This document discusses phase lead and lag compensators for digital control systems. It covers:
1. Designing a discrete-time phase lead/lag compensator by mapping the z-plane to the w-plane using bilinear transformation.
2. Defining phase lead and lag compensators based on the positions of poles and zeros in the w-domain transfer function.
3. A design approach using frequency response methods to meet a phase margin specification by determining the parameters of a first-order digital phase lead or lag compensator.
4. Examples of designing phase lead and lag compensators for different plant transfer functions to meet specifications on phase margin and steady state error.
This presentation explains about the introduction of Polar Plot, advantages and disadvantages of polar plot and also steps to draw polar plot. and also explains about how to draw polar plot with an examples. It also explains how to draw polar plot with numerous examples and stability analysis by using polar plot.
State space analysis, eign values and eign vectorsShilpa Shukla
State space analysis concept, state space model to transfer function model in first and second companion forms jordan canonical forms, Concept of eign values eign vector and its physical meaning,characteristic equation derivation is presented from the control system subject area.
This Presentation explains about the introduction of Frequency Response Analysis. This video clearly shows advantages and disadvantages of Frequency Response Analysis and also explains frequency domain specifications and derivations of Resonant Peak, Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth.
Necessary of Compensation, Methods of Compensation, Phase Lead Compensation, Phase Lag Compensation, Phase Lag Lead Compensation, and Comparison between lead and lag compensators.
This presentation explains about the introduction of Polar Plot, advantages and disadvantages of polar plot and also steps to draw polar plot. and also explains about how to draw polar plot with an examples. It also explains how to draw polar plot with numerous examples and stability analysis by using polar plot.
State space analysis, eign values and eign vectorsShilpa Shukla
State space analysis concept, state space model to transfer function model in first and second companion forms jordan canonical forms, Concept of eign values eign vector and its physical meaning,characteristic equation derivation is presented from the control system subject area.
This Presentation explains about the introduction of Frequency Response Analysis. This video clearly shows advantages and disadvantages of Frequency Response Analysis and also explains frequency domain specifications and derivations of Resonant Peak, Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth.
Necessary of Compensation, Methods of Compensation, Phase Lead Compensation, Phase Lag Compensation, Phase Lag Lead Compensation, and Comparison between lead and lag compensators.
Root locus is a graphical representation of the closed-loop poles as a system parameter is varied.
It can be used to describe qualitatively the performance of a system as various parameters are changed.
It gives graphic representation of a system’s transient response and also stability.
We can see the range of stability, instability, and the conditions that cause a system to break into oscillation.
Chapter 7 Controls Systems Analysis and Design by the frequency response analysis . From the book (Ogata Modern Control Engineering 5th).
7-1 introduction.
7-2 Bode diagrams.
CONTROL SYSTEMS PPT ON A LEAD COMPENSATOR CHARACTERISTICS USING BODE DIAGRAM ...sanjay kumar pediredla
A LEAD COMPENSATOR CHARACTERISTICS USING BODE DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM OF 50 DEG PHASE ANGLE
THIS PPT IS SO USEFUL FOR THE ENGINEERING STUDENTS FOR CONTROL SYSTEMS STUDENTS AND THIS PPT ALSO CONTAINS A MATLAB CODING FOR THE LEAD COMPENSATOR AND THE RESULTS ARE ALSO PLOTTED IN THAT PPT AND THE PROBLEM CAN ALSO BE SOLVED BY USING THE DATA IN PPT AND IT IS SO USEFUL PPT
Root locus is a graphical representation of the closed-loop poles as a system parameter is varied.
It can be used to describe qualitatively the performance of a system as various parameters are changed.
It gives graphic representation of a system’s transient response and also stability.
We can see the range of stability, instability, and the conditions that cause a system to break into oscillation.
Chapter 7 Controls Systems Analysis and Design by the frequency response analysis . From the book (Ogata Modern Control Engineering 5th).
7-1 introduction.
7-2 Bode diagrams.
