Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most common causes of calf diarrhea. The parasite Cryptosporidium parvum infects the intestinal lining of calves causing watery diarrhea. Calves usually show symptoms of diarrhea around 5-7 days of age. Diagnosis is made by examining stool samples microscopically or through antigen detection tests. Differential diagnosis includes other bacterial and viral causes of calf diarrhea. There is no highly effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in calves.
Slide presentation to train new veterinary assistant employees how to set up a fecal flotation test and vocabulary associated with common endoparasites in small animal practice.
Fecal oral infection:
Food-borne infection (ingestion infection). Contaminated food: vehicles are milk & any food that may be contaminated by handling, flies, water, or dust, & sewage-polluted water.
Hand-to-mouth infection.
Slide presentation to train new veterinary assistant employees how to set up a fecal flotation test and vocabulary associated with common endoparasites in small animal practice.
Fecal oral infection:
Food-borne infection (ingestion infection). Contaminated food: vehicles are milk & any food that may be contaminated by handling, flies, water, or dust, & sewage-polluted water.
Hand-to-mouth infection.
Helicobacter & campylobacter lec.11 dr.ihsan alsaimarydr.Ihsan alsaimary
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
Notes on food borne pathogens which cause food poisoning for consumers. it include the different types of microorganisms food intoxication, food infection and the difference between them.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
6. 3-Environment Stress
• Weaning, transport,, dehorning.
• Dampness & overcrowding.
• Fatigue due transportation.
• Depletion due nutritional def.
7. Protection of calf for
one day
Give you Protection for
one month
Protection of calf for
one month
Protection of calf
for one Year
Give you
Important Notes
10. I-Infectious diarrhea Calf Ages
A-Bacterial Causes:
E. coli <5 da
C. perfringens B, C 5-30 da
Salmonella >15 da
1-Infectious calf diarrhea
المعدى االسهال
14. A-Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium parvum, commonly referred
to as Crypto, is a protozoan (a one-celled
organism) that causes diarrhea in calves (as
well as other mammals).
This extracytoplasmic organism invades
enterocytes (cells that line the intestines) in the
distal small intestine and large intestine;
16. CAUSES
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most
common causes of calf scour .
Four cryptosporidium species are
capable of infecting cattle, but the
main disease-causing species is
C.parvum.
18. Where do calves get
cryptosporidium from?
Large numbers of eggs are shed in the
faeces of infected calves and cows, which
contaminate the environment.
Ingesting food contaminated with eggs or
water infects calves.
19. Time of infestation in calves & Lambs
Calves usually become infected shortly after
birth and develop scour at around 5–7 days
old.
20. Concurrent infections
المصاحبة العدوى
With other enteric pathogens, especially :
rotavirus .
coronavirus.
Epidemiologic studies suggest that diarrhea is more
severe in mixed infections.
21. Case fatality rates in
cryptosporidiosis
النفوق حاالت زيادة أسباب
Are generally low unless the condition is complicated by
other factors:
Concurrent infections المصاحبة العدوى
Energy deficits from inadequate intake of colostrum and
milk. المناعة ضعف الى يؤدوى الطاقة نقص
Chilling from adverse weather conditions). الشديد البرد
25. Life cycle
Eggs can be found in bedding, soil and water
and on pasture.
Infected calves shed up to 1 million eggs per
gram of feces and it takes only a small
fraction of this number to cause disease.
بيضة مليون على يحتوى الروث من جرام كل
26. Cryptosporidium life cycle
Once ingested, the parasite attaches to the gut wall
and multiplies.
This causes damage that reduces the calf’s ability
to digest food, resulting in watery scour.
While attached to the gut wall, the parasite
produces eggs.
These are infectious and can either reinfect the calf
or be shed into the environment via the infected
calf’s scour.
32. االسهال توابع
The persistent diarrhea may result in marked weight loss
and emaciation.
In most cases, the diarrhea is self-limiting after several
days.
Varying degrees of apathy, anorexia, and dehydration
are present.
تعتمد
االعراض
على
حسب
درجة
المناعة
عن
المولود
36. 2-Bovine Enterichek:
The test strips allow the detection of certain
microorganisms in bovine feces present in the
environment.
Microorganisms detected are:
rotavirus
coronavirus
E. coli K99 (F5)
cryptosporidium.
39. The kit is designed to detect
Rotavirus,
Coronavirus,
''E. coli'' F5 (K99),
''Cryptosporidium parvum‘’
in calf stool.
