As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of $766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78% of the observe variation in the farmer’s income. The study however concluded that paddy rice production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information, extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth E...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
Bangladesh Introduction Bangladesh’s agriculture is rapidly transforming due to social and economic development. These transformations have implications on resource use, food production, and technology development. This paper presents key long-term transformation in Bangladesh’s agriculture.
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector-1 (Crops Sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of agriculture for Pakistan's economy,carries out its SWOT Analysis and describes the challenges it faces.Ends with a set of policy recommendations to improve its productivity
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth E...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
Bangladesh Introduction Bangladesh’s agriculture is rapidly transforming due to social and economic development. These transformations have implications on resource use, food production, and technology development. This paper presents key long-term transformation in Bangladesh’s agriculture.
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector-1 (Crops Sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of agriculture for Pakistan's economy,carries out its SWOT Analysis and describes the challenges it faces.Ends with a set of policy recommendations to improve its productivity
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
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The Role of agriculture in economic development - in TanzaniaElisha Magolanga
Agriculture continues to provide livelihood for about 80% of the labour force despite the trends towards income diversification and urbanization (Bryceson 1999; GoT 2011). The majority of farmers are smallholders who rely on traditional methods in cultivation and livestock-keeping. The average farm size is less than two hectares per household. Since the mid-1980s, the growth in domestic food production has lagged behind the population growth which has been over 2.5% annually. Especially the per capita production of fresh vegetables, roots and tubers has declined while wheat imports have grown manifold (Haapanen, 2011).
Subject:
An Overview Of Agricultural Sector In Bangladesh
Bangladesh GDP from Agricultural (2006-17)
SWOT Analysis Of Agricultural Sector In Bangladesh
Recommendation
Conclusion
Forms of Agriculture in Pakistan
Natural and Human Factors Affecting the Production of Crops
Factors which affect Livestock Farming
Describe Fish Farms
Marine, Inland and Farm fishes
Role of Agriculture in Producing Resources for Economic Development of Pakistan
Pattern of Modernization in Agriculture with Reference of Green Revolution (1958-1969)
Problems Faced by Agricultural Sector in Pakistan
Remedies for the Problems of Agriculture Sector in Pakistan
Agricultural Map of Pakistan
"Agricultural Mechanization in Bangladesh: Role of Policies and Emerging Private Sector" presented by M.A. Sattar Mandal at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
The Role of agriculture in economic development - in TanzaniaElisha Magolanga
Agriculture continues to provide livelihood for about 80% of the labour force despite the trends towards income diversification and urbanization (Bryceson 1999; GoT 2011). The majority of farmers are smallholders who rely on traditional methods in cultivation and livestock-keeping. The average farm size is less than two hectares per household. Since the mid-1980s, the growth in domestic food production has lagged behind the population growth which has been over 2.5% annually. Especially the per capita production of fresh vegetables, roots and tubers has declined while wheat imports have grown manifold (Haapanen, 2011).
Subject:
An Overview Of Agricultural Sector In Bangladesh
Bangladesh GDP from Agricultural (2006-17)
SWOT Analysis Of Agricultural Sector In Bangladesh
Recommendation
Conclusion
Forms of Agriculture in Pakistan
Natural and Human Factors Affecting the Production of Crops
Factors which affect Livestock Farming
Describe Fish Farms
Marine, Inland and Farm fishes
Role of Agriculture in Producing Resources for Economic Development of Pakistan
Pattern of Modernization in Agriculture with Reference of Green Revolution (1958-1969)
Problems Faced by Agricultural Sector in Pakistan
Remedies for the Problems of Agriculture Sector in Pakistan
Agricultural Map of Pakistan
"Agricultural Mechanization in Bangladesh: Role of Policies and Emerging Private Sector" presented by M.A. Sattar Mandal at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
The importance of soybean as a high protein, primary input in vegetable oil,
diary and feed industries is not in doubt. The technical efficiency and
resource
-
productivity of smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria were
estimated using cross sectional data obtained on 96 soybean farmers in the empirical
analysis. Results obtained with transcendental logarithmic (translog) stochastic
frontier model showed that the technical efficiencies varied widely from
0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718. This indicates that smallholder soybean
production was in the irrational stage of production (stage III) as depicted by the
returns
-
to
-
scale (RTS) of
-
2.848. Land and fertilizer were effectively allocated and
used, as confirmed by each variable having estimated coefficient value between zero
and unity, depicting stage II in the production curve. The productivity of the factors
can be enhanced by expanding the farm size at the existing level of labour so that the
variable of labour used could move from stage III to stage II in the production curve.