CONTROL SYSTEMS PPT ON A LEAD COMPENSATOR CHARACTERISTICS USING BODE DIAGRAM ...sanjay kumar pediredla
A LEAD COMPENSATOR CHARACTERISTICS USING BODE DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM OF 50 DEG PHASE ANGLE
THIS PPT IS SO USEFUL FOR THE ENGINEERING STUDENTS FOR CONTROL SYSTEMS STUDENTS AND THIS PPT ALSO CONTAINS A MATLAB CODING FOR THE LEAD COMPENSATOR AND THE RESULTS ARE ALSO PLOTTED IN THAT PPT AND THE PROBLEM CAN ALSO BE SOLVED BY USING THE DATA IN PPT AND IT IS SO USEFUL PPT
This presentation explains about the introduction of Bode Plot, advantages of bode plot and also steps to draw Bode plot (Magnitude plot and phase plot). It explains basic or key factors used for drawing Bode plot. It also explains how to determine Magnitude, phase and slope for basic factors. It also explains how to determine stability by using Bode Plot and also how to determine Gain Crossover Frequency and Phase Crossover Frequency, Gain Margin and Phase Margin. It also explains drawing Bode plot with an example and also determines stability by using Bode Plot and also determines Gain Crossover Frequency and Phase Crossover Frequency, Gain Margin and Phase Margin.
Time response of first order systems and second order systemsNANDHAKUMARA10
It is the time required for the response to reach half of its final value from the zero instant. It is denoted by tdtd. Consider the step response of the second order system for t ≥ 0, when 'δ' lies between zero and one. It is the time required for the response to rise from 0% to 100% of its final value.
Part of Lecture Series on Automatic Control Systems delivered by me to Final year Diploma in Engg. Students. Equally useful for higher level. Easy language and step by step procedure for drawing Bode Plots. Three illustrative examples are included.
Two leg three-phase inverters (FSTPIs) have been proposed to be used in low-power; low-cost applications because of the reduced number of semiconductor devices, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) techniques have also been introduced to control FSTPIs. However, high-performance controllers are needed to implement complicated SVPWM algorithms, which limit their low-cost applications. To simplify algorithms and reduce the cost of implementation, an equivalent scalar method for SVPWM of FSTPIs is proposed. SVPWM for FSTPIs is actually a sine PWM by modulating two sine waves of 600 phase difference with a triangle wave, but in this method third harmonics doesn’t eliminated. So as to eliminate the third harmonics we have to compose a high frequency sine wave to on existing sine waves. So such a special sine PWM can be used to control FSTPIs. The Mathematical and simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/authors/126814
Designed a Switched Capacitor Low Pass Filter with a sampling frequency of 60 Hz.
Simulated the filter to have a ripple within 0.2 dB under 3.6 MHz and a stopband attenuation of atleast -51 dB after 7.2 MHz.
Applied dynamic range optimization, Dynamic Range Scaling and Chip Area scaling to get maximum output swing while occupying minimum area on chip.
Tested the filter with non-idealities of the amplifier, such as finite gain, bandwidth, offset voltage, charge injection, etc.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Lag lead compensator design in frequency domain 7th lecture
1. Assist. Prof. Dr. Khalaf S. Gaeid
Electrical Engineering Department
Tikrit University
gaeidkhalaf@gmail.com
+9647703057076
Lead , Lag Compensator in
Frequency Domain
2. 1.Introduction
2.Phase Lead or Lag Compensator
3.Digital Controller Design
4.Calculations of Frequency Response in w-domain
5.Design Approach
6.Design specific to Phase lag and lead Compensator
7.Examples
Contents
8. A discrete time phase lead/lag compensator is designed by
using the bilinear transformation that maps the inside of the
unit circle in z-plane to the entire LHP of w-plane.
The phase lead/lag compensator is designed in w-domain
utilizing the techniques available for continuous time
compensator design, then map it back to the z -domain by the
bilinear transformation. The first order w-domain
compensator is given by analogy to s -domain as
2.Phase Lead or Lag Compensator
11. • Phase lead compensator: ωwp > ωw0
• Phase lag compensator: ω w0 > ω wp
12.
13. 3.Digital Controller Design
Frequency Response Method
Design a phase lead or phase lag compensator
D(z) = Kd(z − z0)/(z − zp)
such that the (open loop) system satisfies a given phase
margin of
φm ≈(100 ξ ) so that the (closed loop) system has damping
ratio of ξ.
14. Since the frequency response method based on phase
margin and gain margin established in the Laplace domain (s-
domain) is used here, the frequency response of D(z)
combined with a plant transfer function G(z) with ZOH must
be transformed into w-domain by using the bilinear
transformationBecause, the stable region of the z-plane that is the inside of
a unit circle, is mapped into the entire LHP (Left Half Plane) of
the w-plane.
The parameters Kd, z0 and zp of the first order phase lead/lag
compensator are determined in terms of a0, ωw0 , ωwp defined
in the w-domain
15. 4.Calculations of Frequency Response in w-domain
In order to obtain frequency response (Bode plot) in w-
domain, do the following steps.
