Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for road vehicles

29 de novembro de 2016 | 1
SistemasAutomóveis
Safety Systems
Mário Alves (mjf@isep.ipp.pt)

SistemasAutomóveis
Outline
• Definition of active/passive safety
• Examples of active and passive safety systems
• Road accident statistics
• Safety regulations
• Active safety
• brake, traction, stability, steering, cruise control systems
• Passive Safety
• programmed structural deformation, Supplemental Restraint
Systems (SRS) (airbags + seat belt pre-tensioners)
• Glossary
• Recommended references

SistemasAutomóveis
Definitions
• Automobile safety
• scientific domain that is related to the study, design, construction and
regulation of technology to minimize the occurrence and
consequences of road traffic accidents
• Active safety systems
• help preventing accidents
• they control the dynamics of the vehicle
• Passive safety systems
• help mitigating the consequences of accidents
• they protect occupants and pedestrians
http://www.livelifedrive.com/news/guide-choosing-
safe-car-buy/28101

SistemasAutomóveis
Examples of active safety systems
• Typical
• Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)
• Traction Control System (TCS)
• Stability Control system (ESP)
• Emerging
• cruise control (ACC)
• steering control
• suspension control
• road sign detection
• Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA)
• Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB)
• cross-traffic assist
• blind spot detection
• lane departure warning
• light Source recognition
• pedestrian detection
• vision enhancement (night/augmented vision, adaptive headlights)
https://www.autoliv.com/ProductsAndInnovations/ActiveSafetySystems
http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2014/10/car-safety.cfm?origin=EtOtherStories

SistemasAutomóveis
Examples of active safety systems (sensor technology)
http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2014/10/car-safety.cfm?origin=EtOtherStories

SistemasAutomóveis
Examples of passive safety systems
• Typical
• seatbelts
• airbags
• body structure with programmed deformation
• retractable steering column
• head restraints
• seats with “anti-submarine” effect
• fuel cut-off
• Emerging
• automatic emergency call (eCall)
• automatic message to an emergency call centre in case of a crash
• …
http://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-rewards-explained/ecall/

SistemasAutomóveis
Examples of passive safety systems
http://www.citroenet.org.uk/passenger-cars/psa/c4/c4-data/c4-05.html

SistemasAutomóveis
Classification of safety systems
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272754
• Classification
• Active
• Collision mitigation
• Vehicle control
• Passive
• Passive safety
• Driver support

SistemasAutomóveis
Road accident statistics
http://www.zdfirm.com/blog/car-accidents/annual-global-road-crash-statistics-infographic/

SistemasAutomóveis
http://visual.ly/road-traffic-accidents-infographic

SistemasAutomóveis

SistemasAutomóveis
http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/road-traffic-accidents/by-country/

SistemasAutomóveis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_traffic_safety
http://etsc.eu/transport-safety-performance-in-the-eu-a-statistical-overview/
2001 data
2012 data

SistemasAutomóveis
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Transport_accident_statistics

SistemasAutomóveis
Safety regulations
• Euro NCAP (New Car Assessment Programme)
• objective and independent assessment of the safety performance of
new vehicles on the European market
• It scores vehicle safety performance in four main areas
• Adult Occupant Protection (AOP)
• Child Occupant Protection (COP)
• Pedestrian Protection (PP)
• Safety Assist (SA)
http://ae-plus.com/news/euro-ncap-sets-out-its-roadmap-for-2020-tests

SistemasAutomóveis
Safety regulations
• The overall number of deaths on European roads has
continued to decrease over the last decade
• thanks to a wider adoption safety systems
• more robust and forgiving to human mistakes
• Trend is for
• crash avoidance
• pedestrian protection
http://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-ratings-explained/pedestrian-protection/aeb-pedestrian/
http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16472/euro-ncap-2020-roadmap-rev1-march-2015.pdf

SistemasAutomóveis
Safety regulations
• Safety (star) rating
• determined from a series of vehicle tests, designed and carried out by
Euro NCAP
• represent, in a simplified way, important real life accident scenarios
that could result in injured or killed car occupants or other road users
• From 2016, Euro NCAP allows two star ratings for the same
vehicle
• a base rating that indicates the safety of the car fitted only with safety
equipment which is standard on the model range throughout EU28;
• and, if the manufacturer wishes, a second rating for the car fitted with
a ‘safety pack’ which may be offered as optional
http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16472/euro-ncap-2020-roadmap-rev1-march-2015.pdf

