This document summarizes a study that used the leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) to rapidly synthesize silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles formed within 8-10 minutes when a lemongrass leaf extract reacted with silver nitrate under microwave irradiation. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus as well as fungi such as C. albicans, inhibiting their growth in laboratory assays. When combined with antibiotics, the silver nanoparticles enhanced the antibiotics' effectiveness against drug-resistant microbial strains.
1) Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using apple fruit extract through a green synthesis method. The apple extract reduced silver ions (Ag+) to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
2) Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM confirmed the formation and properties of spherical AgNPs around 20 nm in size with face centered cubic crystal structure.
3) FTIR analysis identified that biomolecules like proteins and ascorbic acid in the apple extract were responsible for reducing Ag+ ions and stabilizing the formed AgNPs.
4) Antimicrobial testing showed the AgNPs had effective antibacterial properties against common bacteria and antifungal activity against tested fungi strains, demonstrating their antim
This document summarizes the plant-mediated synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using extracts from Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Parthenium hysterophorous (Congress grass) plant leaves. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extracts of the two plants reacted with silver nitrate solutions. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX and DLS. UV-Vis analysis showed surface plasmon resonance peaks between 406-446 nm indicating silver nanoparticle formation. SEM images showed uniformly distributed nanoparticles on average sizes of 68.74 nm and 108.6 nm for Tulsi and Congress grass samples respectively, which was confirmed by DLS and EDX showed presence of silver. Applications testing of
This document discusses the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using fenugreek leaf extract. It defines nanoparticles and green chemistry approaches. The fenugreek leaf extract is used to biologically synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy shows a peak at 410nm, indicating the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. FT-IR analysis shows a peak at 464.80 cm-1, which is consistent with literature values for ZnO. The green synthesis method is described as eco-friendly, low cost, and able to produce nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements.
Hydroxyl capped silver-gold alloy nanoparticles: characterization and their c...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) offer a wide variety of potential applications in pharmaceutical sciences due to the unique advances in nanotechnology research. In this work, bimetal Ag-Au alloy NPs were prepared and their combinations with other antibiotics were tested against Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:
Firstly, Ag-Au alloy NPs with Au/Ag molar ratio of 1:1 was fabricated and was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis system. The morphology and size of the purified NPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Chemical composition and surface chemistry of these NPs were studied with atomic absorption spectophotometry and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The size of purified Ag-Au alloy NPs was less than 200 nm. Also the presence of organic compounds with a hydroxyl residue was detected on the surface of these purified NPs. In next step the effect of purified Ag-Au alloy NPs on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics was evaluated at sub-inhibitory content (5 μg/disk) using disk diffusion method against S. aureus. Ag NPs and Au NPs were also tested at same content (5 μg) using mentioned method.
Results:
The most enhancing effect of Ag-Au alloy NPs was observed for penicillin G and piperacillin. No enhancing effects on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics were observed at 5 μg/disk for the mono-metal nanoparticles (Ag NPs and Au NPs) against S. aureus.
Conclusion:
These results signify that the Ag-Au alloy NPs potentiates the antimicrobial action of certain antibiotics suggesting a possible utilization of this nano material in combination therapy against resistant S. aureus.
Synthesis of the silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis extract and its a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and evaluated their antimicrobial activity against urinary tract infection pathogens. Key findings include:
- Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR.
- Thirty-two bacteria isolated from urine samples were identified, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent pathogen identified in 47% of samples.
- Disc diffusion assays found the silver nanoparticles showed strongest antimicrobial activity against E. coli, followed by Candida albicans. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no sensitivity.
- Results indicate silver
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
1) The document describes the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.
2) The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
3) UV-Visible spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 289.9 nm confirming the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. TEM images showed the particles were hexagonal and spherical in shape with an average size of 20 nm.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
1) Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using apple fruit extract through a green synthesis method. The apple extract reduced silver ions (Ag+) to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
2) Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM confirmed the formation and properties of spherical AgNPs around 20 nm in size with face centered cubic crystal structure.
3) FTIR analysis identified that biomolecules like proteins and ascorbic acid in the apple extract were responsible for reducing Ag+ ions and stabilizing the formed AgNPs.
4) Antimicrobial testing showed the AgNPs had effective antibacterial properties against common bacteria and antifungal activity against tested fungi strains, demonstrating their antim
This document summarizes the plant-mediated synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using extracts from Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Parthenium hysterophorous (Congress grass) plant leaves. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extracts of the two plants reacted with silver nitrate solutions. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX and DLS. UV-Vis analysis showed surface plasmon resonance peaks between 406-446 nm indicating silver nanoparticle formation. SEM images showed uniformly distributed nanoparticles on average sizes of 68.74 nm and 108.6 nm for Tulsi and Congress grass samples respectively, which was confirmed by DLS and EDX showed presence of silver. Applications testing of
This document discusses the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using fenugreek leaf extract. It defines nanoparticles and green chemistry approaches. The fenugreek leaf extract is used to biologically synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy shows a peak at 410nm, indicating the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. FT-IR analysis shows a peak at 464.80 cm-1, which is consistent with literature values for ZnO. The green synthesis method is described as eco-friendly, low cost, and able to produce nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements.
Hydroxyl capped silver-gold alloy nanoparticles: characterization and their c...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) offer a wide variety of potential applications in pharmaceutical sciences due to the unique advances in nanotechnology research. In this work, bimetal Ag-Au alloy NPs were prepared and their combinations with other antibiotics were tested against Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:
Firstly, Ag-Au alloy NPs with Au/Ag molar ratio of 1:1 was fabricated and was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis system. The morphology and size of the purified NPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Chemical composition and surface chemistry of these NPs were studied with atomic absorption spectophotometry and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The size of purified Ag-Au alloy NPs was less than 200 nm. Also the presence of organic compounds with a hydroxyl residue was detected on the surface of these purified NPs. In next step the effect of purified Ag-Au alloy NPs on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics was evaluated at sub-inhibitory content (5 μg/disk) using disk diffusion method against S. aureus. Ag NPs and Au NPs were also tested at same content (5 μg) using mentioned method.
