This document summarizes a seminar on using neem products for managing insect pests of vegetables. It discusses neem's benefits as a natural, non-toxic pesticide effective against over 400 insect species. Neem products derived from seeds and leaves, such as azadirachtin, have low toxicity and are safe for natural enemies and soil health. The seminar objectives were to understand neem products' benefits in pest management, compare products and management practices, and review commercial neem products. Tables show neem products effectively control many common vegetable pests like fruit borers and beetles. The conclusion is that neem products can be a cheaper substitute for synthetic pesticides, and neem-based industries should be

1. MASTER SEMINAR
ON
USE OF NEEM PRODUCTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF
VEGETABLES

2.  Vegetables are important food and highly beneficial for health and
important sources of many nutrients and vitamins.
 In 2016-2017, vegetables grown on 102.9 million hectare, with
production of 175.08 million tonnes. ( Horticultural Statistics at a
Glance 2017 ).
 Azadirachtin, is a botanical pesticide with several mode of action. It is
effective against More than 400 insect species belonging to the
defferent orders of pest.
 Products derived from the seeds of the Neem tree, including
azadiractin and neem oil, are more selective and have low mammals
toxicity.
INTRODUCTION
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3. Yield loss in some vegetables caused by major insect-pests
Crop Pest common name Pest Scientific name %
damage
Reference
Cabbage Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) 52 Raja et al. (1999)
Onion Onion thrips Thrips tabaci ˃ 50 More (1977)
Brinjal Brinjal fruit and
shoot borer
Leucinodes orbonalis 20.7-60 Gangwar and
Sachan
(1981)
Okra Shoot and fruit borer Earias vittella 63.53 Chaudhary and
Dadheech
(1989)
Tomato Tomato fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera 30-57.79 Dhandapani et
al. (2003)
Bitter
gourd
Fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae > 60 Srivastava
and Butani
(1998)

4. About Neem
English name: Margosa tree
Scientific name: Azadirachta indica & Family: Meliaceae
•The tree is an attractive broad-leaved and eveergreen.
•The neem tree provides many useful compounds used as pesticides.
The most significant compounds are azadirachtin, salanin,
meliantriol, nimbin etc.
•. Neem leaf extract shows significant Anti-inflammatory effect
• Azadirachtin is systemically taken up by plants parts. It has both
systemic and contact action.
• Azadirachtin compound belongs to the Limonoids group.

5. • To know the benefits of neem products with its use in pest
management of vegetables.
• To review the comparison between different neem products and
also with different management practices/tools.
• To understand the performance ofstandard commercial neem
products.
OBJECTIVES
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6. Benefits of neem products:
6
 Neem Pesticide is a natural product, absolutely non
toxic, 100% biodegradable and environment friendly.
 It is suited for mixing with other synthetic pesticide and in
fact enhances their action.
 Neem oproduct kills or repels many harmful insect and mites.
 Safe for natural enemies.
 Safe for soil health.

7. Fig. 3: Neem Kernel
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Fig. 2: Neem Leaf
Fig. 4: Neem Fruit Fig. 5: Neem Seed

8. Fig. 6: Processing of neem seed and kernel
 Fig. 7: Neem oil and neem oil cake
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9. Neem seed kernel extract
For 5% - 50 grams of neem kernel are required for use in 1 litre of
water. The seeds that are used for the preparation of neem kernel
extract should be between 3 and 8 months old. The pounded neem
kernel powder is gathered in a muslin pouch and soaked overnight in
water. The pouch is squeezed and the extract is filtered. To the filtrate,
an emulsifier like khadi soap solution (a soap with no detergent) is
added. One millilitre of emulsifier is added to I litre of water. The
emulsifier helps the extract to stick well to the leaf surface.
Remarks: The kernel extract should be milky white in colour and not
brownish. The kernel extract does not control sucking insects like
aphids,white flies and stem borers. In these cases, one could use the
neem oil spray solution.

10. Neem leaf extract
For 5 litres of water, 1 kg of green neem leaf is required. Since the
quantity of leaves required for the preparation of this extract is
quite high (nearly 80 kg are required for 1 hectare), this can be
used for nursery and kitchen gardens. The leaves are soaked
overnight in water. The next day, they are ground and the extract is
filtered. The extract is suited for use against leafeating
caterpillars, grubs, locusts and grasshoppers. To the extract,
emulsifieris also added.
Remarks: The advantage of using neem leaf extract is that it is
available throughout the year. There is no need to boil the extract
since boiling reduces the azadirachtin content. Hence the cold
extract is more effective. Some farmers prefer to soak the leaves
for about one week, but this creates a foul smell.

11. Verious neem extracts to act on various insects in
the following ways :
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• It is structurally similar to insect hormones called "ecdysones,"
which control the process of metamorphosis as the insects passes
from larva to pupa to adult.
• Azadirachtin seems to be an "ecdysone blocker.“
• Deterring feeding.
• Deterring females from laying eggs.
• Inhibiting the formation of chitin.
• Inhibiting the development of eggs,larvae, or pupae
•Antiviral
•Antibacterial
•Antinematicidal and Antifungal.

