The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program...ijtsrd
In a bid to revitalize the ailing agricultural sector in Nigeria, several programmes have been introduced by the government, one of such programmes is Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 . Hence, this study was necessitated to look at the performance implication of the programme on participant farmers in Southeast Nigeria. The study specifically determined the effect of ATASP 1 interventions on the farm income of participants and ascertained the effect of ATASP 1 intervention on the farm profit of participants. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of 8,585 Rice 3248 and Cassava 5337 farmers are participating in the programme from Anambra and Enugu constituted the population for the study. A multi stage sampling technique was employed by the researcher. Taro Yamane sample size determination formula was further used to derive the sample size 730 of the study. R. Kumaison formula was adopted to allocate sample stratum for the study. Primary and secondary data were collected and used in the study. A combination of descriptive, regression and inferential statistics were utilized in data analysis. Results revealed that Pseudo R2 was 0.435 which implies that 43.5 variation in farmer's income was explained by the joint action of the programme interventions and that the Pseudo R2 was 0.300 which implies that the programme interventions explained 30.0 variation in the profit of farmers. Hence, it was concluded that ATASP 1 is a signifant and right step in the right direction to regalvanize the agricultural sector and give it the pride of place it desearves. Among others, the study recommended that there is a need for the programme to increase its efforts on financial market development intervention and that the programme implementers and policymakers are encouraged to increase their intervention in rural areas. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1): A Southeast Nigeria Experience" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46410.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46410/performance-implication-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-a-southeast-nigeria-experience/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
Effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 ...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Programme Phase 1 ATASP 1 on Farmers Performance in Southeast, Nigeria. It used a well structured questionnaire to collect data from a cross section of randomly selected 730 respondents. A combination of analytical tools such as descriptive statistics, Tobit and multiple regression analysis and inferential statistics were used for analysis. The study found that 56.6 of the farmers are males with an average age of 44 years, who are 87.8 married and have 10 years of formal schooling. Apart from over 19 years farming experience, the average 6 people per household is large enough to supply cheap family labour to the farmers. The study found out that the programme interventions are classified into three important components, which are infrastructure, financial market and commodity value chain development. It was also revealed that farmers adopted the following agricultural technologies the use of improved seed varieties, the use of ICT extension facilities, and keeping a good farm processing record to track changes, among others. The study, therefore, recommended among others, that the programme implementers need to be transparent in their disbursement and implementation of the project mandates and that there is a need to improve the literacy level of the farmers, as this will go a long way to improve their possibilities of technology adoption. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1) on Farmers' Performance in Southeast, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46407.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46407/effect-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-on-farmers'-performance-in-southeast-nigeria/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
The agriculture sector continues to be the backbone of the Indian economy with around 50 per cent of population earning its livelihood from it. Contributing significantly to inclusive growth, the sector plays a vital role in India’s development journey. Despite this, agriculture is plagued by multifarious challenges. Some of the problems relate to the stagnation of yields, rising input costs, un-remunerative prices to farmers, among others. Hence it is pivotal that a turnaround is scripted in the agriculture sector which will be crucial for achieving inclusive growth. In this context, the distinctive and revolutionary vision enunciated by the Prime Minister of doubling farmer incomes by 2022 is undoubtedly praiseworthy and provides a remarkable opportunity to take the performance of Indian agriculture to a new level.
In the current issue of Economy Matters, the Focus of the Month is on “Reforming Agriculture Sector”. In Domestic Trends, we present an Economy Overview along with analysis of the latest data on Monsoon progress, IIP, Inflation, Monetary policy & Trade performance. In Policy Focus, the highlights of the key policies announced by the Government/RBI during July-August 2017. Global growth prospects and US fed policy stance is covered in Global Trends.
Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program...ijtsrd
In a bid to revitalize the ailing agricultural sector in Nigeria, several programmes have been introduced by the government, one of such programmes is Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 . Hence, this study was necessitated to look at the performance implication of the programme on participant farmers in Southeast Nigeria. The study specifically determined the effect of ATASP 1 interventions on the farm income of participants and ascertained the effect of ATASP 1 intervention on the farm profit of participants. A survey research design was adopted for the study. A total of 8,585 Rice 3248 and Cassava 5337 farmers are participating in the programme from Anambra and Enugu constituted the population for the study. A multi stage sampling technique was employed by the researcher. Taro Yamane sample size determination formula was further used to derive the sample size 730 of the study. R. Kumaison formula was adopted to allocate sample stratum for the study. Primary and secondary data were collected and used in the study. A combination of descriptive, regression and inferential statistics were utilized in data analysis. Results revealed that Pseudo R2 was 0.435 which implies that 43.5 variation in farmer's income was explained by the joint action of the programme interventions and that the Pseudo R2 was 0.300 which implies that the programme interventions explained 30.0 variation in the profit of farmers. Hence, it was concluded that ATASP 1 is a signifant and right step in the right direction to regalvanize the agricultural sector and give it the pride of place it desearves. Among others, the study recommended that there is a need for the programme to increase its efforts on financial market development intervention and that the programme implementers and policymakers are encouraged to increase their intervention in rural areas. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1): A Southeast Nigeria Experience" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46410.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46410/performance-implication-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-a-southeast-nigeria-experience/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
Effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 Atasp 1 ...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Programme Phase 1 ATASP 1 on Farmers Performance in Southeast, Nigeria. It used a well structured questionnaire to collect data from a cross section of randomly selected 730 respondents. A combination of analytical tools such as descriptive statistics, Tobit and multiple regression analysis and inferential statistics were used for analysis. The study found that 56.6 of the farmers are males with an average age of 44 years, who are 87.8 married and have 10 years of formal schooling. Apart from over 19 years farming experience, the average 6 people per household is large enough to supply cheap family labour to the farmers. The study found out that the programme interventions are classified into three important components, which are infrastructure, financial market and commodity value chain development. It was also revealed that farmers adopted the following agricultural technologies the use of improved seed varieties, the use of ICT extension facilities, and keeping a good farm processing record to track changes, among others. The study, therefore, recommended among others, that the programme implementers need to be transparent in their disbursement and implementation of the project mandates and that there is a need to improve the literacy level of the farmers, as this will go a long way to improve their possibilities of technology adoption. Johnpaul Chimnedum Onyekineso | Nwankwo Frank "Effect of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program Phase 1 (Atasp-1) on Farmers' Performance in Southeast, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46407.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/46407/effect-of-agricultural-transformation-agenda-support-program-phase-1-atasp1-on-farmers'-performance-in-southeast-nigeria/johnpaul-chimnedum-onyekineso
The agriculture sector continues to be the backbone of the Indian economy with around 50 per cent of population earning its livelihood from it. Contributing significantly to inclusive growth, the sector plays a vital role in India’s development journey. Despite this, agriculture is plagued by multifarious challenges. Some of the problems relate to the stagnation of yields, rising input costs, un-remunerative prices to farmers, among others. Hence it is pivotal that a turnaround is scripted in the agriculture sector which will be crucial for achieving inclusive growth. In this context, the distinctive and revolutionary vision enunciated by the Prime Minister of doubling farmer incomes by 2022 is undoubtedly praiseworthy and provides a remarkable opportunity to take the performance of Indian agriculture to a new level.
In the current issue of Economy Matters, the Focus of the Month is on “Reforming Agriculture Sector”. In Domestic Trends, we present an Economy Overview along with analysis of the latest data on Monsoon progress, IIP, Inflation, Monetary policy & Trade performance. In Policy Focus, the highlights of the key policies announced by the Government/RBI during July-August 2017. Global growth prospects and US fed policy stance is covered in Global Trends.