Results:
The most enhancing effect of Ag-Au alloy NPs was observed for penicillin G and piperacillin. No enhancing effects on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics were observed at 5 μg/disk for the mono-metal nanoparticles (Ag NPs and Au NPs) against S. aureus.
Conclusion:
These results signify that the Ag-Au alloy NPs potentiates the antimicrobial action of certain antibiotics suggesting a possible utilization of this nano material in combination therapy against resistant S. aureus.
Synthesis of the silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis extract and its a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and evaluated their antimicrobial activity against urinary tract infection pathogens. Key findings include:
- Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and FTIR.
- Thirty-two bacteria isolated from urine samples were identified, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent pathogen identified in 47% of samples.
- Disc diffusion assays found the silver nanoparticles showed strongest antimicrobial activity against E. coli, followed by Candida albicans. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no sensitivity.
- Results indicate silver
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
1) The document describes the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.
2) The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
3) UV-Visible spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 289.9 nm confirming the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. TEM images showed the particles were hexagonal and spherical in shape with an average size of 20 nm.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Green synthesis, Characterization and anti microbial activity of silver nano ...IJERA Editor
The exploitation of various plant materials for the biosynthesis of silver nano particles is considered a green
technology. Because it does not involve any harmful chemicals. Nanotechnology field is one of the most
attractive researches. The field of nanotechnology is applied to bio materials. This review focuses on the green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant sources. A detailed study on the reduction of silver ions to
silver nanoparticles from medical plant leaves extract were demonstrated with a brief experimental procedure.
Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles performed through UV spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra
Red spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
Electron Microscopy. This review mainly focus on anti microbial activities of synthesized silver nano particles.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and it's ApplicationsManish Dash
The document discusses the green synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles. It begins by outlining the need for advanced disinfectant nanomaterials to prevent disease outbreaks caused by overpopulation and poor sanitation. It then describes how silver nanoparticles are a promising material for developing antimicrobial products due to their high antimicrobial activity. The document goes on to detail a green synthesis method for producing silver nanoparticles using the extract of Bougainvillea plant bracts, and characterizes the nanoparticles. It finds that the synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrate effective antimicrobial properties against bacteria as well as antifouling effects.
synthesis of nanoparticles by green chemistry approach and their anticancer a...Gulzar Ahmed Rather
1) Klebsiella pneumonia was used to biologically synthesize gold nanoparticles, as indicated by a color change from white to yellow to dark purple.
2) The gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and XRD, and were spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 40-60nm.
3) The biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against several human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as measured using the disc diffusion method.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE USING FICUS RELI...Arvind Singh Heer
This document summarizes the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaves extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using zinc nitrate as a precursor and Ficus religiosa leaves extract and distilled water as the medium. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had a cubic structure with sizes between 70-80 nm. EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles had good purity with zinc content of 72.48% and oxygen content of 27.52%.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)Sheersha Pramanik 🇮🇳
This document discusses various biological methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, including using bacteria, fungi, yeast, plants, and waste materials. It describes how nanoparticles can be synthesized intracellularly or extracellularly by bacteria. Specific bacteria used to synthesize silver, gold, iron and other nanoparticles are mentioned. The document also discusses nanoparticle synthesis using fungi, yeasts, plant extracts, and industrial waste. It concludes by noting the promising potential but current limitations of biological nanoparticle synthesis for medical applications.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
This document summarizes the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using onion extract and their antimicrobial activity. Onion extract was used to reduce silver nitrate to form spherical AgNPs ranging from 10-23 nm in size. The AgNPs showed antimicrobial activity against various microbes and had a greater antimicrobial effect and lower minimum inhibitory concentration than onion extract alone. The green synthesis of AgNPs using onion extract provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly method for producing nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties.
This document discusses green synthesis methods for producing different types of nanoparticles. It describes using plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms to synthesize silver, gold, zinc oxide, and cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. The green synthesis methods are environmentally friendly and cost effective alternatives to traditional chemical production techniques. Some key advantages of green synthesis include using natural reducing and capping agents, operating at ambient temperatures and pressures, and producing nanoparticles with applications in areas like dentistry, water purification, and environmental remediation.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Is Nano Medicine And Nano Technology The Most Trending Thing Now?science journals
Nano medicine is nothing but application of Nano technologies as medicines. It may include application of non-material as biological devices or nano-electronic biosensors. Molecular nanotechnology as biological machines may have medical applications in future.
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Future Perspecti...iosrjce
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical,
antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from
continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent
chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher
toxicity to various micro-organisms. For this reason Ag NPs having scope for medical instruments,
antimicrobial application, products for health care such as scaffolds, burn dressing, water purification,
agriculture uses. Ag NPs can be synthesized by using various methods which is primarily classified into two
type’s namely physical process which includes laser ablation, condensation, evaporation etc. and chemical
process which includes hydrazine, sodium borohydride, green synthesis etc. Among all these methods green
synthesis is non-toxic, eco-friendly and cost effective. In this review paper different synthesis process especially
green synthesis, properties, applications of silver nanoparticles and their recent advances are described. We
also highlight the toxicity and compares Ag NPs with others nanoparticles.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using ficus benghal...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its application for mosquitoAnh Vu
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from an aqueous root extract of Parthenium hysterophorus and evaluated the larvicidal potential of the nanoparticles against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The researchers characterized the synthesized nanoparticles using visual observation, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, fluorescent microscopy and FTIR. UV-Vis analysis showed peak absorption at 420nm, indicating the production of silver nanoparticles. SEM revealed the nanoparticles were spherical in shape. FTIR showed characteristic peaks for functional groups involved in nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles demonstrated dose and time dependent larvicidal effects against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with a maximum efficacy of 60.18% observed, suggesting
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of silver nanoparticles on the biomass and chlorophyll content of two plant species, Vigna radiata and Brassica campestris. Seedlings of both plant species were exposed to different concentrations (50, 500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and silver ions for 12 days. Exposure to high concentrations (500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and ions resulted in significant reductions in the fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots of both plant species over time. V. radiata was found to be more resistant to the effects than B. campestris. Treatment with silver nanoparticles also led to significant decreases in the total chlorophyll content of both species
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Enlargement of biologically stimulated
investigational processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles is
budding into an important branch of nanotechnology. Eco
responsive methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles
are the present research in the extremity of nanotechnology. The
bioreduction behavior of leaf extracts of Morinda citrifolia L.