Labour saving resource and/or practices should be encouraged for productivity and
technical efficiency to be enhanced.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
AN ASSESSMENT OF PROFITABILITY OF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION USING GROSS MARGIN, TH...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. With the constraints on land due to increased population and emergence of other enterprises such as sugarcane farming, groundnut remains a dominant crop in the area and continues to play a critical role as a source of income to the rural farmers. The study focused on profitability of groundnut production in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on production characteristics of farmers, groundnut yield levels, total input costs (variable) and revenues earned were obtained from 323 farmers and analyzed. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. The operational cost and returns of groundnuts production were determined through Gross Margin (GM) and return on investment analysis. Secondary and primary data collected was collated, cleaned and coded for electronic entry and analysis. Groundnut was mainly grown in small scale with the average area under groundnut being 0.32 ha under. The average gross income from groundnut production was KES 34,268 per hectare from a mean output of 659 kilograms. Groundnut was found to be profitable in the area since it had a positive gross margin.
Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
This study focused on Profitability and constraints of pig production in southern Kebbi State. A purposive and Snowball sampling techniques were employed in the selection of 252 pig farms. The data obtained from the farmers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and net farm income. The rate of return on investment was 1.70. This implies that every ₦1 invested in the pig business yielded ₦1.70K as profit. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.70, which means pig production, is a profitable business. The gross ratio of 0.36 implies that 36K is spent for every one naira gained in the business. The cost of feeds had 48.0%, water had 32.7%, labor 14.3%, cost of stocking piglets 4.7% and medication had 0.3%, housing cost 77.4% and feeders had 22.6%. Majority of the farmers (40.0%) reported cost of commercial feeds and feed ingredients as their major problem in pig production, followed by Insufficient startup funds (16.6%), effect of religion (9.5%), Low demand for Pigs and their products (7.5%), High cost of piglets (6.7%), Mortality (5.9%), Disease incidence (4.7%), Destructive behavior of pigs (4.3%), Theft and predators (3.2%) respectively. Despite the constraints and the high costs involvement, pig production is a profitable venture in the study area, as indicated by the profitability ratio technique employed in the analysis. Government should establish more research institutes for various disease control, breeding centers, effective extension services, market linkages for pig products to encourage more involvement in pig production. The result of the research recommends that farmers, whose profit level is very low, are expected to seek advice from the prospective ones on how to improve and attain greater level of efficiency in their production.
Assessing agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assessed agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development of smallholder cassava farmers in rural Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria with cross-sectional data collected from 352 smallholder cassava farmers. Crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to compute each farmer’s CCI and categorized into four levels while ordered logit model was employed to analyze the determinants of agricultural commercialization of cassava farmers in the study areas. Availability of some important rural infrastructures were assessed across cassava farmers’ commercialization levels. The results revealed that 13.1 % of cassava farmers did not participate in the sale of cassava roots while 86.9 % of them participated actively in the output market. T he mean and maximum CCI in the study areas was 59.1 and 95.5 respectively. The results also showed that less than 40 % and 20 % of cassava farmers in all commercialization levels had access to electricity and piped water respectively. The ordered logit regression analysis indicated that age, transport cost, cassava marketing experience, and distance to market were among the determinants of agricultural commercialization. Therefore, stakeholders should expedite policy actions capable of promoting rural infrastructure development that will enhance agricultural production, marketing and improve the quality of life of rural farming communities.
