The CPU, or central processing unit, is the brain of the computer that performs all computations and processes data. It consists of several main parts including the control unit, which directs operations; the ALU, which performs arithmetic and logical operations; and registers, which temporarily store data and instructions for faster access. The CPU interacts closely with memory (RAM), fetching instructions and data from memory to execute programs.

1. “The brain of the computer” that takes care of all the computations and processes. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

2. The component of CPU include, CU: Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of the processor. ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations.(+, -, x, /, >,<, =) FPU: Floating Point Unit. Performs division and large decimal operations. Cache Memory : Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs. I/O Unit: Input Output unit. The gateway for the processor. Register : Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function. Architecture

3. Basic Architecture Control Unit ALU Cache IO Unit Register FPU CPU Bus Internal Busses

4. Processing In this chapter, we will focus on the central processing unit (CPU) in more detail. Input Processing Output Secondary Storage

5. The CPU The CPU interacts(affects) closely with memory (primary storage). CPU Memory Memory, however, is not part of the CPU.

6. Parts of the CPU The CPU consists of a variety of parts including:33 Control unit Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) Registers Control Unit ALU Registers

7. The Control Unit… directs the other parts of the computer system to execute(perform) stored program instructions. The control unit communicates with the ALU and memory. Control Unit

8. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)… performs mathematical operations as well as logical operations. ALU

9. Mathematical Operations The ALU can perform four kinds of mathematical calculations: addition subtraction multiplication division

10. Logical Operations The ALU can perform logical operations. Logical operations can test for these conditions(position): Equal-to (=) Less-than (<) Greater-than (>)

11. Registers… are temporary storage areas for data or instructions. Data held temporarily in registers can be accessed at greater speeds than data stored in memory. Registers

12. Memory (Primary Storage) Memory is the part of the computer that stores data and program instructions for processing. CPU Memory

13. Memory… is also referred to as RAM (random-access memory). CPU Memory RAM is temporary , finite , and more expensive than secondary storage.

14. Executing Program Instructions Before the CPU can execute a program, program instructions and data must be placed into memory from an input device or storage device. Input Processing Secondary Storage

15. Executing Program Instructions Once the necessary data and instructions are in memory, the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction: Fetching Decoding Executing Storing CPU Memory

16. Fetching Instructions The control unit fetches (gets) the instruction from memory. Memory Control Unit ALU Registers

17. Decoding(solve) Instructions The control unit decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU. Memory Control Unit ALU Registers

18. Executing Arithmetic/Logic Operations The ALU performs the arithmetic or logical operation on the data. Memory Control Unit ALU Registers

19. Storing Results The ALU stores the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register. Memory Control Unit ALU Registers

20. Executing Program Instructions Eventually, the control unit sends the results in memory to an ou t put device or secondary storage. Output Secondary Storage Control Unit ALU Registers Memory

21. Instruction Time The time it takes to fetch an instruction and decode it is called instruction time. + Memory Control Unit Memory Control Unit ALU

22. Execution Time The time it takes to execute an ALU operation and then store the result is called execution(perform) time. + ALU Memory ALU Registers

23. Memory Locations and Addresses The control unit can find data and instructions because each location in memory has an address . Control Unit Memory

24. Storage Locations Each location in memory is identified by an address . Memory Each location has a unique address.

25. Data Representation The system in which all computer data is represented(colled) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system.

26. Binary System The binary system has only two digits to represent all values. This corresponds to the two states of a computer’s electrical system —on and off.

27. Off/On Switches The computer can represent data by constructing combinations of off or on switches. off on or

28. Zero or One? The binary system can also be represented by the digits zero and one . 0 1 or Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary system.

29. The Bit Each 0 or 1 in the binary system is called a bit . one bit two bits three bits

30. The Byte A group of 8 bits is called a byte . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

31. One Character of Data Each byte represents one character of data (a letter, digit, or special character). J = 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

32. Storing Bytes Storage and memory capacity is expressed in the number of bytes they can hold: 1 kilo byte = 2 10 or 1024 bytes 1 mega byte = 2 20 or 1,048,576 bytes 1 giga byte = 2 30 or 1,073,741,824 bytes

33. Computer Word A computer word is defined as the number of bits that constitute a common unit of data.

34. Computer Word Length Word length varies by computer. For example: 8 bits = 1 byte = one word length 64 bits = 8 bytes = one word length

35. Coding the Computer A code for determining which group of bits represent which characters on a keyboard is called ASCII . ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange )

36. ASCII ASCII has been adopted, as the standard, by the U.S. government and is found in a variety of computers. J = ASCII-8 code Keyboard character 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

37. Computer Speed and Power Speed and power are determined by: Microprocessor speed Bus lines Cache

38. Microprocessor Speeds Microprocessor speeds can be measured in a variety of ways: Megahertz MIPS Megaflops

39. Megahertz One measure of microprocessor speed is megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per second. gigahertz (billions of cycles per second).

40. MIPS Another measure of microprocessor speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second.

41. Megaflops Megaflops, or one million floating-point operations per second, is still another measure of microprocessor speed.