(Rubiaceae) in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was
investigated employing UV/Visible Spectrophotometry, Particle
size analyzer, Zeta potential, Filed emission scanning electron
microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and FourierTransform
Infrared Spectroscopy. The antifungal property of the
silver nanoparticles was tested against Candida albicans,
Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. The Antifungal assay
tests Zone of inhibition revealed the concentrations of more than
10µl of silver nanoparticles were inhibited the growth of fungal
pathogens.
Green synthesis, Characterization and anti microbial activity of silver nano ...IJERA Editor
The exploitation of various plant materials for the biosynthesis of silver nano particles is considered a green
technology. Because it does not involve any harmful chemicals. Nanotechnology field is one of the most
attractive researches. The field of nanotechnology is applied to bio materials. This review focuses on the green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant sources. A detailed study on the reduction of silver ions to
silver nanoparticles from medical plant leaves extract were demonstrated with a brief experimental procedure.
Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles performed through UV spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra
Red spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
Electron Microscopy. This review mainly focus on anti microbial activities of synthesized silver nano particles.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and it's ApplicationsManish Dash
The document discusses the green synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles. It begins by outlining the need for advanced disinfectant nanomaterials to prevent disease outbreaks caused by overpopulation and poor sanitation. It then describes how silver nanoparticles are a promising material for developing antimicrobial products due to their high antimicrobial activity. The document goes on to detail a green synthesis method for producing silver nanoparticles using the extract of Bougainvillea plant bracts, and characterizes the nanoparticles. It finds that the synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrate effective antimicrobial properties against bacteria as well as antifouling effects.
synthesis of nanoparticles by green chemistry approach and their anticancer a...Gulzar Ahmed Rather
1) Klebsiella pneumonia was used to biologically synthesize gold nanoparticles, as indicated by a color change from white to yellow to dark purple.
2) The gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and XRD, and were spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 40-60nm.
3) The biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against several human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as measured using the disc diffusion method.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE USING FICUS RELI...Arvind Singh Heer
This document summarizes the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaves extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using zinc nitrate as a precursor and Ficus religiosa leaves extract and distilled water as the medium. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had a cubic structure with sizes between 70-80 nm. EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles had good purity with zinc content of 72.48% and oxygen content of 27.52%.
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bul...ijtsrd
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on œgreen synthesis of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)Sheersha Pramanik 🇮🇳
This document discusses various biological methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, including using bacteria, fungi, yeast, plants, and waste materials. It describes how nanoparticles can be synthesized intracellularly or extracellularly by bacteria. Specific bacteria used to synthesize silver, gold, iron and other nanoparticles are mentioned. The document also discusses nanoparticle synthesis using fungi, yeasts, plant extracts, and industrial waste. It concludes by noting the promising potential but current limitations of biological nanoparticle synthesis for medical applications.
Review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract. Various green materials are used for the synthesis of Ag. Several synthesis method main emphasis on green method.
This document summarizes the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using onion extract and their antimicrobial activity. Onion extract was used to reduce silver nitrate to form spherical AgNPs ranging from 10-23 nm in size. The AgNPs showed antimicrobial activity against various microbes and had a greater antimicrobial effect and lower minimum inhibitory concentration than onion extract alone. The green synthesis of AgNPs using onion extract provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly method for producing nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties.
This document discusses green synthesis methods for producing different types of nanoparticles. It describes using plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms to synthesize silver, gold, zinc oxide, and cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. The green synthesis methods are environmentally friendly and cost effective alternatives to traditional chemical production techniques. Some key advantages of green synthesis include using natural reducing and capping agents, operating at ambient temperatures and pressures, and producing nanoparticles with applications in areas like dentistry, water purification, and environmental remediation.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Is Nano Medicine And Nano Technology The Most Trending Thing Now?science journals
Nano medicine is nothing but application of Nano technologies as medicines. It may include application of non-material as biological devices or nano-electronic biosensors. Molecular nanotechnology as biological machines may have medical applications in future.
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Future Perspecti...iosrjce
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical,
antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from
continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent
chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher
toxicity to various micro-organisms. For this reason Ag NPs having scope for medical instruments,
antimicrobial application, products for health care such as scaffolds, burn dressing, water purification,
agriculture uses. Ag NPs can be synthesized by using various methods which is primarily classified into two
type’s namely physical process which includes laser ablation, condensation, evaporation etc. and chemical
process which includes hydrazine, sodium borohydride, green synthesis etc. Among all these methods green
synthesis is non-toxic, eco-friendly and cost effective. In this review paper different synthesis process especially
green synthesis, properties, applications of silver nanoparticles and their recent advances are described. We
also highlight the toxicity and compares Ag NPs with others nanoparticles.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using ficus benghal...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its application for mosquitoAnh Vu
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from an aqueous root extract of Parthenium hysterophorus and evaluated the larvicidal potential of the nanoparticles against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The researchers characterized the synthesized nanoparticles using visual observation, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, fluorescent microscopy and FTIR. UV-Vis analysis showed peak absorption at 420nm, indicating the production of silver nanoparticles. SEM revealed the nanoparticles were spherical in shape. FTIR showed characteristic peaks for functional groups involved in nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles demonstrated dose and time dependent larvicidal effects against C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with a maximum efficacy of 60.18% observed, suggesting
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of silver nanoparticles on the biomass and chlorophyll content of two plant species, Vigna radiata and Brassica campestris. Seedlings of both plant species were exposed to different concentrations (50, 500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and silver ions for 12 days. Exposure to high concentrations (500, 1000 μg/mL) of silver nanoparticles and ions resulted in significant reductions in the fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots of both plant species over time. V. radiata was found to be more resistant to the effects than B. campestris. Treatment with silver nanoparticles also led to significant decreases in the total chlorophyll content of both species
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Enlargement of biologically stimulated
investigational processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles is
budding into an important branch of nanotechnology. Eco
responsive methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles
are the present research in the extremity of nanotechnology. The
bioreduction behavior of leaf extracts of Morinda citrifolia L.