1. Find the transfer function in the z-transform,
G(z) = (1 − z−1)Z[G(s)/s]
2. Calculate the frequency response G(ejωT ) for 0 ≤ wT ≤π
with a proper step size. Record the actual frequency scale of
0 ≤ w ≤ωs = π/T
3. Calculate corresponding frequency ωw to the frequencies
used to calculate G(ejωT ).
ω w =2/TtanωT/2
16. 4. Make a frequency response table to help drawing the Bode
diagram.
5. Draw the Bode Diagram, both for Magnitude of G(ejωT )and
<G(ejωT ) using the frequency scale of ωw, not ω. This process
is often called as frequency pre-warping.
17. 5.Design Approach
•Digital controller design to determine D(z) by the frequency
response method uses phase margin φm as a key parameter.
•Design is to make the phase margin of the open loop
transfer function D(w)G(w) have a specified phase margin φm
at a frequency ωw1 .
18. •Finding the new cross-over frequency ωw1 requires several
conditions to be met, and also requires “try and error” until a
satisfactory value is found.
• We are designing (determining)
19. 6.Design specific to Phase lag Compensator
The first order phase lag compensator can be designed by
the formula similarly as in the case of phase lead
compensator. However, there is a basic difference in the
principle of compensating for a required phase margin.
• Phase lead compensators add a positive phase to increase
the phase margin without drastically changing the 0 dB
crossover frequency.
• A phase lag compensators is used to lower the overall gain
to shift the 0 dB crossover frequency to a much smaller
value so that a larger phase margin is obtained.
20. Since the 0 dB crossover frequency ωw1 is shifted to a lower
frequency where the phase response of the Bode diagram is
not affected by the compensator, selecting ω w1 can be done
on the Bodediagram of G(w) alone without being affected by the
compensator.
First, find a new crossover frequency ωw1 where the
condition,
< G(jωw1 ) = −1800 + φm + 50
is satisfied. 5 accounts for a slight phase angle decrease by
the phase lag compensator. The rule of thumb to set ωw0 in
the compensator’s transfer function,
21.
22. Ex1:The servo motor is to control the horizontal (azimuth)
angle for pointing a radar antenna. The transfer function is
given by
23.
24.
25.
26. Ex2.The servo motor is to control the horizontal (azimuth)
angle for pointing a radar antenna. The transfer function is
given by
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. Ex3. consider that the following system is subjected to a
sampled data control system with sampling time T = 0.2 sec.
Thus
The bi - linear transformation
32. will transfer Gz(z) into w -plane, as
We need first design a phase lead compensator so that PM of
the compensated system is at least 50° with Kv = 2 . The
compensator in w -plane is
33. Design steps are as follows.
• K has to be found out from the Kv requirement.
• Make ωmax = ωgnew.
• Compute the gain crossover frequency ωg and phase
margin of the uncompensated system after introducing K in
the system.
• At ωg check the additional/required phase lead, add safety
margin, find out φmax. Calculate α from the required φmax
• Since the lead part of the compensator provides a gain of
20 log101√𝜶, find out the frequency where the logarithmic
magnitude is - 20 log101√𝜶. This will be the new gain
crossover frequency where the maximum phase lead should
occur.
• Calculate τ from the relation
34. Using MATLAB command ''margin'', phase margin of the
system with K = 2 is computed as 31.6° with ωg = 1.26
rad/sec,
35.
36. Thus the required phase lead is 50° - 31.6° = 18.4° . After
adding a safety margin of 11.6° , φ max becomes 30° . Hence
From the frequency response of the system it can be found
out that at ω = 1.75 rad/sec, the magnitude of the system is
Thus ωmax = ωgnew = 1.75 rad/sec. This gives
Thus the controller in w-plane is
37. The Bode plot of the compensated system is shown below.
38. Re-transforming the above controller into z -plane using the
relation we get the controller in z -plane, as
Try to design a phase lag compensator so that PM of the
compensated system is at least 50° and steady state error to
a unit step input is 0.1. The compensator in w -plane is
where,
39. Required PM is 50°. Let us put a safety margin of 5°. Thus
the PM of the system modified with K should be 55°.
By solving the above, ωg = 2.44 rad/sec. Thus the magnitude
at ωg should be 1
40. Putting the value of ωg in the last equation, we get K = 4.13
Thus,
If we place 1/ τ one decade below the gain crossover
frequency, then
Thus the controller in w -plane is
Re-transforming the above controller into z -plane using the
relation
41. we get
The Bode plot of the compensated system is shown below.