SistemasAutomóveis
Safety regulations
• Safety (star) rating
• 5 stars safety
• overall good performance in crash protection; well equipped
with robust crash avoidance technology
• 4 stars safety
• overall good performance in crash protection; additional crash
avoidance technology may be present
• 3 stars safety
• average to good occupant protection but lacking crash avoidance
technology
• 2 stars safety
• nominal crash protection but lacking crash avoidance technology
• 1 star safety
• marginal crash protection
http://www.euroncap.com/en/about-euro-ncap/how-to-read-the-stars/

SistemasAutomóveis
Safety regulations
http://www.slideshare.net/GlobalNCAP/ncap-roundtable-euro-ncap
AEB = Autonomous Emergency Braking
VRU = Vulnerable Road User (pedestrian)

SistemasAutomóveis
Safety vs. Autonomous systems
http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/technology/specific-transport-
technologies/road-vehicle/autonomous-vehicles/

SistemasAutomóveis
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/
engineering/11502870/Will-Britain-be-in-the-driving-seat-for-autonomous-cars.html

SistemasAutomóveis
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/11502870/Wi
ll-Britain-be-in-the-driving-seat-for-autonomous-cars.html

SistemasAutomóveis
Active Safety: “all-in-one” holistic perspective
• Braking control
• ABS: controls per-wheel brake fluid pressure when braking to maintain
directional stability, ensure steerability, and reduce stopping distance
• EBD: controls distribution of brake fluid pressure to the front and rear wheels
according to vehicle load, road surface, and vehicle speed conditions, preventing
lock-up of rear wheels
• EBA/AEB: helps the driver in emergency situations, increasing braking fluid
pressure
• Traction control
• optimizes traction according to road and driving conditions to improve starting
and acceleration performance and safety
• Stability control
• suppresses over-steer and under-steer tendencies when turning by controlling
engine output and braking of each wheel to assure driving safety
• Speed/cruise control
• keeps the vehicle’s pre-set speed and distance/time gap from vehicles ahead
• Steering control
• adjusts steering ratio depending on the driving situation
http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html

SistemasAutomóveis
Active Safety: “all-in-one” holistic perspective
http://www.pakwheels.com/forums/news-articles-motorists-
education/150007-esc-esp-dsc-tcs-vids

SistemasAutomóveis
Active Safety: braking control
• Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)
• prevents the wheels from locking when braking so that the vehicle
maintains the steer-ability, directional stability and road adhesion
during vehicle deceleration
• it dynamically maximizes
braking force, according
to wheel slip
• maximum wheel friction
is achieved when wheels
slip around 20%
http://the-contact-patch.com/book/road/c0816-stopping

SistemasAutomóveis
• Braking force changes according to road conditions
• braking force greatly depends on road pavement material and
weather-related conditions
• braking force is related to wheel-road friction (coefficient)
http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajvd/2/1/2/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269274084_Road_surface_condition_detection_based_on_road_surface_temperature_and_solar_radiation

SistemasAutomóveis
• Steer-ability (dashed line) decays with wheel slip
• ABS operates in the shaded areas (hold and release zones)
http://the-contact-patch.com/book/road/c0816-stopping

SistemasAutomóveis
http://www.bosch-presse.de/presseforum/details.htm?txtID=6534&tk_id=108&locale=en

SistemasAutomóveis
• ABS is now mandatory for motorcycles
• new European rules to make motorcycles safer and greener have
been defined in 2012
• ABS mandatory for all motorcycles that have an engine displacement
greater than 125 cc, while ABS or combined brake systems (CBS)
could be fitted to smaller ones (under 125 cc), including scooters
• they apply to all two-, three- and quad-wheel vehicles, from 2016
onwards
http://www.bosch-
motorcycle.com/en/de/fahrsicherheit_fuer_zweiraeder/motorrad_abs/gesetzgebung/legislation.html#

SistemasAutomóveis
• Basic diagram and operation
• ABS ECU compares wheels & vehicle speed
• it controls brake fluid flow from the master cylinder to the brakes,
through solenoid valves (hydraulic unit)
• it modulates the braking pressure of
each wheel
http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti-
lock-brakes-abs-controlled-978049/