12. Table 1.Neem based botanical insecticides:
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Trade Name Formulation
Azadit 0.3% Azadirachtin
Biopest 0.15% Azadirachtin
Econeem 0.3% Azadirachtin
Field marshal 0.3% EC Azadirachtin
Fortuna aza 0.15% Azadirachtin
Juerken 0.03% Azadirachtin
Limonool 75%EC(0.03%) Azadirachtin
Margocideck 20% EC(Azadirachtin 0.15%)
Neemark 0.03% Azadirachtin
Trade name Formulation
Neemazal-f 5% Azadirachtin
Neemgold 0.15% Azadirachtin
Neemolin 0.15% Azadirachtin
Neempourn 0.15% Azadirachtin
Neemosan 0.03% Azadirachtin
Neemox 80% EC Azadirachtin
Neethrin Oil 0.03% Azadirachtin
Nimba 0.15 Azadirachtin W.P
Nimbecidine 0.03% Azadirachtin
Source:

13. Common Name Scientific Name
Cabbage cut
worm
Spodoptera litura
Diamond back
moth of cabbage
Plutella xylostella
Red Pumpkin
beetle
Aulacophora foveicollis
Tomato
Leafminer
Aproaerema modicella
Cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae
Okra Jassid Amrasca devastans
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Common Name Scientific Name
Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Brinjal shoot and
fruit borer
Leucinodes orbonalis
Epilachna beetle Epilachna dodecastigma
Pod borer caterpillar Heloithis armigera
Tomato fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera
Bark eating
caterpillar
Indarbela quadrinotata
Table 2. The target major vegetable insects :

14. Some common vegetables insect pests:
Fruit & shoot borer of brinjal
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Diamond back moth of cabbage
Red Pumpkin beetle Tomato Leafminer

15. Potato aphid
Cabbage butterfly
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Okra Jassid
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer

16. Tomato fruit borer
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Chilli thrips
Pod borer caterpillarEpilachna beetle

17. Source: Kumer et al., 1997
Fig.8. Deterrent and toxic effect of neem exudates on Spodoptera
litura
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Concentration
percentage
antifeedency
ovi-repelency
mortality
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18. Table , The effect of different treatments against the shoot and fruit borer
of Brinjal plants on yield of Brinjal
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Treatments Pakages
Total yield
(ton/ha)
Percent of yield
increase over
control
T1
Mechanical control twice a week 7.56 12.33
T2
Furadan 5G
after planting
@1.5kg/ha 14 days
10.98 63.15
T3
Basudin 10G
after planting
@1.5kg/ha 14 days
9.837 46.06
T
Nimbicibine 0.03% EC @ 4ml/l of
4 water twice in a week 17.26 156.46
Mechanical control + Basudin 10G
@1.5kg/ha + Nimbicibine 0.03%
T5 EC @ 4ml/l of water at 7 days
interval
14.49 115.30
T6
Untreated control 6.733 -
Source: Islam, 2007

19. Table . Effect of different treatments on the population of red pumpkin beetle in
sweet gourd
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Treatments
Number of red pumpkin
beetle per leaf
% Infested leaf by the
insect
Seed treatment with
Gouchu
0.52 51.54
Soil application of Furadan
5G
0.47 51.21
Mechanical control by
sweeping net
0.46 51.94
Spraying neem seed kernel
10 ml/L water
0.52 49.70
Spraying neem oil @ 10
ml/L water + mechanical
control
0.51 49.00
control 0.67 56.49
Source: Mannan, 2006

20. Treatments
No. of
aphids/plant
before spraying
No. of
aphids/plant
after 24 h. of
first spraying
No. of
aphids/plant
after 20 days of
first spraying
No. of
aphids/plant
after 24 h. of
second spraying
Dimecron
100WSC at 1ml/l
of water(as check) 140.18 8.32 100.52 5.30
Asataf 75 SP 1.5
g/l of water 144.13 6.36 100.52 7.83
Nimbecidine at 4
ml/l of water 134.27 6.50 113.07 6.18
Nimbecidine at 6
ml/l of water 125.08 7.04 93.06 6.35
Nimbecidine at 8
ml/l of water 142.92 9.41 110.41 7.52
Untreated control
136.14 200.05 137.21 412.04
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Table . Comparative effect of chemical and botanical (neem based)
insecticides against the potato aphids
Source: Das, 2003

21.  Use of neem product is a cheaper method of pest control.
 An overview brings out clearly the significant role of the
botanical &bio-pesticides, which can play in future, particularly
under the umbrella of Integrated Pest Management.
 The use of simple, crude botanicals such as neem oil, neem
seed kernels are ideally suited for crop protection by resource-
limited farmers in developing countries like ours.
CONCLUSION
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22. Neem products can be used as substitute over synthetic
pesticides.
Neem based industries can beestablished.
 T h e national extension services should be encouraged to use
neem products as the safer and cheaper methods of pest control.
RECOMMENDATION
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