Assessing agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Abstract: This study assessed agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development of smallholder cassava farmers in rural Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria with cross-sectional data collected from 352 smallholder cassava farmers. Crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to compute each farmer’s CCI and categorized into four levels while ordered logit model was employed to analyze the determinants of agricultural commercialization of cassava farmers in the study areas. Availability of some important rural infrastructures were assessed across cassava farmers’ commercialization levels. The results revealed that 13.1 % of cassava farmers did not participate in the sale of cassava roots while 86.9 % of them participated actively in the output market. T he mean and maximum CCI in the study areas was 59.1 and 95.5 respectively. The results also showed that less than 40 % and 20 % of cassava farmers in all commercialization levels had access to electricity and piped water respectively. The ordered logit regression analysis indicated that age, transport cost, cassava marketing experience, and distance to market were among the determinants of agricultural commercialization. Therefore, stakeholders should expedite policy actions capable of promoting rural infrastructure development that will enhance agricultural production, marketing and improve the quality of life of rural farming communities.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Comparison of Land use Practices and Their Limitations in Five Agrarian Commu...ijtsrd
A survey of land use practices was conducted in five agrarian communities in eastern Nigeria to obtained current dominant land uses in area and identify the farmer constraints the farmers face in order to proffer solutions so that the farmers can improve on their income and livelihood. Male farmers dominate the farming population with 52 against female farmers. Crop farming is the dominant land use type in all the five locations. Major crops grown are rice, yam, cassava, maize, pigeon pea and okra with rice ranking first in importance in all the locations except at Anaku where it was ranked second to yam probably due to the predominating traditional religious worshiping observed in the area. All farmers are classified as smallholders as the average farm holding was 6 ha. Other general land uses include residential housing, schools ,churches, markets, roads, mills etc Flooding of farms and farm road erosion are major land limitations because during the rains poor drainage characterize more the 95 of the areas and most farms are submerged. Input constraints include lack of mechanization equipment and agrochemicals including mineral fertilizers. Use of high mounds and raised beds and ridges up to 100 cm were recommended to control the flood where other arable crops other than rice are grown. Government intervention on input provision is apt to help the farmers boost their production. Asadu, C. L. A. | Onyeme, E. | A. N. Asadu "Comparison of Land use Practices and Their Limitations in Five Agrarian Communities in Southeastern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21552.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/21552/comparison-of-land-use-practices-and-their-limitations-in-five-agrarian-communities-in-southeastern-nigeria/asadu-c-l-a
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Similar to Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of Nigeria (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of Nigeria
Ben-Chendo et al. 084
This is consistent with the Daramola (2005) that rice
importation in Nigeria is around $2.2 Billion which is to
the detriment of the scarce foreign exchange reserve.
This is an unfortunate scenario for a country that is
presumed to be the largest producer of rice in West
Africa also depending on imports from countries like
Thailand, India and USA etc.
Rice is cultivated in virtually all agro-ecological zones of
the country as it constitutes one major cereal crop
produced by Nigerian farmers. It covers both the upland
and the swamps, depending on the variety (KNARDA,
2007). Traditionally, domestic paddy rice production was
limited to flooded system until irrigated rice production
was introduced with the development of pump irrigation
schemes beginning in the mid-1990s; and this has
permitted rice area and production to expand at par with
population growth in recent years (West Africa Rice
Development Association WARDA, 1997).
Given the crucial role of rice in the food security of urban
and rural households alike, development of rice growing
has long been considered a priority in Nigeria. The
country has adopted a range of instruments designed to
protect and increase local production. The Nigerian
National Rice Development Strategy (NRDS) set up in
2009 aims to make the country self-sufficient in rice by
raising production of paddy rice from 3.4 million tonnes in
2007 to 12.8 million tonnes in 2018. The NRDS outlines
three priority areas of focus to achieve this level of
production such as improving post-harvest processing
and treatment; developing irrigation and extending
cultivated lands and making seed, fertilizer and farming
equipment more readily available.
In a bid to also achieve rice self sufficiency in line with the
rice transformation plan, the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development have rolled out a special intervention
programme on dry season paddy production plan in
2013. The dry season paddy production is scheduled to
take place across ten states of the Federation namely;
Kaduna, Kebbi, Zamfara, Kano, Jigawa, Sokoto, Katsina,
Bauchi, Gombe and Kogi states. Considering the recent
policies and programmes designed by the government to
increase paddy rice production in the country, the
inadequate supply of paddy for processing by integrated
mills, this research work is designed to assess the
production of the crop with regard to its profitability in the
study area to isolate factors affecting the farmer’s income
(producers), and invariably the growth of the Nigerian
economy.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in Chikun Local Government
Area of Kaduna State. Kaduna state lies between
latitudes 10
0
21' and 10
0
33' North of the equator and
longitudes 7
0
45' and 7
0
75' East of the Greenwich
meridian and has 23 local government areas. The state
experiences both wet and dry seasons with the wet
season commencing in the month of April in the southern
part of the state and between May and June in the
northern part of the state. The dry season sets in
immediately after the rainy season and is characterized
by Harmattan (dry and dusty West African trade wind that
blows between the end of November and the middle of
March) period with a temperature ranging from 18
0
C to
26
0
C and the heat period with a temperature that ranges
from 32
0
C to 39
0
C.
