock Resources for
Rural Development. 7(1), 12 pp.
Lovell RT. 1991. Nutrition of aquaculture species.
Journal of Animal Science 69(10), 4193-4200.
Mwale M, Gwaze FR. 2013. Characteristics of
duckweed and its potential as feed source for chickens
reared for meat production. Scientific Research and
Essays 8(18), 689-697.
Richter N, Siddhuraju P, Becker K. 2003.
Evaluation of nutritional quality of moringa (Moringa
oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source
for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.).
Aquaculture 217, 599-611.
Rodrigeuz SM, Olvera NMA, Carmona OC.
1996. Nutritional value of animal by product meal in
pratical diets for Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
(L) fry. Aquaculture Research 27, 67-73.
Saville DJ. 1990. Multiple comparison procedures: the
practical solution. American Statistic 44(2), 174-180.
Schouveller Y. 1996. Etude comparative de la
croissance en rizières de deux variétés d’Oreochromis
niloticus L (ISRAEL et GIFT) nourris avec ou sans
Azolla. Mémoire pour le diplôme d’ingénieur
Agronome (Section Tropicale). Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain – La- Neuve, Belgique 56 pp.
Setlikova I, Adamek Z. 2004. Feeding selectivity
and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)
fed on temperate-zone aquatic macrophytes. Czech
Journal of Animal Sciences 49(6), 271-278.
Siddhuraju P, Becker K. 2003. Comparative
nutritional evolution of differentially processed
mucuna seeds (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Var.utilis
(Wall ex Wight) (Baker ex Burck) on growth
performance, feed utilization and body composition
in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.).
Aquaculture Research 34, 487-500.
Skillicorn P, Spira W, Journey W. 1993.
Duckweed aquaculture: a new aquatic farming system
for developing countries. Washington, D.C. The
World Bank 76 pp.
Talukdar MZH, Shahjahan M, Rahman MS.
2012. Suitability of duckweed (Lemna minor) as feed
for fish in polyculture system. International Journal
of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology
2(1), 42-46.
Xiaolong Z, Hongyan C, Dawei W, Wei G, Xiao S,
Jian C, Qinan W. 2018. Determination of Free Amino
Acids in Three Species of Duckweed (Lemnaceae).
Journal of Food Quality. Article ID 7673652, pp15.