(Rubiaceae) in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was
investigated employing UV/Visible Spectrophotometry, Particle
size analyzer, Zeta potential, Filed emission scanning electron
microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and FourierTransform
Infrared Spectroscopy. The antifungal property of the
silver nanoparticles was tested against Candida albicans,
Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. The Antifungal assay
tests Zone of inhibition revealed the concentrations of more than
10µl of silver nanoparticles were inhibited the growth of fungal
pathogens.
Crimson Publishers-Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of the In-vitr...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Cinnamomum zeylanicum have lot-of biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifungal properties. Furthermore, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of several constituents were identified throughout its biological properties. Bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Lauraceae) collected respectively at Nanotechnology laboratory (ANGRAU, Tirupathi, India). In this study, microbiological aspects of scale formation in PVC pipelines bacteria and fungi were isolated. Stable Zn nanoparticles were formed by treating 90ml of 1mm zinc nitrate aqueous solution with 10ml of 10% bark extract. The formation of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extract mediated zinc nanoparticles (CZnNPs) was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopic analysis and recorded the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at 270nm.
Abstract
A rapid advance of nanotechnology has the potential approach for significant improvements in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using silver nitrate as metal precursor in Curcuma longa. These Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nano meter range in UV–vis spectroscopy. TEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-dispersed Ag-NPs with its size and morphology. Microbiology assay founds that Ag-NPs are effective against V.cholera bacteria. These developments raise exciting opportunities to diagnose and treat pathogenic mode of infection based on the various profiles to target diseases.
Silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of datura metelUsman Arshad
This research article describes the green synthesis and characterization of zero-valent silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of the Datura metel plant. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with an extract of D. metel leaves. Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM showed the particles were predominantly between 50-100 nm in size. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated the silver nanoparticles had inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal strains. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach for producing silver nanoparticles.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using azadirachta indicaAjay Kumar
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. The silver nanoparticles formed within minutes upon addition of the leaf extract to a silver nitrate solution. Characterization of the nanoparticles found them to be predominantly spherical and around 34 nm in size. The nanoparticles showed antimicrobial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. The green synthesis method provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly way to produce silver nanoparticles with potential biomedical applications.
The document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Sauropus androgynus as a natural reducing agent. Characterization techniques confirmed the production of spherical silver nanoparticles averaging 219nm in size. The nanoparticles demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial effects against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, inhibiting the growth of E. coli more than B. subtilis. The environmentally-friendly synthesis and antibacterial properties indicate potential for using these nanoparticles in applications such as antimicrobial treatments.
Cytotoxic | Primary research | Silver nanoparticlesPubrica
Biosynthesis, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Using Acacia Concinna POD Extract and Kigelia Africa Leaf Extract- Secondary metabolites found in plants include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and minerals. These secondary metabolites have a wide range of uses, including the production of nanoparticles.
Biosynthesis, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Using Acacia Concinna POD Extract and Kigelia Africa Leaf Extract- Secondary metabolites found in plants include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and minerals. These secondary metabolites have a wide range of uses, including the production of nanoparticles.
Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/insights/sample-work/cytotoxic-effects-of-sliver-nanoparticles-using-leaf-extract/
Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles from capsicum sp. against stap...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that synthesized silver nanoparticles from Capsicum sp. (pepper) extract and tested their antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Key findings:
- Pepper extract was used to reduce silver ions and synthesize silver nanoparticles, confirmed by a UV-Vis absorption peak at 480nm.
- Disk diffusion tests showed the silver nanoparticles had concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus, Bacillus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas. Higher concentrations inhibited more growth.
- The nanoparticles were most effective against Pseudomonas, followed by Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli, showing activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
1) The document reports on research into the endophytic fungus Papulaspora pallidula's ability to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their potential antitumor and antibacterial efficacy.
2) The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited 52.7% growth inhibition of human larynx carcinoma cells and varying levels of inhibition against 5 pathogenic bacterial strains. Combining the AgNPs with Gentamycin significantly increased antibacterial activity.
3) Characterization of the AgNPs showed they were spherical and ranged from 8-90nm in size. UV-Vis and FTIR analysis confirmed AgNP formation and protein capping, while SEM images visualized particle shape and dispersion.
Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel ZnO Menggunakan Esktrak Daun Kelor: I...iRoneSysora1
Sintesis nanopartikel ZnO menggunakan ekstrak daun kelor dengan prekursor seng asetat dan pelarut natrium hidroksida dan amonium karbonat oleh Sukanta Pal dkk.
This document summarizes a student project on the green synthesis of nanoparticles. It discusses various methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, emphasizing that green synthesis is more eco-friendly than physical or chemical methods as it does not require high temperatures, pressures, or toxic chemicals. The document then describes how plant extracts can be used to synthesize nanoparticles and the characterization techniques used to analyze the particles produced, including UV-vis spectroscopy, DLS, SEM, TEM and FTIR. It concludes by noting some applications of green-synthesized nanoparticles in fields such as medicine, environment and engineering.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Functionalization and antimicrobial evaluation of ampicillin, penicillin audi...fahadfareed2
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of conjugating antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, and vancomycin), silver nanoparticles, and extracts from Pyrenacantha grandiflora against pathogenic bacteria. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using citrate reduction and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM. P. grandiflora extracts were obtained using different solvents. The antibiotics, extracts, and nanoparticles were conjugated alone and in combination. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for the conjugates against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. The conjugates showed enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the individual components, with some conjugates having MICs of 0.025-
The document summarizes research on the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using the cell-free supernatant of K. pneumonia when added to silver nitrate solutions. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM, and FTIR, and were found to be spherical in shape with sizes around 21nm. Antimicrobial testing showed the biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Potential applications of the silver nanoparticles include use in wound dressings and antimicrobial fabrics.