Chikun Local Government Area shares a common
boundary in the North with Igabi and Kaduna North Local
Government in the North West with Birnin Gwari and
South West with Niger State, Kajuru and Kachia Local
Government Area respectively. According to Shaidu,
(2008), the climate of the state favours the production of
crops such as rice, maize, beans, guinea corn, millet,
cotton, yam, carrot, sugarcane, tomatoes, pepper,
onions, garden egg plant, lettuce, Amaranthus and
tobacco. The state is also known for rearing of livestock
such as poultry, sheep, goat, cattle and pig.
Chikun Local Government Area was selected purposively
on the basis of being a prominent rice producing area in
the State. A three step sampling procedure was adopted
in the choice of sample for this study. The first step
involved the purposive selection of two communities
where rice is produced in relatively large quantities, these
are; Kujama and Kakau. The second stage was to
identify the registered paddy rice farmers with farm sizes
of 1ha and above in the two rice producing communities,
already selected with the help of Agricultural
Development Programme (ADP) extension agents and
other rice farmer groups (RIFAN). This list served as the
sampling frame for the study. The third stage involved a
random sampling of thirty (30) rice farmers from each of
the two rice communities bringing the sample size for the
study to sixty farmers.
To determine the cost and returns to paddy rice
production in Chikun Local government Area of Kaduna
State the gross margin model was employed. The gross
margin (GM) is the difference between the total revenue
(TR) and the total variable cost (TVC). Meanwhile total
revenue is the product of paddy rice quantity per unit-bag
(Q) and the price of paddy rice per unit-bag (P). The total
cost is given by sum of the total fixed cost depreciated
(TFC) and the total variable cost (TVC). Mathematically:
GM = GR – TVC----------------------------------------------eqn 1
Where, GM = Gross Margin (N/ha)
GR = Gross Returns (N/ha)
TVC = Total Variable Costs (N/ha)
While the net income model states;
3. Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of Nigeria
Int. J. Agric. Mark. 085
P= Gross Margin – TFC(depreciated)----------------- eqn 2
Where, P= Profit or Net income (N/ha)
TFC = Total Fixed Cost (N/ha).
And to ascertain the profitability of this venture, the
benefit cost ratio was used as stated;
Benefit cost Ratio = Total Benefit -------------------- eqn 3
Total Cost
Multiple Regression Analysis
Multiple regression analysis was used to quantitatively
determine the effect of postulated independent variables
on the dependent variable. The implicit form of the model
is presented thus as:
Y = f (X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 + …+..Xn + m)--------------------eqn 4
Where,
Y = Income (Naira)
X1 = Farm Size (ha)
X2 = System of rice cultivation (Dummy: 1 if upland and 0
if otherwise)
X3 = Farming experience (years)
X4 = Age (years)
X5 = Household size (Number of persons)
X6 = Method of land acquisition (Dummy: 1 if farmer
inherited the land and 0 if otherwise)
m = Error Term
The relationship between the endogenous and each of
the exogenous variables were examined using four
functional forms; Linear, semi log, Exponential and
double log while the best fit functional form was selected
based on a priori expectations, level of significance of the
variables and the coefficients of multiple determination
(R
2
).
