Adaptive cruise control (ACC) provides assistance to the driver in the task of longitudinal control of their vehicle during motorway driving within limited acceleration ranges. The system controls the accelerator, engine powertrain and vehicle brakes to maintain a desired time-gap to the vehicle ahead.
1. Definition of Control System
A control system is a system of devices or set of devices, that manages commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other device(s) or system(s) to achieve desire results. In other words the definition of control system can be rewritten as a control system is a system, which controls other system. As the human civilization is being modernized day by day the demand of automation is increasing accordingly. Automation highly requires control of devices.
In recent years, control systems plays main role in the development and advancement of modern technology and civilization. Practically every aspects of our day-to-day life is affected less or more by some control system. A bathroom toilet tank, a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a geezer, an automatic iron, an automobile all are control system. These systems are also used in industrial process for more output. We find control system in quality control of products, weapons system, transportation systems, power system, space technology, robotics and many more. The principle of control theory is applicable to engineering and non engineering field both.
1.1 Feature of Control System
The main feature of control system is, there should be a clear mathematical relation between input and output of the system.
1.2 Requirement of Good Control System
Accuracy: Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions. Accuracy can be improved by using feedback elements. To increase accuracy of any control system error detector should be present in control system.
Sensitivity: The parameters of control system are always changing with change in surrounding conditions, internal disturbance or any other parameters. This change can be expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should be insensitive to such parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
Noise: An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good control system should be able to reduce the noise effect for better performance.
Stability: It is an important characteristic of control system. For the bounded input signal, the output must be bounded and if input is zero then output must be zero then such a control system is said to be stable system.
Bandwidth: An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of control system. Bandwidth should be large as possible for frequency response of good control system.
Speed: It is the time taken by control system to achieve its stable output. A good control system possesses high speed. The transient period for such system is very small.
Oscillation: A small numbers of oscillation or constant oscillation of output tend to system to be stable.
2. Types of Control Systems
There are two main types of control system. They are as follows
1. Open Loop Control System
2. Closed loop control system
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) provides assistance to the driver in the task of longitudinal control of their vehicle during motorway driving within limited acceleration ranges. The system controls the accelerator, engine powertrain and vehicle brakes to maintain a desired time-gap to the vehicle ahead.
1. Definition of Control System
A control system is a system of devices or set of devices, that manages commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other device(s) or system(s) to achieve desire results. In other words the definition of control system can be rewritten as a control system is a system, which controls other system. As the human civilization is being modernized day by day the demand of automation is increasing accordingly. Automation highly requires control of devices.
In recent years, control systems plays main role in the development and advancement of modern technology and civilization. Practically every aspects of our day-to-day life is affected less or more by some control system. A bathroom toilet tank, a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a geezer, an automatic iron, an automobile all are control system. These systems are also used in industrial process for more output. We find control system in quality control of products, weapons system, transportation systems, power system, space technology, robotics and many more. The principle of control theory is applicable to engineering and non engineering field both.
1.1 Feature of Control System
The main feature of control system is, there should be a clear mathematical relation between input and output of the system.
1.2 Requirement of Good Control System
Accuracy: Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions. Accuracy can be improved by using feedback elements. To increase accuracy of any control system error detector should be present in control system.
Sensitivity: The parameters of control system are always changing with change in surrounding conditions, internal disturbance or any other parameters. This change can be expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should be insensitive to such parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
Noise: An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good control system should be able to reduce the noise effect for better performance.
Stability: It is an important characteristic of control system. For the bounded input signal, the output must be bounded and if input is zero then output must be zero then such a control system is said to be stable system.
Bandwidth: An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of control system. Bandwidth should be large as possible for frequency response of good control system.
Speed: It is the time taken by control system to achieve its stable output. A good control system possesses high speed. The transient period for such system is very small.
Oscillation: A small numbers of oscillation or constant oscillation of output tend to system to be stable.
