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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ON 
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE 
NURHIKMAWATI 
MUZAKKIR AMIR 
CARDIOLOGY AND VASCULAR DEPARTMENT 
MEDICAL FACULTY HASSANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION 
• Multislice computed tomography (CT) is a new 
modality for noninvasive evaluation of cardiac 
valves, with new clinical applications arising 
over the past years 
• Computerized tomography (CT scan) combines 
a series of X-ray views taken from many 
different angles and computer processing to 
create cross-sectional images of the bones and 
soft tissues inside your body.
HISTORY 
1971 
1974- 
1976 
1980 
1990 
the development of 
multi-slice scanners, 
with 4-slice scanners 
and 0.5 second scan 
CT became widely 
available 
First clinical CTT 
applied 
Godfrey Hounsfield, 
from Limited,London 
and James Ambrose
BASIC PRINCIPLES
CT SCAN MACHINES
CT SCAN PARAMETER 
Slice Thickness Range 
Volume 
Investigation 
Eksposision 
Factor 
Field of View Gantry Tilt 
Matrix 
Reconstruction 
Algorithm 
Reconstruction 
Window Level
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 
FOR VALVULAR VIEW 
• To assess valvular function by multislice 
CT, the acquisition of a CT dataset during 
multiple entire cardiac cycle is necessary 
– First, retrospective ECG gating, in spiral 
mode, is the technique of first choice 
– Second, prospective dual step ECG-triggering 
has been introduced, a sequential 
scan technique
AORTIC STENOSIS 
• Transthoracic 
echocardiography is the 
clinical ref- erence modality 
to establish the diagnosis 
of aortic stenosis 
• accuracy for hemodynamic 
estimation of the effective 
aortic valve orifice is 
limited, e.g., in the 
presence of low-flow, low-pressure 
gradient aortic 
stenosis, or in case of 
reduced cardiac output
• Clinical applications for measurement of the aortic 
valve area 
– first, in patients referred for coronary CT 
angiography, if valve calcification is present, the 
aortic valve area may be measure because 
– Second, patients who require a second imaging 
modality for accurate sizing of the aor- tic valve 
area, e.g., in case of pending cardiac surgery, AVA 
aortic valve area
BICUSPID AORTA 
• CT can also identify 
bicuspid or tricuspid 
valve mor- phology
AORTIC REGURGITATION
MITRAL STENOSIS
MITRAL REGURGITATION
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
PROSTHETIC VALVE
CONCLUSION 
• Multislice computed tomography (CT) is a new modality for noninvasive 
evaluation of cardiac valves, with new clinical applications arising over the 
past years. 
• In patients with aortic stenosis scheduled for planning of aortic valve 
implantation (TAVI), CT is the modality of choice and recommended by 
consensus documents of the SCCT (Society of Cardiac Computed 
Tomography Society) as well as the Surgical Societies (AATS, ACCF, SCAI, 
and STS) [89]
THANK YOU 
CARDIOLOGY AND VASCULAR DEPARTMENT 
MEDICAL FACULTY HASSANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

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ct scan pada penyakit jantung katup

  • 1. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ON VALVULAR HEART DISEASE NURHIKMAWATI MUZAKKIR AMIR CARDIOLOGY AND VASCULAR DEPARTMENT MEDICAL FACULTY HASSANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
  • 2. INTRODUCTION • Multislice computed tomography (CT) is a new modality for noninvasive evaluation of cardiac valves, with new clinical applications arising over the past years • Computerized tomography (CT scan) combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the bones and soft tissues inside your body.
  • 3. HISTORY 1971 1974- 1976 1980 1990 the development of multi-slice scanners, with 4-slice scanners and 0.5 second scan CT became widely available First clinical CTT applied Godfrey Hounsfield, from Limited,London and James Ambrose
  • 5.
  • 7. CT SCAN PARAMETER Slice Thickness Range Volume Investigation Eksposision Factor Field of View Gantry Tilt Matrix Reconstruction Algorithm Reconstruction Window Level
  • 8. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR VALVULAR VIEW • To assess valvular function by multislice CT, the acquisition of a CT dataset during multiple entire cardiac cycle is necessary – First, retrospective ECG gating, in spiral mode, is the technique of first choice – Second, prospective dual step ECG-triggering has been introduced, a sequential scan technique
  • 9.