42. Bus Lines A bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths. A bus is like a mode of transportation for data. Bus width (Wide) = the number of wires in the bus over which data can travel +--

43. Bus Width(wide) The amount of data that can be carried at one time is bus width (wider = more data).

44. Two types: Socket type Slot type. Pin arrangement in the Socket type processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA). Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC). Processor Types

45. Types of Processors SECC PGA

46. 8085-8bit 8086-16bit 80186-32bit 80286-32bit 80386(SX/DX)-32 bit 80486(SX/DX)-32bit Intel Scalar Processors

47. 2 ALU Pentium –first super scalar processor Pentium family uses super scalar technology P4 also uses Hyper Threading(HT) Super Scalar Processors

48. FPU-Floating Point Unit (carry out operations on floating point numbers. ) BPU-Buffer Processing Unit ( A temporary storage area, usually in RAM )

49. Processor Manufacturers Intel ( Inte grated El ectronics) AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) VIA technologies Cyrix

50. Brands of Intel Pentium I Pentium Pro Pentium MMX Pentium II Pentium III Pentium IV Pentium D Celeron Centrino M Core 2 Duo Core 2 Extreme Core 2 Quad

51. Brands of AMD Athlon Duron Sempron Turion

52. 273/296 pins PGA arrangement Socket 4,5 or 7 Speed:60 to 200 MHz L1 cache-16 KB L2-256 to 512 KB Power supply- 3.3 to 5 v Transistors:3.1 to 3.3 million Features:1 st super scalar processor,64 bit registers Pentium (1993)

53. 242 contacts SEC/SECC Slot 1 233-333 MHz 32 KB L1 512KB L2 3.3v power supply 7.5 million transistors First SEC processor Pentium II (1997)

54. 242 contacts/370 pins SEPP/SECC/PGA PGA370/slot 1 450 MHz to 1.13 GHz 32 KB L1 256 KB to 512 KB L2 2v power supply 9.1 to 9.3 million transistors Streaming SIMDA (single instr. multiple data access) Pentium III (1999)

55. 423/478 pins SPGA( staggered pin grid array) PGA 423/PGA 478(PGA2) 1.3 to 3.2 GHz 8 KB L1 256 KB to 512 KB L2 1.44 to 1.75v power supply Billion transistors Net burst architecture Technology HT (Hyper Threading) (above 2.4 GHz) Pentium 4 (2000)

56. A technology developed by Intel that enables multithreaded (current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion. Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting (dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on) them at once. Hyper threading

57. Why multicore? New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies? Dual-core CPU Quad-core CPU

58. Intel Core 2 models Desktop CPU Introduced on July 27, 2006 Number of Transistors 291 Million on 4 MB Models Number of Transistors 167 Million on 2 MB Models Variants Core 2 Duo E6700 - 2.67 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6600 - 2.40 GHz (4 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6400 - 2.13 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E6300 - 1.86 GHz (2 MB L2, 1066 MHz FSB) Core 2 Duo E4200 - 1.60 GHz (2 MB L2, 800 MHz FSB) 6 / 37

59. What is L1 and L2? Level-1 and Level-2 caches The cache memories in a computer Much faster than RAM L1 is built on the microprocessor chip itself. L2 is a seperate chip L2 cache is much larger than L1 cache 19 / 37

60. Core processor Dual core Core 2 duo Quad core

61. Dual core processor Desktop processor Released in 2006. for laptop 2007 two cores (e.g. AMD Phenom II X2,) Cache No of pins 478/956/988 No of transistor=233 million transistors Voltage rate=

62. Core 2 duo The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006 2 core 2-4 MB /2 MB/ Core 2 Solo U2xxx 1 MB it can better multi-task, play games and multimedia espn videos. Use less power ( 0.85–1.5 V ) Clock speed min=1.8 GHz max=3.2 GHz

63. Intel’s Core i3,i5,i7

64. i3 Core i3Sep 2009 4 threads 3-4 MB cache medium clock speed=3.06 GHz transistor=177/382 million million Voltage range=0.6500V-1.4000V DDR3-1066/1333 No of pins: LGA 1156/PGA 989 Hyperthyroid technology( adv) No turbo boost technology(Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 has multiple algorithms operating in parallel to manage current, power, and temperature to maximize performance and energy efficiency ) disadvantage

65. i5 Core i5 Aug 2009 2-4 threads 3-8 MB cache higher clock speed than i3=3.6 GHz Voltage range (0.6500V-1.4000V ) Transistors 177 million/382 million No of Pins: LGA 1156(desktop) /BGA 1288 / µPGA-989(for laptop) DDR3-1066/1333 Advantage=Hyper thread technology disadvantage=thermal monitoring technology( Temperature monitoring)

66. i7 Core i7 Nov 2009 8 threads 4-8 MB cache Hyper thread technology 4 cores No of Transistors :382 million No of Pins:1366 pins ) Produce less heat DDR3-800 Advantage: Hyper threading technology, thermal monitoring technologies, turbo boost technology

67. BGA-Ball Grid Array PGA-Pin Grid Array LGA-Land Grid Array

68. Land Grid Array PGA Ball Grid Array

69. Tank for your time and patience