2. Types of Control Systems
There are two main types of control system. They are as follows
1. Open Loop Control System
2. Closed loop control system
The sliding mode control approach is recognized as one of the
efficient tools to design robust controllers for complex high-order non-linear dynamic plant operating under uncertainty conditions.
CAS is a system designed to help prevent rear‐end collisions with vehicles which are stationary or travelling in the same direction.
It uses visual and audio warnings to prompt the driver to take preventative action.
It also initiates braking if the driver fails to respond to the warnings.
There are generally two kinds of safety systems in automobiles:-
Passive safety – seatbelts, airbag system
Active safety – impact sensors, radar detection
CAS is a system designed to help prevent rear‐end collisions with vehicles which are stationary or travelling in the same direction. Several studies have shown that driver distraction or inattentiveness is a factor in the great majority of rear end accidents. The system is aimed at alerting the driver to an imminent rear end collision both at low speeds, typical of urban driving, and at higher speeds typical of rural roads and highways.
Abstract—Collision warning and collision avoidance systems are emerging automotive safety technologies that assist drivers in avoiding rear-end collisions. Their function is to allow the driver enough time to avoid the crash and yet avoid annoying the driver with alerts perceived as occurring too early or unnecessary. The purpose of this paper is to review various mechanisms under development or developed rear end collision avoidance of automobiles. Some of the reviewed work include an automatic braking system that safely stops an automobile while approaching an obstruction to avoid collision. Another separate but related system is to have a detection device, which alerts the driver in case the automobile veers off the road by crossing either the centre or side painted lines. The braking system senses an obstacle, calculates the relative distance and applies the variable brakes automatically to maintain a safe distance. Warning devices and sensor mechanisms used in obstacle avoidance systems are also reviewed. With the expansion in road network, motorization and urbanization in the country, the number of road accidents have surged. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) and fatalities have emerged as a major public health concern, with RTIs having become one of the leading causes of deaths, disabilities and hospitalizations which impose severe socio-economic costs across the world. Motor vehicle population has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10 per cent 2000-2009, during fuelled by a rising tide of motorization. Concomitantly, traffic risk and exposure have grown. During the year 2010, there were around 5 lakh road accidents, which resulted in deaths of 134,513 people and injured more than 5 lakh persons in India. These numbers translate into 1 road accident every minute, and 1 road accident death every four minutes. The total number of accidents can be reduced through the safety systems installed in vehicles. However, it was found that many traditional safety measures are reducing their effectiveness.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for...Mário Alves
This presentation browses the most relevant safety systems for road vehicles. It is organized according to the traditional classification of safety systems: active safety and passive safety. Active safety systems help preventing accidents, so they they control the dynamics of the vehicle. Passive safety systems help mitigating the consequences of accidents, thus they protect occupants and pedestrians upon a crash.
MODELING AND DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDFORWARD FOR ALL TERRIAN...csandit
This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one
of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The
system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques
cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical
modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with
disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the
gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++
program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
The sliding mode control approach is recognized as one of the
efficient tools to design robust controllers for complex high-order non-linear dynamic plant operating under uncertainty conditions.
CAS is a system designed to help prevent rear‐end collisions with vehicles which are stationary or travelling in the same direction.
It uses visual and audio warnings to prompt the driver to take preventative action.
It also initiates braking if the driver fails to respond to the warnings.
There are generally two kinds of safety systems in automobiles:-
Passive safety – seatbelts, airbag system
Active safety – impact sensors, radar detection
CAS is a system designed to help prevent rear‐end collisions with vehicles which are stationary or travelling in the same direction. Several studies have shown that driver distraction or inattentiveness is a factor in the great majority of rear end accidents. The system is aimed at alerting the driver to an imminent rear end collision both at low speeds, typical of urban driving, and at higher speeds typical of rural roads and highways.