  • 10. AORTIC STENOSIS • Transthoracic echocardiography is the clinical ref- erence modality to establish the diagnosis of aortic stenosis • accuracy for hemodynamic estimation of the effective aortic valve orifice is limited, e.g., in the presence of low-flow, low-pressure gradient aortic stenosis, or in case of reduced cardiac output
  • 11. • Clinical applications for measurement of the aortic valve area – first, in patients referred for coronary CT angiography, if valve calcification is present, the aortic valve area may be measure because – Second, patients who require a second imaging modality for accurate sizing of the aor- tic valve area, e.g., in case of pending cardiac surgery, AVA aortic valve area
  • 12. BICUSPID AORTA • CT can also identify bicuspid or tricuspid valve mor- phology
  • 19. CONCLUSION • Multislice computed tomography (CT) is a new modality for noninvasive evaluation of cardiac valves, with new clinical applications arising over the past years. • In patients with aortic stenosis scheduled for planning of aortic valve implantation (TAVI), CT is the modality of choice and recommended by consensus documents of the SCCT (Society of Cardiac Computed Tomography Society) as well as the Surgical Societies (AATS, ACCF, SCAI, and STS) [89]
  • 20. THANK YOU CARDIOLOGY AND VASCULAR DEPARTMENT MEDICAL FACULTY HASSANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

Editor's Notes

  1. - Walaupun diketahui untuk valvular heart disease,modalitas terpenting adalah echocardiography, hanya kadang terdapat kekurangan, misalnya kendala pada benntuk tubuh dan operator dependent, sehingga kadang sulit mengassess kelainan valvular. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan modalitas lain seperti Ct scan ini
  2. Godfrey Hounsfield, seorang insinyur dari Electronic Musical Industries ( EMI ) Limited,London dengan James Ambrose, seorang teknisi dari Atkinson Morley’s hospital, London, Inggris Pertama CT scan diaplikasikan secara klinis pada tahun 1974 dan 1976 tetapi baru di bagia kepala saja, sedangkan pencitraan untuk "seluruh tubuh" baru tersedia pada tahun 1976 dan kemudian dipakai luas pada sekitar tahun 1980. Menjelang pertengahan 1990-an, komputer telah maju ke titik yang besar, dimana set data gambar dapat direkonstruksi menjadi gambar CTA menggunakan workstation khusus. Saat ini terdapat lebih dari 6.000 CT scan Amerika Serikat dan lebih dari 30.000 di seluruh dunia1
  3. CT Scan menggunakan penyinaran khusus yang dihubungkan dengan komputer berdaya tinggi yang berfungsi memproses hasil scan untuk memperoleh gambaran panampang-lintang dari badan. Pasien dibaringkan diatas suatu meja khusus yang secara perlahan – lahan dipindahkan ke dalam cincin CT Scan. Scanner berputar mengelilingi pasien pada saat pengambilan sinar rontgen. Waktu yang digunakan sampai seluruh proses scanning ini selesai berkisar dari 45 menit sampai 1 jam, tergantung pada jenis CT scan yang digunakan( waktu ini termasuk waktu check-in nya).2,4 CT Scan memiliki beberapa kelebihan dibanding x-ray biasa: citra yang diperoleh CT Scan beresolusi lebih tinggi, sinar rontgen dalam CT Scan dapat difokuskan pada satu organ atau objek saja, dan citra perolehan CT Scan menunjukkan posisi suatu objek relatif terhadap objek-objek di sekitarnya sehingga dokter dapat mengetahui posisi objek itu secara tepat dan akurat. Kelebihan-kelebihan tersebut telah membuat CT Scan menjadi proses radiografis medis yang paling sering direkomendasikan oleh dokter dan, dalam banyak kasus, telah menggantikan proses x-ray biasa secara total.3
  4. Sistem Pemroses Citra : terdapat dalam frame pipa dari mesin dan merupakan bagian sistem yang langsung berhadapan dengan objek/pasien Sistem Komputer dan Kendali : terdapat dalam frame pipa dari mesin dan merupakan bagian sistem yang langsung berhadapan dengan objek/pasien Stasiun Operasi dan Stasiun Pengamat : CT Scanner pada umumnya dilengkapi dengan dua buah monitor dan keyboard. Masing-masing sebagai operator stationdanviewer station dan keduanya mempunyai tugas yang berbeda. Operation Station mempunyai fungsi sebagai operator kontrol untuk mengontrol beberapa parameter scan seperti tegangan anoda, waktu scandan besarnya arus filamen. Sedangkan viewer station mempunyai fungsi untuk memanipulasi sistem pemroses citra