Agricultural Pricing Policy of PakistanUltraspectra
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
“Agricultural Performance and Food Security in Nepal: Constraints and Challenges” presented by Bishnu Pant, IIDS, Nepal, at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Concept of Economic Environment
Agricultural Sector
Status of agriculture sector in Nepalese economy
Features of Nepalese Agriculture
Issues of Agriculture Development in Nepal
The Economic Survey, 2016/17
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Agricultural Pricing Policy of PakistanUltraspectra
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
Impact of the Adoption of Improved Varieties of Household Income of Farmers i...BRNSS Publication Hub
In Benin, maize occupies a strategic place in the agricultural sector due to its growing importance in national consumption and trade with neighboring countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on the income and expenditure of maize farmers in the South Atlantic Department of Benin. The data used were collected from 144 maize growers in the Atlantic Department. Maize farmers with or without improved varieties were selected randomly. The average treatment effect method with propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of the adoption of improved maize varieties on household income and expenditure. Maize growers using four impact indicators: (i) Netincome; (ii) school expenses; (iii) health expenditure; and (iv) food expenditures. The results showed that the adoption of improved maize varieties led to an improvement in annual netincome (a relative effect of 8.78%), health expenditure (a relative effect of 15.88%), and expenditure on education (a relative effect of 16.08%). On the other hand, the adoption of improved varieties of maize has no significant influence on the expenditure invested in the dietof household members. It shows that the adoption of improved varieties of maize by which has a positive impact on the netincome, health expenditure, and household education expenditure.
“Agricultural Performance and Food Security in Nepal: Constraints and Challenges” presented by Bishnu Pant, IIDS, Nepal, at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Concept of Economic Environment
Agricultural Sector
Status of agriculture sector in Nepalese economy
Features of Nepalese Agriculture
Issues of Agriculture Development in Nepal
The Economic Survey, 2016/17
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
In recent times, agricultural sector has returned to the forefront of development issues in Nigeria given its contribution to employment creation, sustainable food supply and provision of raw materials to other sectors of the economy. In lieu of that, this study examines the impact of agriculture on the economic growth in Nigeria using annual time series data covering the sample period of 1981 to 2018. To analyse the data collected, Autoregression Distributed Lag (ARDL) model through the bounds testing framework is employed to measure the presence of cointegrating relations between real GDP, agricultural productivity, labour force, and agricultural export. Results show the presence of both short-run and long-run relationship among the variables, and that agriculture has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. These findings inform the Nigerian government on the need to expedite labour force (human capital) and agricultural export (non-oil) development with the view to achieving sustainable growth and development. In addition, developing skills and competencies of labour force through capacity building in the agricultural sector will encourage research and development thereby increase the export size, hence essential for long-term growth.
Mainstreaming sustainability in the Nigerian agricultural transformation agendaPremier Publishers
The Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) Programme is assessed to examine its ability to deliver the required socio-economic impact to resource-poor rural farmers that would not put in jeopardy the welfare of future generations. The programme’s approach to fertilizers and other inputs is examined in the light of more sensible alternatives. The heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers and other inputs without mitigating propositions is a major flaw of the ATA. Its ambiguity on genetically modified organism may result in the penetration of harmful varieties into the country. It is observed that the haste to achieve spectacular targets may have made it trade sustainability for performance. The paper also observes that the ATA continues with the extractive orientation where the rural farmer acts as a natural resource to be exploited to serve the purposes of the elite, as evidenced by the dominance of foreign actors in major contracts of the ministry. The paper concludes that though the ATA makes pronouncements on the issue of sustainability and the targeting of resource-poor farmers, its body language seems to disagree. It is suggested that a rigorous drive to incorporate organic fertilizers be embarked upon as part of the fertilizer policy, and more effective needs assessment be carried out to determine the needs of the poor farmer. It is further suggested that the government should establish a more robust partnership with universities of agriculture and faculties of agriculture in Nigerian universities in the design and implementation of the ATA.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire, observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies. Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Maize Technology among Smallholder Maize...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: As part of Ghana’s agricultural modernization agenda aimed at ensuring the National
Food Security, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) through its extension directorate has been
promoting the adoption of improved maize technologies. Method and Material: This paper presents
the finding of a study conducted to assess the determinants of adoption of improved maize technologies
among smallholder farmers in the Bawku West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. Exploratory
survey design was employed with multistage sampling techniques adopted in selecting 400 maize
farmers for the study. Result: Personal interviews, administration of semi-structured questionnaire,
observations, and focus group discussions were the main methods employed in data collection. Probit
regression model was applied in analyzing determinants of the adoption of improved maize technologies.