Abstract—Collision warning and collision avoidance systems are emerging automotive safety technologies that assist drivers in avoiding rear-end collisions. Their function is to allow the driver enough time to avoid the crash and yet avoid annoying the driver with alerts perceived as occurring too early or unnecessary. The purpose of this paper is to review various mechanisms under development or developed rear end collision avoidance of automobiles. Some of the reviewed work include an automatic braking system that safely stops an automobile while approaching an obstruction to avoid collision. Another separate but related system is to have a detection device, which alerts the driver in case the automobile veers off the road by crossing either the centre or side painted lines. The braking system senses an obstacle, calculates the relative distance and applies the variable brakes automatically to maintain a safe distance. Warning devices and sensor mechanisms used in obstacle avoidance systems are also reviewed. With the expansion in road network, motorization and urbanization in the country, the number of road accidents have surged. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) and fatalities have emerged as a major public health concern, with RTIs having become one of the leading causes of deaths, disabilities and hospitalizations which impose severe socio-economic costs across the world. Motor vehicle population has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10 per cent 2000-2009, during fuelled by a rising tide of motorization. Concomitantly, traffic risk and exposure have grown. During the year 2010, there were around 5 lakh road accidents, which resulted in deaths of 134,513 people and injured more than 5 lakh persons in India. These numbers translate into 1 road accident every minute, and 1 road accident death every four minutes. The total number of accidents can be reduced through the safety systems installed in vehicles. However, it was found that many traditional safety measures are reducing their effectiveness.
Automotive Electronics In Automobile | Electronic control unitjignesh parmar
this presentation covers Automotive Electronics Management in Automobile Engineering
It Includes>>
ECU
SENSOR
ACTUAORS
Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for...Mário Alves
This presentation browses the most relevant safety systems for road vehicles. It is organized according to the traditional classification of safety systems: active safety and passive safety. Active safety systems help preventing accidents, so they they control the dynamics of the vehicle. Passive safety systems help mitigating the consequences of accidents, thus they protect occupants and pedestrians upon a crash.
MODELING AND DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDFORWARD FOR ALL TERRIAN...csandit
This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one
of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The
system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques
cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical
modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with
disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the
gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++
program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
Optimal and pid controller for controlling camera’s position in unmanned aeri...Zac Darcy
This paper describes two controllers designed specifically for adjusting camera’s position in a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The optimal controller was designed and first simulated by using MATLAB technique and the results displayed graphically, also PID controller was designedand simulatedby using MATLAB technique .The goal of this paper is to connect the tow controllers in cascade mode to obtain the desired performance and correction in camera’s position in both roll and pitch.
MODELING AND DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDFORWARD FOR ALL TERRIAN...cscpconf
This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++ program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
Optimal and Pid Controller for Controlling Camera's Position InUnmanned Aeria...Zac Darcy
This paper describes two controllers designed specifically for adjusting camera’s position in a small
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The optimal controller was designed and first simulated by using
MATLAB technique and the results displayed graphically, also PID controller was designedand
simulatedby using MATLAB technique .The goal of this paper is to connect the tow controllers in cascade
mode to obtain the desired performance and correction in camera’s position in both roll and pitch.
Big Bang- Big Crunch Optimization in Second Order Sliding Mode ControlIJMTST Journal
In this article, Second order sliding mode with Big Bang- Big Crunch optimization technique is employed
for nonlinear uncertain system.The sliding surface describes the transient behavior of a system in sliding
mode. Frequently, PD- type sliding surface is chosen as a hyperplane in the system state space.An integral
term incorporated in the sliding surface expression that resulted in a type of PID sliding surface as hyperbolic
function for alleviating chattering effect. The sliding mode control law is derived using direct Lyapunov
stability approach and asymptotic stability is proved theoretically. Here, novel tuning scheme is introduced for
estimation of PID sliding surface coefficients, due to which it reduces the reaching time as well as disturbance
effect.The simulation results are presented to make a quantitative comparison with the traditional sliding
mode control. It is demonstrated that the proposed control law improves the tracking performance of system
dynamic model in case of external disturbances and parametric uncertainties.