SistemasAutomóveis
• ABS operation – pressure increase phase
• the driver presses the brake pedal
• no wheel slipping occurs
• the ABS solenoid valves are open (inactive)
• brake fluid hits the brakes
• this is “normal braking”, i.e. the
ABS takes no control action
over the brakes
• (red represents brake fluid
under high pressure)
http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs-
system-diagnostics-part-3/

SistemasAutomóveis
• ABS operation – pressure hold/retention phase
• driver keeps pressing the brake  one or more wheels at risk of locking
• ECU senses that a wheel is rotating much slower than it should
• the solenoid valve of the slow wheel is moved upwards to block the
hydraulic pipe from the master cylinder
• the pressure produced up to this point at the wheel brake is maintained (held)
at that level – driver has now little influence on the brake pressure
• pump runs for preparing the next
phase (note that the pump is housed
in the modulator assembly itself)
• the wheel speed should be maintained
at a point just before the onset of
skidding, providing maximum
braking force
• (purple represents brake fluid
under average pressure)

SistemasAutomóveis
• ABS operation – pressure reduction phase
• if the wheel slows excessively and still skids, brake pressure must be
reduced
• a higher current (5 A) is sent to the solenoid valve, opening it fully
• brake fluid is pumped to the reservoir, reducing the pressure at the
brake and allowing the wheel to
speed up, regaining grip
• (green represents brake fluid
under low pressure)

SistemasAutomóveis
• ABS control cycle
• pressure regulation actuation occur 15-20 times per second
(every 50-70 ms)
• pressure increase,
hold, reduction,
depends on diff
BTW vehicle and
wheel speeds
• braking pressure
varies accordingly
http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-
16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs-controlled-978049/

SistemasAutomóveis
• ABS components
• (brake pedal/handle)
• (master cylinder, pipes)
• (disk/drum brakes)
• wheel speed sensors (one per wheel)
• ABS unit (AKA ABS module) – 1 for all or 1 rear + 1 front
• ECU
• hydraulic pump/modulator
• solenoid valves
• 1 per wheel: 3-position reduction-hold-increase valves or
• 2 per wheel: 2-position opened/closed valves – one inlet
valve and one outlet valve
• sensors (pressure, temperature)

SistemasAutomóveis
• ABS unit
1. Pump motor fastening bolt (x2)
2. Pump motor
3. Guide sleeve
4. Pump/valve housing
5. Outlet valves (x4)
6. Inlet valves (x4)
7. Printed circuit board with
semiconductor relay
8. ABS control unit
9. ABS control unit cover
10. ABS control unit fastening bolt (x4)
11. Pressure sensor (only ABS 8.0/ESP)
12. USV valve (x2)
13. ASV/HSV valve (x2)
14. Pressure control valve (x2)
http://workshop-manuals.com/vauxhall/corsa-c/h__brakes/abs_8/description_and_operation/anti-
lock_braking_system_(abs_8.0_and_abs_8.0_esp)/

SistemasAutomóveis
• Two (inlet + outlet) valves per channel
a) Pump + valves
b) ECU + solenoids
http://www.brakeandfrontend.com/troubleshooting-abs-modulator-mechanical-problems/

SistemasAutomóveis
http://www.autozone.com/repairinfo/repairguide/repairGuideContent.jsp?pageId=0996b43f80378880

SistemasAutomóveis
• Wheel speed sensors
• inductive, magnetoresistive, Hall
http://www.brakeandfrontend.com/wheel-speed-sensors-abs-and-tcs-signal-use/
http://www.kstuned.com/products/speed-sensor-bracket-abs

SistemasAutomóveis
• Acura RSX
http://www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2012/11/14/acura-rsx-abs-modulator-system/

SistemasAutomóveis
• Bosch ABS 8.0
http://www.ls1gto.com/forums/showthread.php?t=417188
http://workshop-manuals.com/skoda/fabia-
mk1/chassis/abs_adr_tcs_edl_esp/hydraulic_control_unit_(abs_systems_bosch_8.0)_brake_servo_unit/master_brake_cylinder/removing_and_installing_the_hydraulic_control_unit_rhd_version/