Household annual income, access to labor, access to credit, and extension contact were found as
significant determinants of farmers’ level of adoption of improved maize technology. Conclusion: The
study recommends to the MOFA to promote the use of labor saving simple farm tools in carrying out the
various production recommendations under the improved maize technology. Furthermore, MOFA needs
to work with financial institutions to support maize farmers with credit to enable them to acquire the
necessary inputs required in the implementation of the improved maize technology.
Agripreneurship Development as a Tool for Revitalizing the Agricultural Secto...ijtsrd
Over reliance on crude oil as a currency exchange has resulted in a steady decline in the performance of the agricultural sector, which was Nigerias mainstay before the oil boom of the 1970s. At present, the Nigerian economy continues to struggle to retain its title of Africas largest economy, with recent fluctuations in oil prices having negatively impacted the economy, reflected in the low standard of living and increased rise in the cost of goods and services. Scholars agree that the Nigerian economy should be diversified through agriculture and that agripreneurship could improve the nations current economic situation. Therefore, enhanced performance of the agricultural sector could lead to economic recovery and sustainable development. Despite the fact that many awareness programs, workshops, seminars and presentations have also been organized by private and governmental bodies and organizations, strategies and support systems have been created by the government at both the state and federal levels to improve the agricultural sector, but results are still pointing Recent studies indicate that the performance of the agricultural sector in Nigeria is poor. This indicates that perhaps agripreneurship has not really been embraced and there appear to be some bottlenecks or obstacles that are hampering the improvement in the performance of the countrys agricultural sector. Agriculture is still practiced at the subsistence level. Accordingly, the focus of this study is to examine agripreneurship development as a tool for revitalizing the Agricultural sector performance of the economy which will in turn lead to economic growth and development. Dr. Chibike Onyije Nwuba | Chukwunonso Chukwudi Okoli "Agripreneurship Development as a Tool for Revitalizing the Agricultural Sector Performance of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50498.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/50498/agripreneurship-development-as-a-tool-for-revitalizing-the-agricultural-sector-performance-of-nigeria/dr-chibike-onyije-nwuba
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Exploratory Model of the Impact of Agriculture on Nigerian Economyijtsrd
This paper explored four models in determining the impact of four agricultural sub-sectors of on the Nigerian GDP. The data is on the contribution of four different sub-sectors of agriculture on Nigerian Economy and was obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The findings revealed that ridge regression and PCR are good regression estimation methods for predicting GDP. From the models there is strong indication that fish production in Nigeria is too insufficient to sustain her ever increasing population and improve her economy. Also, the ever increasing demand for fish by Nigerians due to high cost of meat in the market is clearly shown in the models and this stands to say that a lot need to be done to improve fish production in Nigeria to ensure sustainable growth and development. Okeke, Evelyn Nkiruka | Okeke, Joseph Uchenna"Exploratory Model of the Impact of Agriculture on Nigerian Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd162.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/162/exploratory-model-of-the-impact-of-agriculture-on-nigerian-economy/okeke-evelyn-nkiruka
Challenges and Prospects of Agribusiness in Nigeria The Missing Linkijtsrd
For about three decades, the Nigerian government had initiated many policies and programs aimed at restoring the agricultural sector to its prominent position in the economy. However, various efforts to encourage investment and export diversification in the agricultural sector have not yielded favorable results. Great potential for investments and export diversification to generate higher economic growth remained untapped, as a result of challenges in the agricultural sector which have to be nipped in the bud. Therefore, this study identified these challenges and made recommendations to be implemented to remove these limitations in order to accelerate the achievement of economic growth and sustainable development in the country. The identified challenges or limitations consist of marketing problems, infrastructure deficiencies and unstable input and output prices. Measures to lift restrictions must include improvements in downstream commodity activities, environmental management, increased financing and efficiency in agricultural spending. The government should wake up and invest in infrastructure, and such investment must ensure infrastructure development in both urban and rural areas. Dr. Chibike Onyije Nwuba | Chukwunonso Chukwudi Okoli "Challenges and Prospects of Agribusiness in Nigeria: The Missing Link" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50510.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/50510/challenges-and-prospects-of-agribusiness-in-nigeria-the-missing-link/dr-chibike-onyije-nwuba
Uday salunkhe challenges and opportunties for agri sector in indiaudaysalunkhe
This article talks about the Challenges and opportunities for agriculture sector in India. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research
This article talks about the Union Budget 2009-2010 and gives details whether it fits together with the vision 2020. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research.