Linear Control Hard-Disk Read/Write Controller AssignmentIsham Rashik
Classic Hard-Disk Read/Write Head Controller Assignment completed using MATLAB and SIMULINK. To see the diagrams in detail, please download first and zoom it.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
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3. CRUISE CONTROL
Cruise control (speed control, auto-cruise
or tempomat) is a system that automatically
controls the speed of a motor vehicle. The system
takes over the throttle of the car to maintain a
steady speed as set by the driver.
5. SYSTEM MODELLING
feedback control system
purpose is to maintain a constant vehicle
speed despite external disturbances, such
as changes in wind or road grade.
accomplished by
i. measuring the vehicle speed
ii. comparing it to the desired or reference speed
iii. automatically adjusting the throttle according
to a control law
6. PHYSICAL SETUP: FBD
bv u
Mass m
Control force u
Resistive forces bv
Vehicle velocity v
u = force generated at the road/tire
interface
we will assume that :
i. u can be controlled directly
ii. the dynamics of the
powertrain, tires, etc are 0
iii. bv, due to rolling resistance and wind
drag varies linearly with the vehicle
velocity, v, and act in the direction
opposite the vehicle's motion
7. FIRST ORDER EQUATION
We are considering a first order mass-damper
system.
Summing forces in the x-direction and applying
Newton's 2nd law, we arrive at the following
system equation:
m(dv/dt)+bv=u
Since v is the required output:
y = v
8. TRANSFER FUNCTION
Taking the Laplace transform and assuming
zero initial conditions, we find the transfer
function of the cruise control system to be:
P(s) = V(s)/U(s)
= 1/(ms+b)
10. PARAMETERS
m vehicle mass 1000 kg
b damping coefficient 50 N.s/m
r reference speed 10 m/s
Rise time < 5 s
Overshoot < 10%
Steady-state error < 2%
12. PROPORTIONAL
CONTROL
The root-locus plot shows the locations of
all possible closed-loop poles when a single
gain is varied from zero to infinity.
Only a proportional controller Kp will be
considered to solve this problem. The
closed-loop transfer function becomes:
Y(s)/R(s) = Kp/(ms + ( b + Kp ) )
13. PROPORTIONAL
CONTROL
MATLAB command sgrid
Used to display an acceptable region of the
root-locus plot
Damping ratio (zeta) and the natural
frequency (Wn) need to be determined
15. PROPORTIONAL
CONTROL
We can then find a gain to place the closed-
loop poles in the desired region by
employing the rlocfind command
specific loop gain
[Kp,poles]=rlocfind(P_cruise)
In between the dotted lines (zeta > 0.6) and
outside the semi-ellipse (wn > 0.36)
16. LAG CONTROLLER
With the gain Kp being the only functional
gain and Ki and Kd being zero, the rise time
and the overshoot criteria have been met
A steady-state error of more than 10%
remains
To reduce the steady-state error, a lag
controller is added to the system
17. LAG CONTROLLER
To reduce the steady-state error, a lag
controller will be added to the system.
A pole and a zero, not too distant spacing-
wise are introduced i.e:
18. LAG CONTROLLER
With the gain Kp being the only functional
gain and Ki and Kd being zero, the rise time
and the overshoot criteria have been met
A steady-state error of more than 10%
remains
To reduce the steady-state error, a lag
controller is added to the system
the steady-state error will be reduced by a
factor of zo/po
19. LAG CONTROLLER
With the gain Kp excluded for the moment, the
transfer function of PID becomes:
Adding Kp to the equation, the transfer function of
PID becomes:
20. LEAD CONTROLLER
The lead controller is basically added to
improve the transient response of the
system i.e. Ts and Tp mainly
Not used here as it is not needed and the
desired parameters are already being
achieved
Editor's Notes
The two dotted lines in an angle indicate the locations of constant damping ratio (zeta=0.6); the damping ratio is greater than 0.6 in between these lines and less than 0.6 outside the lines. The semi-ellipse indicates the locations of constant natural frequency (Wn=0.36); the natural frequency is greater than 0.36 outside the semi-ellipse, and smaller than 0.36 inside.