Curcumin extract nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and antimicrobi...Innspub Net
In recent years, synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for different medicinal uses. In the present study, we aimed at the biosynthesis of zinc oxide using a curcumin extract. Although, toxic effects of curcumin derivative and zinc oxide nanoparticles in different concentration have been studied specifically on animal models besides the antibacterial activity of synthesized curcumin extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to synthesize extract combined zinc oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles and extract were characterized for the particle size distribution, morphology, optical properties and surface charge by using UVvisible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), (TEM) and (SEM). Elemental composition and structural properties were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles and curcumin were irregular shape and had a size distribution in the range of 50–100 nm. The in vitro toxicity effects of zinc oxide and extract showed no toxic effect with different concentration with antibacterial effect.
Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using tinosopora...IJARIIT
The document summarizes research on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an extract of Tinospora cordifolia and their characterization and antimicrobial activity. Key findings include:
- Silver nanoparticles ranging from 27-58 nm were successfully synthesized using a T. cordifolia extract, as confirmed by UV-Vis and SEM analysis.
- XRD and FTIR analysis revealed the nanoparticles were crystalline in nature and that biomolecules in the plant extract were responsible for silver ion reduction and nanoparticle stabilization.
- The synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrated antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria, indicating potential applications in medicine, food, and cosmetics.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using PlantsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant leaves, including neem, mango, lemon, and a combination of the three. Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using aqueous extracts of the leaves. The silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and SEM analysis. Optimization studies examined the effect of parameters like silver ion concentration, plant extract concentration, pH, and temperature on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The studies found that a silver ion concentration of 1mM, plant extract concentration of 1ml, pH of 7, and temperature of 25°C produced the highest yield of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
This study evaluated the biosorption of zinc and nickel from wastewater using dead fungal biomass of Aspergillus flavus. The maximum biosorption capacity for zinc was found to be 47.36% at pH 6.5, with a biomass concentration of 2g/L, contact time of 50 minutes, and zinc concentration of 2ppm. For nickel, the maximum biosorption capacity was 61.60% at pH 5, with a biomass concentration of 2g/L, contact time of 60 minutes, and nickel concentration of 2ppm. Desorption using 0.1M HCl was found to be effective in removing zinc and nickel from the fungal biomass,
X-ray diffraction is used to study crystal structures. X-rays are generated when high-speed electrons collide with atoms in a target material. X-rays are diffracted by crystal structures according to Bragg's law, where the path difference between diffracted rays is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. By analyzing diffraction patterns, properties of crystals like lattice parameters, crystallite size, and density can be determined.
This document provides information on various toxic agents that can be used for warfare or terrorism. It discusses chemical weapons used in World War I, including mustard gas and chlorine gas. It also outlines various classes of chemical agents such as nerve agents, blister agents, and choking agents. The document details some specific toxic industrial chemicals and biological toxins that could be used by terrorists, such as hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, ricin, and botulinum toxin. It also categorizes infectious disease agents into different priority levels by the CDC based on their impact and dissemination potential. In addition, the document touches on the history and mechanics of nuclear weapons, including fission and fusion processes.
Liquid fuels can be broadly classified into natural and manufactured fuels. Petroleum, obtained by drilling wells, is the largest source of natural liquid fuel and is refined to produce fuels like gasoline, diesel, kerosene and heavy fuel oil. Synthetic liquid fuels can be manufactured from coal, natural gas or biomass through processes like Fischer-Tropsch. Other liquid biofuels include biodiesel, produced from vegetable oils, and alcohol fuels like ethanol produced by fermenting biomass. Each fuel has different properties and characteristics making some more suitable for specific applications like diesel in compression ignition engines.
This document discusses safety measures for working with fiberglass. It notes that fiberglass can cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation upon contact or inhalation. It recommends engineering controls like exhaust ventilation, administrative controls like scheduling to reduce exposure, use of personal protective equipment like gloves, suits, and respirators, and material safety data sheets to communicate chemical hazards. Proper clean-up and disposal of fiberglass dust and waste is also advised to improve safety.
This document summarizes a study that used Cycas leaf extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the nanoparticles were nearly spherical, ranging in size from 2 to 6 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the nanoparticles had an face-centered cubic crystal structure. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy revealed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 449 nm, indicating the presence of silver nanoparticles. The study demonstrated a green synthesis method for producing silver nanoparticles using plant extracts.
Mechanisms of reactions causing pollutionUsman Arshad
The document discusses the various mechanisms that lead to ozone depletion and acid rain formation in the atmosphere. It describes the roles of free radicals like hydroxyl, chlorine, and nitrogen oxides in catalyzing the breakdown of ozone through cycles like the HOx, NOx, and ClOx cycles. It also outlines the chemical processes through which nitrogen and sulfur oxides in the atmosphere are converted to nitric and sulfuric acids that cause acid rain.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons that are sweet in taste and cannot be further broken down. They include trioses like glyceraldehyde, pentoses that form the backbone of nucleic acids and polysaccharides, and hexoses such as glucose and fructose. Glucose is an important energy source for the body and precursor to cellulose, glycogen and starch. Fructose is sweeter than glucose and found naturally in fruits.
Environment and human interaction editedUsman Arshad
The document discusses the interaction between the environment and human activities like industry. It defines the environment as the physical, biological and chemical factors surrounding organisms. The environment consists of several components including the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and anthroposphere. Industry impacts the environment through air, water and soil pollution from emissions and waste. Major pollutants from different industries are identified. The document concludes by outlining some solutions like choosing sustainable raw materials, minimizing pollution and designing for recycling to reduce industry's environmental impact.
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence where the emission of light is not immediate after light absorption due to a change in electron spin. It was first observed naturally in 1568 and artificially in 1604 with barium sulphate. Phosphorescence involves absorption of light which causes electron excitation to a higher energy state followed by a slower re-emission process. Factors like temperature, solvents, and oxygen presence can influence phosphorescence. It has applications in detection of organic compounds and biochemicals.
The document discusses the raw materials and manufacture of fiber glass. It lists the main raw materials used such as sand, albite, zinc oxide, and barium carbonate. It also describes the key steps in the manufacture of fiber glass which are melting the raw materials, removing gas inclusions, homogenization, controlling the sizing using a heated bushing, maintaining a thin film using an applicator, and winding the strands into packages while controlling properties.