  5. 1). Table dan Gantry Table merupakan tempat posisi pasien untuk melakukan pemeriksaan, bentuk surya yang terbentuk dari Carbon graphite fiber yang mempunyai nilai penyerapannya rendah terhadap berkas sinar. Gantry merupakan suatu tempat, didalamnya terdiri dari X-ray Tube, Filter, Collimator, Lampu indicator untuk sentrasi berupa sinar laser atau Infra Red dan DAS (Data Acquisition System). 2).Tabung Sinar X, mempunyai fungsi sebagai pembangkit sinar-x 3). Collimator,pada Computer tomography terdiri dari dua buah yaitu:2 Collimator pada X-ray tube, berfungsi mengurangi dosis   radiasi, pembatas luas lapangan penyinaran dan memperkuat   berkas sinar.  Collimator pada detector, berfungsi penyearah radiasi   menuju ke detector, pengontrolan radiasi hambur. menentukan  ketebalan pada slice thickness/voxel.  Pixel width tidak ditentukan oleh colimator, tapi berhubungan dengan program computer. 4). Detector merupakan alat yang berfungsi mengubah sinar x setelah menembus objek menjadi sinyal listriknya berupa data analog kemudian diproses DAS. 5). X-ray Control terdiri dari generator sinar-X bertegangan tinggi/high voltage transformer, RARC (Rapid Accelerator Rotor Controller) dan X-ray tube indicator. X-ray control ini berperan penting pada saat dilakukan pemanasan tabung sinar-X.2   6). Computer merupakan pusat dari semua instrumen pada CT dan berfungsi untuk melakukan proses scanning, rekontruksi/pengolahan data, display gambaran serta menganalisa gambaran. 7). Disc Unit merupakan alat untuk memyimpan program hasil kerja dari computer ketika melakukan scanning, reconstruction dan display gambaran. Data yang tersimpan dapat berupa data mentah maupun data yang telah permanen.2 8). Magnetic Tape Unit digunakan sebagai penyimpan data pasien pada suatu tape atau pita.
  6. Parameter CT Scan : Pada CT scan dikenal beberapa parameter untuk pengontrolan eksposi dan output gambar yang optimal yaitu: 1). Slice Thickness Slice Thickness adalah tebalnya irisan atau potongan dari objek yang diperiksa. Ukuran yang tebal akan menghasilkan gambaran dengan detail yang rendah sebaliknya dengan ukuran yang tipis akan menghasilkan detail-detail yang tinggi. 2). Range Range adalah perpaduan atau kombinasi dari beberapa slice thickness dengan ketebalan irisan berbeda pada masing-masing range tetapi masih dalam satu volume investigasi. 2 3). Volume Investigasi Volume investigasi adalah keseluruhan lapangan dari objek yang diperiksa.2,3 4). Faktor Eksposi Faktor eksposi adalah faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap eksposi antara lain tegangan tabung (kV), arus tabung (mA) dan waktu eksposi (s). Pemilihan tegangan yang tinggi antara rentang 80–140 kV direkomendasikan untuk menghasilkan resolusi yang tinggi.Efek yang ditimbulkan dari pemilihan kV telah diteliti untuk pesawat CT Scan Siemes Emotion, di mana penurunan kV diikuti dengan peningkatan fluktuasi CT number (noise).2 5). Field of View (FOV) Field of view adalah diameter maksimal dari gambaran yang akan direkonstruksi. 2 6). Gantry Tilt Gantry tilt adalah sudut yang dibentuk antara bidang vertikal dengan gantry (tabung sinar-X dan detector).2 7). Rekonstruksi Matriks Rekonstruksi matriks adalah deretan baris dan kolom dari picture element (pixel) dalam proses perekonstruksian gambar. Rekonstruksi matriks berfungsi untuk merekonstruksi gambar.2 8). Rekonstruksi Algorithma Rekonstruksi algorithma adalah prosedur matematis (algorithma) yang digunakan dalam merekonstruksi gambar. Semakin tinggi resolusi algorithma yang dipilih maka akan semakin tinggi pula resolusi gambar yang akan dihasilkan. 2 9). Window Width Window Width adalah rentang nilai computed tomography yang dikonversi menjadi gray levels untuk ditampilkan dalam TV monitor dengan satuan HU (Hounsfield Unit). 10). Window Level Window level adalah nilai tengah dari window yang digunakan untuk penampilan gambar.
