The document provides a comprehensive overview of the central processing unit (CPU), describing its components such as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers, and cache. It explains the function, architecture, and types of CPUs, including multicore and system on a chip (SoC) designs, as well as notable CPU vendors like Intel and AMD. Additionally, it outlines the evolution of Intel's microarchitectures and the significance of CPU generations and sockets.

1. CPU
Central Processing Unit

2. Central Processing Unit
 Microprocessor
 The Chip
 The Processor
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3. CPUs
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4. CPU
 The brain of a computer system where
calculations and decisions are made
 The main part of the computer that
manages, stores, and uses data
 A silicon chip which normally contains
millions of transistors
 https://duckduckgo.com/?q=define+central processing unit
 https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU&tbs=dfn:1
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5. Components of a CPU
Two main components
 Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Control Unit
Other components
 Registers
 Cache
… etc
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6.  The unit that performs arithmetic and logic operations
such as addition, subtraction, shifting operations and
logic instructions (boolean comparisons, such as AND, OR,
XOR, and NOT operations)
 ALUs are designed to perform integer calculations.
Therefore, besides adding and subtracting, ALUs often
handle the multiplications, since the result is also an
integer
 FPU (Floating-Point Unit)
● ALUs typically do not perform division operations, as the
result may be a fraction, or a "floating point" number.
Instead, division operations are usually handled by the FPU,
which also performs other non-integer calculations
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ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

7. 7
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

8.  The control unit is basically circuitry inside the CPU,
controlling the operations inside the CPU and
"directing traffic" in a sense. The functions a control
unit performs can depend on the type of CPU, since
the varying degrees of architecture between all the
different CPUs will determine the functions of the
control unit
 Handles all processor control signals. It directs all
input and output flow, fetches code for instructions
from microprograms and directs other units and
models by providing control and timing signals
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Control Unit (CU)

9. Registers
 Local storage space on a CPU that holds data that is being
processed. Registers generally occupy the top-most position in
the memory hierarchy, providing high-speed and fast access
 Generally measured in terms of bits to determine the amount
of data they can hold. For example, the two most frequently
used terms, 32-bit processor’ and 64-bit processor, generally
refer to the size of the register on the processor
 Processor registers are normally made of static or dynamic
random access memory (RAM) cells. Static RAM offers faster
access to data than dynamic RAM, which is relatively slow
 Categories of Registers
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register#Categories_of_registers
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10. Cache
 CPU Cache is a data storage section of a CPU or processor. Its purpose
is to "cache" (or "keep in hand") the next set of instructions and data
that is currently needed
 Slower than Registers, Faster than Main Memory
 Comes in different levels. L1, L2, L3
 L3 normally used to found outside the CPU usually in Motherboard of
High End machines (Gaming, Servers etc.). Certain newer CPUs
contain on-die L3 cache
 Speed (performance): L1 > L2 > L3
 Size (capacity): L1 < L2 < L3
 Typical Core I CPU contains
● L1 cache 64 kB per core
● L2 cache 256 kB per core
● L3 cache 1 MB to 8 MB shared
 55 10

11. CPU Diagrams
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12. CPU Vendors
 Intel
 AMD
(Advanced Micro Devices)
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13. CPU Vendors
 List of Intel microprocessors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors
 List of AMD microprocessors
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessors
Different manufacturers use different CPU architectures
and technologies. Therefore similar CPU related terms
such as Cache may different as well…
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14. Microarchitecture
 The microword definition, data flow, timing
constraints, and precedence constraints that
characterize a given microprogrammed
computer
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures#Microa
rchitectures
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures
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15. Intel Microarchitectures
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures
 Semiconductor device fabrication
● Semiconductor manufacturing processes measured by nanometers
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication
 Intel Tick-Tock
● Every "tick" is a shrinking of process technology of the
previous microarchitecture and every "tock" is a new
microarchitecture
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Tick-Tock
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16. Intel Microarchitectures
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Microarchitecture
Fabrication
process
Major CPUs
NetBurst 65 nm Pentium 4
Core 65 nm, 45 nm Core 2
Nehalem 45 nm, 32 nm
Core i3
Core i5
Core i7
Sandy
Bridge
Sandy Bridge 32 nm
Ivy Bridge 22 nm
Haswell
Haswell 22 nm
Broadwell 14 nm
Notable Microarchitectures