Effects of Agricultural Extension Services on the Performance of Members of W...ijtsrd
This study dwelt on Effects of Agricultural Extension Services on the Performance of Members of Women Agricultural Cooperatives in Southeast Nigeria. Nigerian agricultural system has not been living up to expectation, despite the wide range of programmes, policies and approaches that have been formulated for its enhancement and sustenance. Multistage random sampling technique was adopted to select 399 respondents of the women agricultural cooperative members. Primary data was sourced through the use of structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS version 23 and strata 14 software. The descriptive statistics used include frequency distribution table, simple percentages, weighted mean and mean threshold of five point likert scale measure while inferential statistics used include regression, and ANOVA, which were used for the test of hypotheses formulated. The result of hypothesis one revealed that the socioeconomic characteristics of the members of the women agricultural cooperative have significant influence on the use of extension services with Age 2.07 ,level of education 3.39 ,main occupation 2.46 and income 3.25.Hypotheses 2 and 3 also revealed that the level of use of agricultural extension services have significant effect on the women's income and output performance indices with F statistics value of 107.42 ,72.11 and r 0.4622,0.3658 respectively. It is recommended that women farmers need education and training for better understanding of extension services and programmes which will provide assistance to them, for improved agricultural production. Women agricultural cooperative members need training on financial inclusion that they can use all available sources of credit for enhancement of agricultural activities and this will boost food security in the Southeast and Nigeria in general. Okafor I. P. | Umebali E. E "Effects of Agricultural Extension Services on the Performance of Members of Women Agricultural Cooperatives in South East, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29544.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/29544/effects-of-agricultural-extension-services-on-the-performance-of-members-of-women-agricultural-cooperatives-in-south-east-nigeria/okafor-i-p
Analysis of the Factors Militating against the Implementation of Agricultural...Premier Publishers
This study analyzed the factors militating against the implementation of agricultural transformation agenda support Programme phase-1in promoting agricultural extension service delivery in Kebbi and Sokoto states, Nigeria. A Multi stage sampling technique was employed to draw a sample of 480 respondents from Sokoto and Kebbi states comprising seven Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Kebbi and one LGA in Sokoto state, respectively. A set of structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from the respondents. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The survey identified that (65.4%), (76.7%) respondents respectively were provided with both method and result demonstration strategies by the coordinating staff. The study further revealed that ATASP-1 provided training to farmers on improved farming methodologies through mass extension programmes such as radio/ television program (58.8%) and group discussion (78.3%). The study also showed that lack of better funding (92.1%), inadequate extension field staff (98.3%), and inadequate remuneration (91.3%), non-involvement of farmers in decision making 89.6%, inadequate monitoring and evaluation of the Programme (86.7%) affected the successful implementation of ATASP-1innovations in the study area. It is concluded that ATASP-1improved the standard of living of the participating farmers through farmer training on new and improved farming methodologies, provision of inputs such as fertilizers, improved seeds of especially sorghum, rice and cassava and other agro-allied incentives to boost productivity. It is recommended that provision of extension services to farmers in groups should be encouraged due to scarcity of AEAS, provision of more improved inputs like seeds of various crops, fertilizers and agrochemicals etc, provision of extension services through non-visits such as radio and television programmes should be intensified by ATASP-1, organizing refresher courses and in-service training for extension staff to equip them with modern skills to effectively disseminate improved agricultural technology to farmers.