SistemasAutomóveis
• Evolution of Bosch car ABS
http://forum.monzeiros.com/viewtopic.php?t=24151

SistemasAutomóveis
• Evolution of Bosch motorcycle ABS
http://www.ashonbikes.com/content/bosch-abs-testing

SistemasAutomóveis
• Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD)
• detects the slip ratio between the front and rear wheels from the ABS
wheel-speed sensor signals
• if the slip ratio of the rear wheels as compared to the front wheels is
larger than the fixed limit, the ABS unit reduces brake pressure to the
rear wheels
• brake pressure distribution is constantly optimized according to
vehicle load, road surface conditions and vehicle speed
• if ABS control conditions are met during EBD control, EBD control
is stopped and ABS control is given priority
http://www.thaimazda3.com/svmanual/esicont/en/srvc/html/B3E041343750T08.html
…

SistemasAutomóveis
https://www.obd-codes.com/faq/ebd-explained.php
http://www.pakwheels.com/forums/news-articles-motorists-education/150007-esc-esp-dsc-tcs-vids

SistemasAutomóveis
1. Speed
2. EBD initial control value
3. ABS initial control value
4. Vehicle speed
5. Rear wheel speed
6. Front wheel speed
7. High
8. Time
9. Rear solenoid valve control
10. Brake fluid pressure
11. Pressure reduction
12. Pressure maintained
13. Pressure increase
14. EBD control area
15. ABS control area
16. Front brake fluid pressure
17. Rear brake fluid pressure
http://www.thaimazda3.com/svmanual/esicont/en/srvc/html/B3E041343750T08.html

SistemasAutomóveis
Active Safety: traction control
• Steerability is important also when accelerating
http://www.bobbellnissan.com/blogs/729/you-auto-know-mondays-great-car-ownership-tips/nissan-
and-kia-traction-control-tips-when-to-turn-it-off/

SistemasAutomóveis
• Braking/Traction force coefficients are almost symmetrical
http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs-
controlled-978049/

SistemasAutomóveis
• Traction Control System (TCS)
• ABS, TCS and SCS systems share the same (4) wheel speed sensors.
• TCS requires two additional solenoids in the hydraulic modulator
assembly; these solenoids isolate the brake circuits to the drive
wheels from the non-drive wheels during wheel spin
• electric pump + accumulator are used to apply the wheel brake on the
wheel that has lost its traction
• if one of the wheels loses traction, TCS applies pressurized fluid to
its brake
http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs-
controlled-978049/

SistemasAutomóveis
• TCS dynamically controls the following systems
• braking (via ABS/TCS ECU)
• throttle (via engine ECU)
• fuel injection (via engine ECU)
• ignition (via engine ECU)
http://www.freeasestudyguides.com/tcs-traction-control-system.html

SistemasAutomóveis
Active Safety: stability control
• SCS = ESP = VSA = ESC = VDC = VSC = …
http://www.hirscheautomotive.com/acronyms.html

SistemasAutomóveis
• Understeering and oversteering situations
http://www.hirscheautomotive.com/acronyms.html

SistemasAutomóveis
• Basic operation
• dynamic behavior of the vehicle is perceived via several sensors
• vehicle speed (m/s)
• engine speed (RPM)
• wheels speed (individually)
• yaw (AKA attitude, rotation) sensor
• lateral acceleration sensor
• drivers’ steering intentions measured via a steering-angle sensor
• located in the steering column, it measures the direction the
driver intends to aim the car
• if there are differences between the direction of the steering wheel
and the direction the car, DSC takes control actions
• it controls brakes (individually) and accelerator
shared with ABS/TCS
exclusive for DSC

SistemasAutomóveis
• Bosch DSC III (v5.7)
• rotation rate sensor (yaw)
and lateral acceleration
sensor have been combined
into one unit located under
the drivers seat under the
carpet
http://www.bimmerfest.com/forums/showpost.php?p=4205801

SistemasAutomóveis
• Mazda 6 2014
• ABS +
• TCS +
• EBD +
• SCS

SistemasAutomóveis
1. During normal braking
• solenoid valves are not energized (all of them are off), so they are
open
• brake pedal is depressed  brake fluid pressure is transmitted from
the master cylinder, through the inlet solenoid valves, and then to the
caliper piston