Linear Y = + 1X1 + 2X2 + 3X3 + 4X4 +
5X5 +
Semi log Log Y = + 1 logX1 + 2logX2 +
3logX3 + 4logX4 + 5logX5 +
Double log Log y = + 1 logX1 + 2logX2 +
3logX3 + 4logX4 + 5logX5 +
Exponential form Log y = + 1X1 + 2X2 +
3X3 + 4X4 + 5X5 +
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 revealed that majority of the respondent fell
within the age bracket of 40 – 49years accounting for
36.72% of the total farming population. This was closely
followed by 26.7% of the respondent belonging to the age
bracket of 50 – 59years. The mean age of the
respondents was 49years and only 6.7% fell below
30years of age. This result implies that majority of the
total farming population in the study area are still within
the productive age and can adequately manage and
carry out production activities at an optimal level. The
table also revealed that 97% of the total paddy rice
farmer’s populations were male while only 3% were
females. This phenomenon could be explained based on
the cultural values and religion prevalent in the study
area that restricts women to house chores and does not
allow them engage in labour intensive farming activities
such as rice production. From the study conducted,
virtually all the respondents were married, with a total of
88% constituting 53 farmers while only 7 farmers made
up the remaining 12% that were single. Farmers within
the study area had varying household sizes ranging from
1 to 30 persons. The average family size is 10persons
which are relatively small compared to the labour
intensive farming activity prevalent in the area. This
therefore accounted for the use of hired labour in place of
the family labour. Majority of the respondents were not
privileged to attain higher education. Respondents who
attained secondary school were 33% the least
respondent of 13% were privileged to attain tertiary
education the study also revealed that majority of the
farmers 54% had primary education and an average of
9years farming experience was recorded. Their farm
sizes ranged from 1 to 40 hectares and above and the
study revealed an estimation of 15hectares as the mean
farm size. Three basic production systems were identified
as follows in the study area; the upland, lowland and
developed irrigated perimeter with varying constraints
and opportunity in terms of water availability, cost of
production, variety and quality of crop. The table showed
that in the study area 75%, 22% and 3% of the farmers
operate in the upland, lowland “Fadama” and irrigated
perimeter production systems respectively.
The cost and returns analysis of paddy rice production
per hectare of farmland in Chikun Local Government
Area of Kaduna state is contained in Table 2. For the
purpose of this study, the gross margin analysis and
other profitability ratios were used to determine the
profitability of paddy rice production on 1 hectare
farmland in the study area. This is estimated by adding
up the gross revenue less total variable cost. However,
the study survey showed that total gross revenue of
$1768.8 (₦ 352,000) is generated from sales of paddy
rice per hectare. The average cost incurred purchasing
seeds, agro-chemicals; fertilizer and packaging are of
$126.6 (₦25,200), $183.9 (₦36,600), $229.2 (₦45,600)
and $12.1 (₦2,400) respectively. Other variable cost such
as planting, fertilizer application, harvesting among others
brought the total variable cost to a sum of $866.3
(₦172,400). The gross margin was however estimated to
be $902.5 (₦179,600). The net farm income was further
estimated by subtracting the total cost (i.e total variable
cost + total fixed cost,= ₦199,400 {$1002}) from the
gross revenue. This amounted to $766.8 (₦152,600). The
4. Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of Nigeria
Ben-Chendo et al. 086
Table 1. Distribution of farmers by socio-economic characteristics
Socio-economic characteristics
Farmers N = 60
Frequency
Percentage
(%) Mean
Gender
Male 58 97
Female 2 3
Martital status
Married 53 88
Single 7 12
Age
20 -29 4 6.7
30 – 39 10 16.7
4940 – 49 22 36.7
50 – 59 16 26.7
60 years and above 8 13.3
Household size
1 - 10 persons 31 52
11 - 20 persons 26 43
10
21 - 30 persons 2 3
31 persons and above 1 2
Educational Background
No formal education
Primary education 32 54
Secondary education 20 33
Tertiary education 8 13
Farm sizes
1 - 10 30 50
11 – 20 15 25
1521 – 30 8 13
31 – 40 4 7
41 hectares and above 3 5
Methods of land acquisition
Inheritance 45 75
Purchase 16 26.7
Lease 13 21.7
Gift 9 15
Communal ownership 22 36.7
Farming Experience
1 - 5 5 8
6 - 10 30 50
911 – 15 18 30
16 – 20 6 10
21 years and above 1 2
Systems of paddy rice cultivation
Upland 45 75
Lowland 13 22
Irrigated 2 3
Source: Field survey data, 2014.
benefit cost ratio amounted to 1.77 which implies for
every ₦1($0.005) in costs the farmer can expect a benefit
of ₦1.77($0.008) while the gross margin ratio was
estimated to be 0.51. This result implies that for every
₦1($0.005) generated in sales of paddy the, farmer has
₦51($0.256) left over to cover basic operating costs and
profit. This indicates that paddy rice production in the
study area is profitable. The study therefore, concluded
that paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government
Area of Kaduna State is a profitable enterprise. There is
no alternative to rice in this Local Government area as it
is a staple crop and it’s processed to another meal called
“tuwo chinkafa”. However, maize and soya bean are also
cereals produced in the state and are not more profitable.