Similar to Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth Enhancement Scheme in Oyo State, Nigeria (20)
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Ogunwande and Ajila: Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under GES
AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2018/Vol 2/Issue 1 33
a crude implement and lack of enough institutes
and policies as managing tools in the agricultural
sector which evidently leads to low efficiency and
in turn, low income.[7]
Against this background,
many institutes and policies were created in order
create more awareness, provide guidance and
finance their farm practices. New policies and
regulations that can spur investment seem to be
the missing link needed to transform the country’s
abundant resources into a sector focused on food
production and poverty reduction, particularly
among smallholder farmers.[10]
Some of the
policies and programs put in place by government
in the post-independence era were national
accelerated food production programme, national
economic empowerment development strategy,
directorate for food road and rural development,
national accelerated land development authority
among others which although were affected by
paucity of funds and administrative lapses.[7]
Most
recently was the introduction and implementation
of the agricultural transformation Agenda (ATA)
with a specific target on the growth enhancement
scheme strategy (GESS).[14]
To unlock the potential of its agricultural sector,
Nigeria embarked on a major transformation
with the launch of the ATA in July 2012. The
goals are to add 20 million metric tons of food to
the domestic food supply by 2015 and to create
3.5 million jobs.[18]
The Agenda’s focus is on
driving import substitution by accelerating the
production of local staples, to reduce dependence
on food imports and turn Nigeria into a net exporter
of food.[3]
To reduce food import spending and
harness Nigeria’s agricultural potential, as well
as create jobs in the agricultural and agribusiness
sector, the country embarked on an ATA to
reposition agriculture to drive Nigeria’s economy,
building on the foundation established through
the African Union’s Comprehensive Africa
Agriculture Development Programme process.[9]
Nigeria’s reliance on food imports is due in part
to underperformance in the agricultural sector,
with yield per hectare 20–50% of that produced
in similar developing countries up to 2009.[2]
A driving factor of low yields was attributed to
very low usage rates of agricultural inputs and
increasing the use of improved seeds and fertilizer
was seen as essential to the success of the broader
ATA program.[18]
Nigeria has been implementing
large-scale fertilizer subsidies since the 1970s,
and fertilizer supply has been the single largest
expenditure item in the federal capital account.
Despite the considerable fiscal burden to the
government, actual use of fertilizer by farmers
was very low. The subsidy policy was widely
recognized as being associated with multiple
problems, including wide-scale corruption and
inefficiencies. Over 776 billion naira ($4.8 billion)
was estimated to have been lost to corruption in
total, averaging 26 billion naira ($162.5 million)
of losses annually.[6,9]
A key feature of Nigeria’s
old system of fertilizer subsidy was a very active
role of the state in fertilizer delivery.
However, growth enhancement support (GES)
program was launched in 2012, with the primary
objective to depoliticize the input sector by
withdrawing the state from procurement of
inputs and developing a private sector channel
for input distribution.[5]
This giant stride taken by
the federal government particularly led to total
removal of subsidy which encouraged the fertilizer
dealers in the country to hoard and sell at a future
date to farmers at exorbitant prices. Therefore,
government sold fertilizer at the current market
price and introduced the policy of buy one and get
an additional one. Furthermore, other inputs such
as seedlings and seeds and hitch-free extension
services were given to farmers who were duly
registered under the accredited dealer for free.[8]
Against the backdrop of the effort of the
government in the improvement of agricultural
production for all scales of farming, inputs were
made available and accessible while credits and
loans were also made available. However, with all
these supports in place, farm output in both crop
and livestock aspects is at its lowest level while
population increases by the day and food shortage
assume a greater dimension.[11]
For agricultural
production to be appreciable and available in good
quantity to support the ever-increasing Nigerian
population, efficiency in farm production must
be given thorough attention. The study hopes to
answer the following research questions; what are
the socioeconomic characteristics of small-scale
farmers under the GES? What factors determine
the efficiency of farms?What is the individual farm
efficiency of farmers? These and other germane
questions are to be provided lucid and relevant
answers for policy purpose. The objectives of
the study are to identify the socioeconomic
characteristics of respondents; analyze the factors
that determine the efficiency of small-scale farms
and examine the individual farm efficiency.