SistemasAutomóveis
1. During normal
braking

SistemasAutomóveis
2. During ABS and EBD control
• when wheel lock-up is about to occur
• the linear control solenoid valves are not energized
• the inlet and outlet solenoid valves are energized and controlled
in three pressure modes (increase, reduction or maintain),
thereby adjusting brake fluid pressure
• brake fluid during pressure reduction is temporarily stored in the
reservoir and afterwards the pump motor operates the pump to return
the fluid to the master cylinder
• the following figure shows these conditions:
• right front wheel pressure increased
• left front wheel pressure maintained
• both rear wheels pressure reduced

SistemasAutomóveis
2. During ABS
and EBD
• right front wheel
pressure increased
• left front wheel
pressure maintained
• both rear wheels
pressure reduction

SistemasAutomóveis
3. During TCS control
• when a driving wheel spin is detected, the linear control solenoid
valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits
• at the same time, the pump motor is actuated to operate the pump,
thereby increasing pressure by supplying brake fluid pressure to the
front caliper piston of the slipping driving wheel
• after a pressure increase, brake fluid pressure is adjusted using the
three pressure modes (reduction, maintain, increase) so that the target
wheel speed is obtained.
• the following figure shows a control of right front wheel spin (during
pressure increase mode)

SistemasAutomóveis
3. During TCS
control
• control of right
front wheel spin
(during pressure
increase mode)

SistemasAutomóveis
4. During DSC control (to suppress oversteer tendency)
• when a large oversteer tendency is determined, the linear control
solenoid valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits
thereby increasing pressure by supplying brake fluid pressure to the
outer front caliper piston
• also at this time, the inlet solenoid valve of the inner rear wheel is
energized and the hydraulic circuit of this wheel is closed.
wheel speed is obtained
• the following figure shows a left turn (during pressure increase
mode)

SistemasAutomóveis
4. During DSC
control
(to suppress
oversteer
tendency)
• left turn
(during pressure
increase mode)
• brakes
RF wheel

SistemasAutomóveis
5. During DSC control (to suppress understeer tendency)
• when a large understeer tendency is determined, the linear control
solenoid valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits
supplying brake fluid pressure from the reservoir to the inner rear
caliper piston
• also at this time, the inlet solenoid valve of the outer front wheel is
energized and the hydraulic circuit of this wheel is closed.
wheel speed is obtained.
• the following figure shows control during a left turn during pressure
increase mode

SistemasAutomóveis
5. During DSC
control
(to suppress
understeer
tendency)
• left turn
(during pressure
increase mode)
• brakes
LR wheel

SistemasAutomóveis
• Mazda 6 2014
• control block
diagram

SistemasAutomóveis
http://www.automotiveitnews.org/articles/share/384781/

SistemasAutomóveis
http://www.bosch-presse.de/presseforum/details.htm?txtID=7467&locale=en

SistemasAutomóveis
Active Safety: steering control
• Automatic steering control
• traditionally, the driver’s steering angle input it is directly transferred
to the wheels using a predetermined steering ratio
• power steering systems assist the driver by adding torque to the input
thus reducing driver effort, and these systems can be hydraulic or
electric motor driven
• active steering systems use electronic controls to adjust the steering
ratio depending on the driving situation
http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/AuE835_Projects_2013/Pachahara_project.html
http://www.bosch-automotive-steering.com/en/products/car-steering-systems/active-steering.html

SistemasAutomóveis
• Automatic steering control
• planetary gearset is the “heart” of the system
• δs = steering wheel angle, δm = electric motor angle, δp = pinion angle
• id = ratio between steering wheel and pinion
• im = ratio between motor shaft and pinion
• the system responds in a fraction of a second
http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/AuE835_Projects_2013/Pachahara_project.html

SistemasAutomóveis
• BMW automatic steering system (planetary gearset-based)
http://www.mwerks.com/artman/publish/bmw_news/printer_136.shtml