Starch and cellulose are complex carbohydrates composed of many glucose units linked together. Starch is made of alpha-glucose units and is found in plants where it stores food. It can be broken down to release glucose. Cellulose is made of beta-glucose units and provides structure to plant cell walls. It is the most abundant carbohydrate but humans cannot break it down due to a lack of the cellulase enzyme.
Tertiary structure refers to the spatial arrangement of secondary structures in a protein. It is stabilized through hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bonds. There are two main classifications of protein tertiary structure - globular proteins which have a spheroid shape with abundant secondary structures, and fibrous proteins which are rod-shaped with one predominant secondary structure like collagen. Quaternary structure refers to the structure formed when two or more protein subunits (polypeptide chains) combine through non-covalent interactions. Denaturation involves the unfolding of protein structures due to factors like heat, salts, pH, or mechanical action and is partially reversible. Coagulation follows denaturation and involves the irre
This document outlines several fields within biochemistry including animal biochemistry, plant biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, genetics, enzymology, and metabolism. Animal biochemistry deals with the composition, properties, and reactions of compounds in animals and their role in energy extraction, growth, and development. Plant biochemistry includes the study of photosynthesis, glucose conversion, heat generation, and the chemical effects of plant diseases. Cell biology examines the components, structures, and functions of organelles within cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.
This document discusses essential amino acids and their functions. It lists the essential amino acids as histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and threonine. Each amino acid is then discussed in 1-2 sentences on its role in processes like signal transmission, hunger regulation, collagen formation, and mental health. The document also notes that meat, eggs, milk, fish and cheese contain complete proteins while vegetables, grains, seeds and nuts contain incomplete proteins.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
A.s.musakar 2011
1. www.nmletters.org
Rapid Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using
Cymbopogan Citratus (Lemongrass) and its
Antimicrobial Activity
Shalaka A. Masurkar∗
, Pratik R. Chaudhari, Vrishali B. Shidore, Suresh P. Kamble
(Received 20 July 2011; accepted 22 September 2011; published online 27 September 2011.)
Abstract: The present study deals with the rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using fresh leaves
of Cymbopogan Citratus (Lemongrass). Silver nanoparticles were formed within 8∼10 minutes by microwave
irradiation using aqueous solution of AgNO3 (1 mM) with fresh leaves extract of Cymbopogan Citratus. The
synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis, nanoparticle
tracking analyzer, transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectra. The antibacterial
activity of these nanoparticles was studied against multiple drug resistant hospital isolates of E.coli, S.aureus,
P.mirabilis and hospital isolates of S. typhi, K.pnuemoniae. Also, the antifungal activity of these nanoparticles
was studied against C.albicans (hospital isolate) and A.niger (NCIM 616). The synergistic effect of silver
nanoparticles along with antibiotics was also studied against multiple drug resistant hospital isolates and found
to be effective. The extracellular synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using leaves of Cymbopogan Citratus appears
to be rapid and eco-friendly.
Keywords: Green synthesis; Cymbopogan Citratus; Nanoparticle tracking analyzer; Transmission electron
microscope; Energy dispersive X-ray spectra
Citation: Shalaka A. Masurkar, Pratik R. Chaudhari, Vrishali B. Shidore and Suresh P. Kamble, “Rapid
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cymbopogan Citratus (Lemongrass) and its Antimicrobial Activity”,
Nano-Micro Lett. 3 (3), 189-194 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5101/nml.v3i3.p189-194
Introduction
Nanoparticles are being considered to be the fun-
damental building blocks of nanotechnology. Nan-
otechnology is interdisciplinary which includes physics,
chemistry, biology, material science and medicine. An
important aspect of nanotechnology deals with the de-
velopment of experimental processes for the synthe-
sis of nanoparticles of different sizes, shape and con-
trolled dispersity. Nanoscale materials and structures
are usually ranging from 1∼100 nm and is emerging
area of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Synthesis of
noble nanoparticles for the applications such as cataly-
sis, electronics, environmental and biotechnology is an
area of constant interest [1,2].
Generally metal nanoparticles are synthesized and
stabilized by using physical and chemical methods: the
chemical methods, such as chemical reduction [3,4],
electrochemical techniques [5], and now a day via green
chemistry route [6]. The biological methods are pre-
ferred than chemical methods because of the use of toxic
chemicals on the surface of nanoparticles and non-polar
solvents in the synthesis procedure limits their appli-
cations in clinical fields [7]. Therefore, development of
clean, biocompatible, non-toxic and eco-friendly meth-
ods for nanoparticles synthesis has great importance.
These biological methods are regarded as safe, cost-
effective, sustainable and environment friendly as well
as it do not require any special culture preparation and
isolation techniques [8].
Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni-413736, Ahmednagar (MS), India
*Corresponding author. E-mail: shalaka.masurkar@gmail.com
Nano-Micro Lett. 3 (3), 189-194 (2011)/ http://dx.doi.org/10.5101/nml.v3i3.p189-194
2. Nano-Micro Lett. 3 (3), 189-194 (2011)/ http://dx.doi.org/10.5101/nml.v3i3.p189-194
Till now various plants have been used for synthesis
of silver nanoparticles like Pongamia pinnata (L) pierre
[9], Allium cepa [10], Gliricidia sepium [11], Azadirachta
indica [12], Carica papaya [13], Phyllanthus amarus [14].
Shankar et al. [15] used lemongrass and geranium plant
extracts to induce the formation of gold nanoparticles.
In present study, the fresh leaves extract of Cym-
bopogan citratus (Lemongrass) obtained by boiling the
leaves in distilled water and it was used to synthesize
silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate. The synthe-
sized silver nanoparticles were characterized by using
UV-visible spectrophotometer, nanoparticles tracking
analyzer (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX). Af-
ter characterization silver nanoparticles were used for
antibacterial and antifungal testing.