According to Sadig et al., (2013) maize production per
hectare is highly profitable with 150% profit with a gross
ratio of 0.39. This conforms to the study of (Ogaji Abu
(2010) Federal University of Technology, Minna,
5. Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of Nigeria
Int. J. Agric. Mark. 087
Table 2. Cost And Returns Analysis For Paddy Rice Production In Kaduna State
Items Units
Average Per Ha
Value (₦)
Quantity
Units
Price/
Cost (₦)
REVENUE:
Paddy rice yield (output) Kg 3200 110 352,000
TOTAL REVENUE (A) (₦) 352,000
VARIABLE COSTS (INPUTS) :
Rice seeds Kg 70 360 25,200
Fertilizer Bags (50Kg /Bag) 8 5700 45,600
Agro-chemicals (pre and post emergence) L 14 2400 33,600
Bags No 60 40 2,400
LABOUR COST:
Ploughing, harrowing & leveling MD 3 3000 9,000
Planting MD 12 300 3,600
Fertilizer application MD 10 1000 10,000
Weeding Herbicide application MD 2 1500 3,000
Harvesting / threshing MD 4 10000 40,000
TOTAL VARIABLE COST (B) 172,400
FIXED COST (DEPRECIATION)
Rent on Land 6,480
Interest on loan 8,000
Depreciation on implement/machines used 12,520
TOTAL DEPRECIATION (C ) 27,000
TOTAL COST (D) 199,400
GROSS MARGIN (A - B) = E 179,600
NET RETURNS (E - C) OR (A - D) = F 152,600
BENEFIT/COST RATIO (A / D) 1.77
GROSS MARGIN RATIO 0.51
Source: Field survey data, 2014. ($1 = N199).
individual contribution) stated that the lower the gross
and operating ratios, the higher the profitability of the
farm enterprise and vice versa.
The Effect of Socioeconomic Characteristics on the
Income of Paddy Rice Farmers in Chikun L.G.A of
Kaduna State
Based on the regression result in table 3, of the four
functional forms estimated, the coefficients in the linear
regression were the most significant as it was observed
from their t-values, as well as the appropriateness of their
signs with relation to aprori expectations and the
coefficient of multiple determination (R
2
). The R
2
for the
linear model (0.78) indicated that the explanatory
variables investigated highly accounted about 78% of
variations or changes in the dependent variable. Based
on the afore-mentioned, the linear model was adopted as
the lead equation. The linear model is therefore given as:
Y = -0.923+ 0.182X1** + 0.00163X2** + 0.00098X3** -
0.00134X4** + 0.598X5** + 0.583X6
The result showed that farm size (X1), system of rice
cultivation(X2), Farming experience (X3), household size
(X5) were statistically significant at 5% probability level (P
< 0.05). It further showed that the method of land
acquisition (X6) was not statistically significant at 5% level
of significance.
The significant variables accounted for 78% of the
observed variation in the farmer’s income. From the
regression result, (X1) which is the farm size was
positively related to farmer’s income by a constant
magnitude of 0.182 for every 1unit increase in the farm
size (1m
2
). This implies that an expansion in the area of
farm land increases the level of output made in the
course of production, hence the income. The system of
rice cultivation used (X2), farming experience(X3) and
household size (X5) also gave a positive relationship
indicating that with a unit increase in X2, X3, and X5, the
income (Y) will increase by a constant amount of 1.6x10
-
3
, 9.8x10
-4
and 0.598 respectively. This also implies that
improving on system of rice cultivation; increase in
farming experience increases the profitability. Variable X4
(age) was significant but negatively related to the level of
6. Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of Nigeria
Ben-Chendo et al. 088
Table 3. Multiple Regression Result of the Relationship between Income and Socioeconomic Characteristics
** F-value significant at 5%, ** t – ratio Significant at 5%, figure in ( ) = Standard error (SE)
Source: Field survey data, 2014.
profit made. This implies that a unit increase in age
decreases the level of profit made by a constant
magnitude of 0.00134. This is contrary to a priori
expectations and can be attributed to the inability of
elderly people to adopt new technologies to ensure
higher output.