  7. ECG gating retrospektif, dalam mode spiral, adalah teknik pilihan pertama. Selama 5-10 interval-RR, jantung direkam dengan nada rendah dari 0,2-0,5. Kedua, prospective dual step ECG-triggering telah diperkenalkan, teknik scan sekuensial. Dengan ini, meja bergerak "langkah demi langkah" dan mencakup jantung dalam 4-5 denyut jantung
  8. Gambar A. Gambaran posterior dari keempat katup jantung selama sistolik. Gambar B. Pada fase diastolik7
  9. berdasarkan pengukuran tekanan transvalvular gradien dan perhitungan daerah katup lubang aorta menggunakan Doppler-velocity time integral. Formula ini memiliki beberapa keterbatasan danakurasi untuk estimasi hemodinamik yang efektif katup aorta orifice terbatas, misalnya, bila terjadilow-flow, tekanan rendah gradien stenosis aorta, atau dalam kasus penurunan curah jantung accuracy for hemodynamic estimation of the effective aortic valve orifice is limited, e.g., in the presence of low-flow, low-pressure gradient aortic stenosis, or in case of reduced cardiac output Gambaran katup aorta 3 cuspis. A. Lefit coronal oblique View dari aorta. Garis putih menggambarkan posisi potongan cross sectional dari aorta. B. Pengukuran inner aortic valve orifice area. Kalsifikasi tampak dengan gambaran 3dimensi. C. Panah mengarah ke Left coronary ostium. D. Transthoracic Echocardiography terlihat peningkatan velocity 4 m/s dan transvalvular pressure gradient
  10. Bicuspid aortic valve. Right coronary (R) and left coronary (L) cusp with fused calcified raphe during diastole (Panels A and C). Panels B and (Panel B). Note the charac- teristic “fish-mouth” opening of the bicuspid valve (Panels B and D). Postprocessing with multiplanar reformations (Panels A and B) and black-blood volume rendering (Panels C and D ostia (Panel C) with the left (arrow) and the right coronary artery (arrowhead)
  11. Cardinal cardiac CT features of a rheumatic mitral valve. A – penebalan leaflets oleh subvalvular apparatus B – calcification of the mitral annular ring and subvalvular apparatus. C – restricted opening in the short-axis view of the thickened myxomatous anterior and posterior valve leaflets. D – failure of coaptation and closure at end-systole resulting in mitral regurgitation.
  12. Mitral valve prolapse. Billowing (=bowing) dari posterior leaflet (arrow) below the annulus plane (white line) on a three- chamber view (Panel A). Note myxomatous thickening of anterior leaflet without prolapse (Panel A). The mitral valve is closed during Panel B).
  13. A dan B : vegetasi aorta Prolaps ke dalam LVOT (A dan B) Mitral valve perforation dan vegetasi pada panel C D : konfirmasi echocardiography
  14. Mechanical aortic prosthetic valve A dan C : katup tertutup selama end diastole B dan D : katup terbuka selama sistole C dan D : gambaran multiplanar
  15. firstly, to define optimal vascular access route, to select optimal prosthesis size based on annulus sizing [96, 97], but also to predict, and prevent intra- and postprocedural complications