SistemasAutomóveis
• Audi dynamic steering (harmonic drive-based)
• an electric motor turns an elliptical inner rotor which, via a ball bearing,
alters the shape of a thin sunwheel connected to the steering input shaft.
• At the vertical axes of the ellipse, the sunwheel meshes with the teeth of
an annulus or ring gear, which acts on the
steering output shaft.
• When the inner rotor is turned, the
main axis of the ellipse changes, and
with it the extent of gear tooth
meshing.
• Since the sunwheel has fewer teeth
than the annulus, there is relative
movement between them – the
superimposed movement used to alter
the effective steering ratio.
http://mag.ebmpapst.com/en/industries/automotive/audi-a4-the-adaptive-steering_1321/
http://www.audi-technology-portal.de/en/chassis/wheel-suspension-steering/dynamic-steering

SistemasAutomóveis
• Lexus automatic steering
system (harmonic drive-
based)
• gearbox built into the steering
column, between the steering wheel
and the pinion gear
• unlike BMW’s active steering
system (employs a planetary
gearbox), Lexus’s Variable Gear
Ratio Steering (VGRS) uses a wave
generator and a flexible gear
• Lexus claims its system is more
accurate and quicker than others
http://jckronbauer.blogspot.pt/2012/05/lexus-variable-gear-ratio-steering.html

SistemasAutomóveis
Active Safety: adaptive speed/cruise control
• Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
• keeps the vehicle’s pre-set speed automatically
• keeps a pre-set distance/time gap from vehicles up ahead
• uses RF, LASER or video camera-based radars
http://crankydriver.com/word/what-the-hell-is-adaptive-cruise-control/
http://www.embedded.com/print/4011081

SistemasAutomóveis
Active Safety: adaptive speed/cruise control
• Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) market forecast
• …
http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/blind-spot-detection-adaptive-cruise-control-
system-market-117989633.html

SistemasAutomóveis
Passive Safety: programmed structural deformation
• Serious injuries versus cabin intrusion (Japan)
http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/body.html

SistemasAutomóveis
• Deformable body structure
http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/body.html
http://www.mario-sequeira.atlantidaweb.com/Informacao%20Tecnica/Seguranca/Seguranca_UK.html#prettyPhoto

SistemasAutomóveis
• Deformable steering column/wheel
http://www.volvocars.com/us/cars/new-models/xc60/specifications
http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/safety/passive_safety/steeringsystem/

SistemasAutomóveis
Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS)
http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/srs.html
…

SistemasAutomóveis
…
http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/airbag.html
• SRS airbags
• supplement the seat belt to enhance passenger safety upon collision
• by increasing the time during which the force is applied
• by spreading the force over a wider area of the body

SistemasAutomóveis
…
http://textilelearner.blogspot.pt/2012/09/air-bags-for-automobiles-materials-and.html
• Airbag inflating/deflating timing

SistemasAutomóveis
…
http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/airbag.html
• NXP
• …

SistemasAutomóveis
…
• Infineon
• …
http://www.infineon.com/cms/en/applications/automotive/safety/airbag-restraint/

SistemasAutomóveis
…
• Airbag block diagram (Renesas)
• …
https://www.renesas.com/en-in/solutions/automotive/chassis/air-bag.html

SistemasAutomóveis
• Dainese D-air®
• J-KIT
• Electronic system cover
• Airbag
• Electronic system and batteries
• Gas generators
• Electronic system housing
• Wave back protector
• Kidney belt
• M-KIT (J-KIT + the following)
2 – ECU and system management
and monitoring unit with GUI
3 – 2 three-axis accelerometers
mounted on the front fork
(one on each leg)
4 – skid sensor mounted under
the seat
http://www.dainese.com/br_en/d-air/street/

SistemasAutomóveis
…
http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/safety/passive_safety/pre_load_seatbelt/
• SRS belt pre-tensioners and load limiters
• a pretensioner retracts the seatbelt when a collision occurs, to restrain
occupants quickly and reducing the amount they are thrown forward
in a frontal crash
• a load limiter helps protect occupants from seatbelt-inflicted injury;
upon a crash, the pretensioner restrains the occupant until certain
amount of force is applied; at this point, the load limiter releases the
belt gradually for not exerting too much force on the occupant’s chest

SistemasAutomóveis
…
http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/air-bag-seat-belt-market-21466612.html
• Airbag and seat belt market forecast

SistemasAutomóveis
Glossary (English/Portuguese)
• …

SistemasAutomóveis
Recommended references
• http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16470/ratings-group-report-2015-version-
10-with-appendix.pdf
• …

Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for road vehicles

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for road vehicles

Similar to Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for road vehicles (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for road vehicles