40. Method:
The sample is diluted in the sample tube
and homogenized.
The sample tube is then inserted in the
larger tube.
All you need is 10 minutes before reading
the results.
47. Main Line of Treatment
للعالج العامة الخطوط
There is no affective or approved treatment for
Cryptosporidiosis.بالكريبتوسبوريديا لالصابة حاسم عالج اليوجد
Supportive treatment:
Fluid therapy
Antidiarrheal drugs
Nutritional support(to give them energy ).
Antiprotozoal drug
Strict hygiene to preventing infections.
51. 4-Antiprotozoal drug
1-R/Halocur:(Halofuginone Base- 0.5g/L).
controls crypto by breaking the life cycle and
substantially reducing the number of oocysts
produced.
oral product (given at two cc per 10 kg daily).
المعدى الطور عدد ويقلل الحياة دورة يقطع الدواء
الجرعة
:
2
لكل مل
10
الفم طريق عن يعطى الحيوان وزن من كيلو
.
53. unlike decoquinate, halofuginone significantly reduced the excretion of
oocysts on day 7.
ملحوظة
:
decoquinate: (brand name: Deccox®) :
is an antiparasitic medication used to prevent coccidia infections
60. 1-Environmental control
بالحيوانات المحيط الوسط فى التحكم
Cleaning and disinfection are crucial to controlling
the spread of cryptosporidiosis.
Use disinfectant at the entrance to the calf shed
المحافظة
على
نظافة
وتطهير
المكان
باستمرار
استخدام
مطهرات
فى
مدخل
المزرعة
والعجول
الرضيعة
61. Ammonia and formalin
مطهرات
R/ Ammonium hydroxide. االمونيوم هيدروكسيد
Or R/ hydrogen peroxide
Or /chlorine dioxide
Or R/10% formol saline فورمالين
10
%
Or/ R/5% ammonia أمونيا
5
%
Are effective in destroying oocyst infectivity.
Infectivity in calf feces is reduced after 1–4 days of drying.
62. الحى الجير
Use lime to help keep bedding dry
Rodent and fly control should be in place, with all
feed and grain stored in covered areas, away from
rodents and pets.
الجين اسنتخدام يمكنن الشتاء فصل فى خاصة جافة أرضية على للمحافظة
الحني ر
للفرشة
الغذاء مستودع فى خاصة بالمزرعة والقوارض الحشرات على القضاء
63. 2-Animal control
للحيوان بالنسبة
Vaccinate pregnant dams against rotavirus, coronavirus and E.
coli, thereby reducing scours caused by these pathogens
Do not mix older calves with young calves because older calves
may still shed eggs
Keep all calves warm and hydrated, particularly if they are
scouring.
تحصين
االمهات
بلقاح
الروتا
والكورونا
واألي
كوالى
يقلل
من
االصابة
(
سكور
جارد
-
روتافيك
)
عدم
خلط
االعمار
المختلفة
(
الكبيرة
مع
الصغيرة
)
.
المحافظة
على
العجول
نظيفة
وتوفير
المياة
64. السرسوب
Hyperimmune bovine colostrum can reduce the
severity of diarrhea and the period of oocyst
excretion in experimentally infected calves.
يمكن
أن
يقلل
اللبأ
البقري
المفرط
المناعة
من
شدة
اإلسهال
وفترة
إفراز
البويضة
في
العجول
المصابة
تجريبيا
.
65. تابع
Isolate scouring calves from healthy calves.
Do not mix scouring calves with healthy calves for
at least one week after scouring has stopped.
Feed and deal with healthy calves before sick ones
Make sure you follow the 3 Qs of colostrum feeding
عزل
الحيوانات
المريضة
عن
الحيوانات
السليمة
البدء
بارضاع
الحيوانات
السليمة
اوال
ثم
الحيوانات
المريضة
التأكد
من
رضاعة
السرسوب
66.
67. Key points
المحاضرة فى ذكرت التى النقاط الهم ملخص
Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal parasitic
disease of vertebrate animals and people.
The disease is noteworthy in young ruminants, in
which it causes mild to severe diarrhea and
retarded growth.
Cryptosporidium oocysts can be detected in Ziehl-
Neelsen–stained fecal smears of infected animals.
68. Key points
No fully-effective therapeutic drugs exist, but fluid
and electrolyte replacement, as well as nutritional
support, are indicated.
Control involves strict hygiene to eliminate or
reduce contamination of the environment by
Cryptosporidium oocysts.