17. Intel Core CPU Generations
 Processor Generation of a Core I CPU is a term used to
identify certain CPU families
 Instead of using microarchitecture names, simply a
generation name is used
 Generation can be determined by the relevant Sub
Microarchitecture Codename or CPU model no.
 1st Generation: Nehalem (~45nm)
 2nd Generation: Sandy Bridge (~32nm)
 3rd Generation: Ivy Bridge (~22nm)
 4th Generation: Haswell (~22nm)
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18. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Core Generations
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Generation CPU Model No. Sample
1st Core i# - ### Core i5 - 750
2nd
Core i# - 2### Core i5 - 2310
3rd
Core i# - 3### Core i5 - 3450
4th
Core i# - 4### Core i5 - 4570
 CPU Generation or its Microarchitecture Codename
can be determined by the CPU model no.
Here # is a number. Not a letter

19. CPU Socket
 A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component
that provides mechanical and electrical connections
between a microprocessor and the motherboard
 Typically made of plastic. Has a lever or latch and metal
contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Many
packages are keyed to ensure the proper insertion
 Earlier Sockets had holes, as older CPUs had pins, and
newer sockets have pins as newer CPUs are pin-less
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket
● http://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/
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20. CPU Socket
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Socket Major CPUs
Socket 478 Pentium 4
LGA 775 Core 2 Duo
LGA 1156 Core i3, i5 (1st Gen)
LGA 1155 Core i3, i5 (2nd, 3rd Gen)
Notable Intel CPU Sockets

21. CPU Socket
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22. Threads
 In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest
sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed
independently by an operating system scheduler
 Multithreading
● Multithreading CPUs have hardware support to efficiently
execute multiple threads
 Hyperthreading
● Hyper-Threading Technology or HT Technology is
Intel's proprietary simultaneous multithreading (SMT)
implementation used to improve parallelization of
computations
 Here a Logical Core is called as a thread
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23. Multicore
 A multi-core processor is a single computing
component with two or more independent
actual processing units (Physical Cores)
 Normally a Core means a Physical Core and a
Thread means a Logical Core
 Multicore systems have more than one Cores
 Dual-Core and Quad-Core CPUs are common
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24. Multicore
 Dual-Core
● Pentium D
● Core 2 Duo
● Core i3 Dual Core
 Quad-Core
● Core 2 Quad
● Core i5 Quad Core
 Intel's Core i# numbering scheme
o i#-6## and down: dual core
o i#-7## and up: quad core
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25. Multicore
Multicore Cache Distribution
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26. Multicore
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Multicore Cache Distribution

27. Processor Types
 Server Processors
 Desktop Processors
 Mobile (Notebook) CPUs
 CPUs for other Mobile Devices
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28. Server Processors
 High Speed
 Multiple CPUs used
 Bigger Cache
 Examples
● Intel Xeon, AMD Opteron
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29. Mobile (Notebook) CPUs
 Compared to Desktop CPUs
● Smaller Cache
● Less Power Consumption
● Less Performance
 Typically vendors include special
letters like M (for mobile) in notebook
CPUs
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30. CPUs for other Mobile Devices
 Mobile Devices like Mobile Phones, Tabs use
CPUs
 Newer high end devices use Multicore CPUs
 Examples
● Sony Xperia Z:
1.5 GHz quad-core Qualcomm Krait
● Samsung Galaxy S4
1.2 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7, 1.6 GHz quad-core 1.6 GHz
quad-core Cortex-A15 +
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31. Future: SoC
 A System on a Chip or System on Chip (SoC) is an
integrated circuit (IC) that integrates all components of
a computer or other electronic system into a single chip
 Integrates almost all components into a single silicon
chip. Along with a CPU, an SoC usually contains a GPU,
memory, USB controller, power management circuits,
and wireless radios.
 Whereas a CPU cannot function without dozens of other
chips, it’s possible to build complete computers with just
a single SoC
● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip
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32. SoC (System on a Chip)
 SoC vs. CPU
● CPUs are on the way out. Eventually, SoCs will almost completely
consume CPUs
● http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-
battle-for-the-future-of-computing
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33. SoC (System on a Chip)
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ARM server SoC: Calxeda EnergyCore ECX-1000 Block Diagram

34. CPU: Considerations
 Motherboard
● Socket
● Chipset
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35. More Links and References
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_
of_Intel_processors
 https://duckduckgo.com/?q=CPU
 https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU
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36. Thank You!
Ayubowan!