Materials and Methods
Preparation of leaf extract
Fresh leaves of Cymbopogan citratus (Lemongrass)
were collected from local farm of Loni village, MS, In-
dia. The leaves were washed thoroughly with distilled
water. About 50 gm of leaves were cut into small pieces.
Finely cut leaves were dipped into a beaker contain-
ing 200 ml distilled water. After that the mixture was
boiled for 10∼12 minutes. The extract was filtered us-
ing Whatmann filter paper and filtrate was collected.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of
Cymbopogan citratus (Lemongrass) leaves
The extract of Cymbopogan citratus (Lemongrass)
leaves was mixed with aqueous solution of 1 mM Sil-
ver nitrate (99.99%) in 1:4 ratio in conical flask under
aseptic conditions. The pH was adjusted to 8.0. The
conical flasks were then incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours.
A change in the color of the solution was observed.
Microwave irradiation mediated synthesis of sil-
ver nanoparticles
The extract of Cymbopogan citratus (Lemongrass)
leaves was mixed with aqueous solution of 1 mM Sil-
ver nitrate in 1:4 ratio in conical flask under aseptic
conditions. The pH was adjusted to 8.0. The solution
was subjected to microwave irradiation (90 watts) till
color change was observed.
UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis
After observing color change, the sample was sub-
jected to mild sonication for 10 minutes. The bioreduc-
tion of silver ions in aqueous solution was monitored by
UV-Vis spectra of the solution between 300∼600 nm us-
ing Thermo-Biomate 3 UV-visible spectrophotometer.
Distilled water was taken to adjust the baseline.
Nanoparticle tracking analyzer (NTA) measure-
ments
NTA analysis was carried out by using Nanosight-
LM20 instrument. 0.3 ml samples were introduced to
the viewing unit using a disposable syringe and en-
hanced by a near perfect black background; particles
appear individually as point-scatterers moving under
brownian motion.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
energy dispersive X-ray spetra (EDX) analysis
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of
the sample was done using PHILIPS-CM 200 instru-
ment operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV with
resolution of 0.23 nm. A drop of solution was placed
on carbon coated copper grid and later exposed to in-
frared light (45 minutes) for solvent evaporation. The
EDX analysis was carried out using JEOL JSM 7600F.
Antibacterial Studies
The antibacterial activity of synthesized silver
nanoparticles was studied against multiple drug resis-
tant hospital isolates of E.coli, S.aureus, P.mirabilis
and hospital isolates of S.typhi, K.pnuemoniae (ob-
tained from Department of Microbiology, Pravara In-
stitute of Medical Sciences, Loni, MS, India).
Antifungal Studies
The antifungal activity was checked against
C.albicans (hospital isolate) and A.niger (NCIM 616).
Well diffusion method
The well diffusion test was performed using Muller
Hinton Agar no. 2. (Casein acid hydrolysate 17.50
gm/L, Beef heart infusion 2 gm/L, Starch soluble 1.5
gm/L, Agar 17 gm/L, pH 7.3 ± 0.2). The inoculum was
prepared in sterile Nutrient Broth (Peptone 10 gm/L,
Beef extract 10 gm/L, Sodium chloride 5 gm/L, pH
7.3) and the tube was incubated at 37℃ until the tur-
bidity was achieved up to the 0.5 McFarland standard
(usually overnight) [16]. For A.niger inoculum prepa-
ration, spores were collected from 7 days old culture of
A.niger with the help of sterile nicrome loop dipped in
normal saline (0.85% w/v) containing Tween-20 (0.1%
v/v, Sigma Chemicals). Spore count was adjusted in
the range of 1 × 106
to 5 × 106
spores/ml by haemocy-
tometer count [17].
The Mueller-Hinton agar no. 2 plate was inoculated
with 2 ml of inoculum by streaking the swab over plate.
Then, agar was punched with help of sterile borer to
create 6 mm well. 30 µl of different concentrations of
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3. Nano-Micro Lett. 3 (3), 189-194 (2011)/ http://dx.doi.org/10.5101/nml.v3i3.p189-194
antibiotics (Table 1) and nanoparticles solution were
added in respective wells. Sterile distilled water and
silver nitrate (1 mM) were used as a control. To study
synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles and antibiotics,
the mixture of 15 µl of respective concentration of sil-
ver nanoparticles and 15 µl of antibiotics solution was
added into respective wells (Table 2). Plates were in-
cubated at 37℃ for 18 hr in upward position. Zone
of inhibition was measured after incubation with Hi-
Media scale. The whole experiment was performed in
duplicates.
Results and Discussion
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf ex-
tract of Cymbopogan citratus
No color change was observed upon mixing the leaves
extract of Cymbopogan citratus with aqueous solution
of 1 mM silver nitrate in 1:4 ratio (pH 8.0), which
was incubated at 37℃ over for 24 hours. Although,
the color change was observed within 8∼10 minutes
when the mixture of the extract of Cymbopogan citra-
tus leaves and aqueous solution of 1 mM silver nitrate
was added in 1:4 ratio (pH 8.0) upon microwave ir-
radiation (Fig. 1). It was reported that thermal fac-
tors have been demonstrated to affect the size and
uniformity of nanoparticles [11] and also increased pH
and temperature fastens the rate of synthesis of sil-
ver nanoparticles [12]. Debris, if any, was removed
by centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes. Af-
ter centrifugation, the supernatant was collected and
was re-centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30∼45 minutes.
The silver nanoparticles pellet was suspended in ster-
ile distilled water and it was used for further applica-
tions.
Table 1 List of microorganisms used with respective Antibiotics/Antifungals.
Microorganisms Antibiotics/Antifungals
Staphylococcus aureus (MDR) Gentamicin (20 µg/ml), Tetracycline (20 µg/ml)
Escherichia coli (MDR) Gentamicin (10 µg/ml), Cefoperazone (50 µg/ml)
Proteus mirabilis (MDR) Streptomycin (50 µg/ml), Piperacillin (100 µg/ml)
Klebsiella pneumoniae Gentamicin (10 µg/ml), Ampicillin(10 µg/ml)
Salmonella typhi Gentamicin (10 µg/ml), Chloramphenicol (20 µg/ml)
Candida albicans Amphotericin B (20 µg/ml), Fluconazole (10 µg/ml)
Aspergillus niger Amphotericin B (20 µg/ml), Fluconazole (10 µg/ml)
Table 2 Abbreviations.