3. Ogunwande and Ajila: Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under GES
AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2018/Vol 2/Issue 1 34
Agricultural production in Nigeria
Research methodology
The study area
The study was carried out in Egbeda and Surulere
local government areas (LGAs) of Oyo State. The
former is situated in the Guinea Savanna zone while
the latter is located in the rainforest vegetation belt.
Egbeda LGA is bounded in the North by Lagelu
LGAand in the South by Ona-Ara LGA; to theWest
by Ibadan North East while in the East bounded by
Osun State. It has a population of 319,388,[16]
and
land is of 410 km2
. It is popularly identified with
weather elements that favor agricultural practices
which are evident in moderately weathered soil
that permits the cultivation of both deep-rooted and
surface feeder crops. The mean annual temperature
and rainfall in the LGA are 1650 mm and ±26.5°C,
respectively, and its sunshine is relatively optimal.
The LGA is agrarian, and the main occupation of
the inhabitant is farming.[17]
SurulereLGAisboundedintheNorthbyOgbomoso
LGA and to the South by Ogo Oluwa LGA. It is
bounded to the West by Ogbomoso South and in
the East by Ogo Oluwa LGA. It has a population of
126,692andalandareaof975 km2
.Themeanannual
temperature and rainfall in the area are ±27°C and
2550 mm, respectively. Its edaphic quality revealed
that the soil is moderately weathered which prompt
the retention of nutrients for both the surface feeder
and the deep-rooted crops.[17]
Sunshine intensity is
optimal for the existence and sustenance of both the
biotic and abiotic organisms.
Both Egbeda and Surulere LGAs share a lot of
common ecological/agro-climatic conditions, and
the socioeconomic characteristics of the inhabitants
in the LGAs are similar. The dominant tribe in the
two LGAs is Yoruba, while another ethnic group
such as Hausa, Igbo, Egede, Agatu, Tiv, Nigerien,
and Malian peacefully cohabit with their host in
the areas and engage in both agricultural and non-
agricultural activities. The two LGAs host the
Agricultural Development Project staff and this
paves the way for farmers in the area to access
innovation through the visit of extension agents for
both advisory and field demonstration purposes.
Furthermore, farmers’ unions are present and
active in the areas in question.
Type of data and instrument of data collection
For the purpose of achieving the objectives of this
study, primary data were extensively explored on
socioeconomic variables (age, gender, household
size, marital status level of education, and primary
occupation) and input variables (farm size, seed,
fertilizer, herbicide, and labor). The instruments
used for the data collected were copies of
a structured questionnaire, voice recorder
(e.g., handset and tape recorder), and interview
schedule.
Sampling technique
Multistage sampling technique was used to obtain
representative sample unit used in the study. The
first stage was the purposive selection of two
LGAs, Egbeda and Surulere, from the 33 LGAs
in the state. Five communities were purposively
selected from each of Egbeda and Surulere
LGAs giving a total of 10. Given the total of
the two LGAs as about 447,000; Egbeda LGA
is about 72% (about 320,000) while Surulere
LGA has about 28% (about 127,000); from
which 10 respondents randomly were randomly
selected from each community in Surulere and 15
respondents also randomly selected from Egbeda
LGA giving a total of 100 from Surulere and 150
from Egbeda forming a total of 250 respondents
reached, selected and interviewed for the study.
Table 1 shows the detail of sampling procedure.