Variable X6 (method of land acquisition), positively related
to the farmer’s income was however not statistically
significant. This implies that the method of land
acquisition did not matter but the level of farming
experience could influence the farmer’s income.
The analysis finally indicates that in the absence of all the
independent variables investigated, the farmer’s net
income will decrease by a constant magnitude of 0.923.
CONCLUSION
Rice production has become a major source of livelihood
for farmers in Kaduna state not only providing them with
basic food requirement but also generating income for
farmers through the sales of paddy rice, increasing the
number of jobs created particularly at the rural
communities and contributing to the growth of the
economy by increasing the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) of the country. Paddy rice production in Kaduna
state has not reached it maximum however, the major
findings of this study showed that Kaduna State has great
potentials for rice production. At all levels of operation,
the study revealed that paddy rice production in the study
area holds a promising prospect for investors as evident
in the net returns obtained, the gross margin ratio and
benefit cost ratios. All these profitability ratios estimated
proved positive and hence depict good profit element for
paddy rice farmers in the area. This work therefore,
recommends that, there should be consistent policy
support by government to transform the rice farmers’
mindset from seeing rice as only a food to a cash crop
through the provision of farmer education on rice
cultivation systems, extension service delivery, credit
facilities available and the minimization of risk associated
with high level of price fluctuation especially during
bumper harvests.
REFERENCES
Basorun, JO, Fasakin, JO (2012) Factors Influencing rice
Production in Igbemo-Ekiti region of Nigeria. J. of
Agric., Food and Env’tal Sc. Vol. (1).
Daramola B (2005).Government Policies and
Competitiveness of Nigerian Rice Economy”. Paper
presented at the workshop on Rice policy and food
security in sub-Saharan Africa, organized by WARDA,
Cotonou, Republic of Benin. November, 07-09.
Ekeleme F, kamara AY, Omoigui LO, Tegbaru A, Mshelia
J. Onyibe JE (2008) Guide to rice production in Borno
state Nigeria’’ IITA/Canadian Inter. Dev. Agency
(CIDA), Ibadan. Vol 1. pp 2 - 14.
Global Agricultural Information Network. Nig. Grain and
Feed Ann. Report. GAIN Report Number: NI1204, U.S.
Consulate, Lagos; 2012.
Functions Constant Farm
Size
(X1)
System of
rice
cultivation
(X2)
Farming
experience
(X3)
Age
(X4)
Household
size
(X5)
Method of
land
acquisition
(X6)
R
2
N F-
Value
Linear -0.923 0.182 0.00163 9.8E- 4 -0.00134 0.598 0.583
SE (0.931) (0.035) (0.002) (0.004) (4.6E - 4) (0.557) (0.834) 0.78 60 30.9**
t-value -0.990 5.179** 0.698** 2.037** -2.899** 1.073* 0.699
Semi-log -8.663 3.243 -0.133 0.777 -0.185 0.117 0.612
SE (2.916) (0.589) (0.373) (0.597) (0.229) (0.65) (0.886) 0.74 60 25.6**
t-value -2.971** 5.509** -0.356 1.302 -0.803 0.273 0.691
Double log -4.152 0.867 0.054 0.233 -0.011 0.265 0.968
SE (1.413) (0.285) (0.181) (0.289) 0.111 (0.315) (0.431) 0.58 60 12.6**
t-value -2.939** 3.040** 0.296 0.804 -0.098 0.842 2.253**
Exponential
-1.572 0.031 0.012 3.6E -4 2.2E -4 0.543 1.138
SE (0.505) (0.191) (1.2E - 2) (2.6E -4) (2.5E -4) (0.303) (0.453) 0.55 60 10.9**
t-value -3.108** 1.614 0.958 1.403 -0.892 1.792** 2.514**