I 10% of concentrated Silver Nanoparticles
II 25% of concentrated Silver Nanoparticles
III 50% of concentrated Silver Nanoparticles
IV 75% of concentrated Silver Nanoparticles
I+Antibiotics 15 µl, 10% of concentrated respective Silver Nanoparticles+15 µl of respective concentration of antibiotic
II+Antibiotics 15 µl, 25% of concentrated respective Silver Nanoparticles+15 µl of respective concentration of antibiotic
III+Antibiotics 15 µl, 50% of concentrated respective Silver Nanoparticles+15 µl of respective concentration of antibiotic
IV+Antibiotics 15 µl, 10% of concentrated respective Silver Nanoparticles+15 µl of respective concentration of antibiotic
Fig. 1 (a) Initial reaction mixture containing extract of Cymbopogan citratus leaves and 1 mM silver nitrate in 1:4 ratio; (b)
Color change of reaction mixture after adjusting pH 8.0; (c) Color change of reaction mixture after microwave irradiation.
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UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by reduction
of aqueous metal ions during exposure of Cymbopogan
citratus leaves extract can be easily monitored by us-
ing UV-visible spectrophotometry. Figure 2 illustrates
the absorbance spectra of reaction mixture containing
aqueous solution of 1 mM silver nitrate and extract of
Cymbopogan citratus leaves after microwave irradiation.
Reaction mixture showed an absorbance peak at around
430 nm, which is characteristic of silver nanoparticles,
due to its surface plasmon resonance absorption band
[18].
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
O.D.
300 336 372 406 442 478 512 548 584
Wavelength (nm)
Fig. 2 UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis of silver
nanoparticles synthesized using extract of fresh Cymbopogan
citratus (Lemongrass) leaves.
NTA measurements
NTA measurements revealed that the mean size
of synthesized silver nanoparticles was found to be
32 nm (Fig. 3) with concentration of 6.3×1010
parti-
cles/ml. The brownian motion of silver nanoparticles
was recorded as video clip. No aggregations or debris
were detected on NTA measurements.
TEM and EDX analysis
TEM analysis revealed that the silver nanoparticles
are prominently spherical (Fig. 4). The TEM image at
high resolution also revealed that silver nanoparticles
are not in physical contact but are separated by uni-
form distance. The capping of silver nanoparticles was
also observed under TEM micrograph. This capping
might be because of presence of bio-organic compounds
present in extract [13]. The EDX analysis revealed that
the silver is present in the solution (Fig. 5). The silver
content in the particles was found to be 69.81%.
Fig. 3 Frequency size distribution graph of silver nanoparti-
cles synthesized using extract of fresh Cymbopogan citratus
(Lemongrass) leaves; X axis: particles size (nm), Y axis:
concentration/ml ×106
.
Antimicrobial studies
The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was
checked against multiple drug resistant hospital iso-
lates of E.coli, S.aureus, P.mirabilis and hospital iso-
lates of S.typhi, K.pnuemoniae. The antifungal activity
was checked against C.albicans (hospital isolate) and
A.niger (NCIM 616). Two antibiotics were served as
a control for each microorganism (Table 1, 3). Silver
nanoparticles showed clear zone of inhibition against all
tested microorganisms. Zone of inhibition was found to
be in the range of 13∼16 mm for various tested bac-
teria and 15∼18 mm for tested fungi (Fig. 6, Fig. 7).
The synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles along with
antibiotics was also checked on various multiple drug
resistance pathogenic bacteria. The synergistic effect
was found to be more prominent than effect of antibi-
otics alone.
Fig. 4 TEM micrograph of silver nanoparticles synthesized using extract of Lemongrass fresh leaves.
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Table 3 Zone of inhibition of Antibiotics/Antifungals and control used with respective microorganisms.
Microorganism
Antibiotics/Antifungals used and
respective zone of inhibition in mm
Zone of inhibition of
distilled water in mm
Zone of inhibition for
1 mM silver nitrate in mm
E.coli Cefoperazone- 0 Gentamycin- 0 0 10
S.aureus Tetracycline- 0 Gentamycin- 0 0 10
P.mirabilis Streptomycin- 12 Piperacillin- 0 0 10
K.pnuemoniae Gentamicin- 0 Ampicillin- 0 0 10
S.typhi Gentamicin- 0 Piperacillin- 0 0 10
C.albicans Amphotericin-B- 0 Fluconazole- 20 0 0
A.niger Amphotericin-B- 0 Fluconazole- 0 0 0
Fig. 5 EDX spectra of silver nanoparticles solution.
Fig. 6 Effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Cym-
bopogan citratus (Lemongrass) leaves extract on various mi-
croorganisms.
Fig. 7 Effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using ex-
tract of Cymbopogan citratus (Lemongrass) leaves on bacte-
ria and fungi.
Conclusion
The silver nanoparticles were green synthesized using
leaf extract of Cymbopogan citratus. The method rep-
resents an example of clean, nontoxic and ecofriendly
method for obtaining silver nanoparticles. Further, the
above nanoparticles revealed to possess antibacterial
activity against multiple drug resistant hospital iso-
lates of E.coli, S.aureus, P.mirabilis and hospital iso-
lates of S.typhi, K.pnuemoniae, as well as antifungal ac-
tivity against C.albicans (hospital isolate) and A.niger
(NCIM 616). Synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles
and antibiotics was found to be effective against multi-
ple drug resistant bacteria. The present study empha-
sizes the use of plant materials for the synthesis of silver
nanoparticles with antibacterial and antifungal effect.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Dr. Razia Kutty and Mr. Rajesh
Raut for their priceless help. We sincerely acknowledge
the facilities provided by Dept. of Botany, Institute of
Science, Mumbai and SAIF, IIT Powai, Mumbai. We
are also thankful to Pravara Institute of Medical Sci-
ences, Loni, Ahmednagar (MS), India for the financial
support.
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