Analytical tool
Both simple statistical and parametric tools were
used in the analysis of data in the study. The simple
statistical tool used was descriptive such as mean,
maximum, and minimum while the parametric
tool used was the stochastic frontier production
Function (SFPF). The tool was used based on its
Table 1: Sampling procedure details
LGA Community No. Respondents
Egbeda Egbeda 10
Erunmu 10
Gbopa 10
Olode 10
Osegere 10
Surulere Okin 15
Gambari 15
Iresa Adu 15
Oko 15
Iresa Apa 15
Total 250
Source: Field Survey, 2017. LGA: Local government area
4. Ogunwande and Ajila: Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under GES
AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2018/Vol 2/Issue 1 35
unique strength of separating errors which affect
farm level production from the effects of input and
socioeconomic variables on farm output.
The stochastic frontier production function
Adesina[12]
and Ajibefun[15]
independently
proposed the stochastic frontier production
function model of the form
ln q=x’
i
β+vi
-ui
(1)
Equation 1 could otherwise be expressed as:
ln q=x’
i
β-ui
i=1., l. (2)
Where, ln is natural logarithm, q represents
quantity of output, xs
denote vector of explanatory
variables; βs
are vector of parameters to be
estimated; us
and vs
are inefficiency parameters
and random errors, respectively.
The difference in the two equations is the presence
of vi
in Equation 1 which is the symmetric random
error that accounts for statistical noise which arises
from the inadvertent omission of relevant variables
from the vector xi
, as well as from measurement
errors and approximation errors associated with
the choice of functional forms.
The model 1 defined is stochastic frontier
production function because, the output values are
bounded by the stochastic (i.e., random) variable
exp (x’
i
β+vi
).
Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier model used
takes the form:
ln q=β0
+β1
Inxi
+vi
-ui
(3)
and the technical efficiency of ith farmers is
expressed as:
( )
i
i
qi exp.(x’i vi –ui)
exp(x’i vi) exp.(x’i vi
TE
exp. u
)
β+
= ==
+
−
β+ β
(4)
The measure of technical efficiency takes a
value between 0 and 1. It measures the output of
the i-th firm relative to the output that could be
produced by a fully efficient firm using the same
input vector. Clearly, the first step in predicting
the technical efficiency, TE, is to estimate the
parameters of the stochastic production frontier
model in Equation 2.
Model specification
Stochastic frontier production function used in
this study follows the selection of variables in line
with[13]
as:
ln Q=β0
+β1
lnX1
+β2
X2
+...+βn
Xn
+ei
(5)
Input variables
β0
-βn = Vectors of estimated parameters
Q = Quantity of output (in kg)
X1
= Farm size (in Ha)
X2
= Labor (in man-days)
X3
= Seed (in kg)
X4
= Fertilizer (in kg)
X5
= Agrochemicals (in liters)
NB: Q is Arable crops converted to maize grain
equivalent weight
While the in-efficiency equation is given as:
U = δ0
+δ1
z1
+δ2
z2
+δ2
z2
+δ2
z2
+δ5
z5
δ0
-δ5
= vectors of inefficiency parameters to be
estimated:
z1
= Age (in years)
z2
= Education (in years)
z3
= Experience (in years)
z4
= Extension contacts (Nos.)
z5
= Gender (male=1; female=0)
N.B.: Small-scale farms size (≤2 ha) used in this
study is according to Adubi and Daramola (1996).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Level of input consumption and socioeconomic
characteristics of respondents
Socioeconomic characteristics, level of input
consumption of respondents is presented in
Table 2. Mean farm output of respondents was
4,162.89 kg/haandthemaximumwas96,791.65 kg/
ha. This result shows that respondents attained over
200% increase in output per hectare from previous
1.85 tonnes per hectares. It could be inferred that
farmers under the GES may likely be efficient in the
particular production season under examination.
Farm size under the GES recorded a significant
boot as mean hectare cultivated was 1.59 ha, and
the maximum was 10.10ha This result shows that
there was an improvement in area expansion for
the cultivation of arable crop under the scheme
from 0.65 ha previously cultivated in the study area
(source). Improvements in yield as reported above
cum area expansion suggest that farmers under
the GES program may have achieved a higher
level of productivity. Furthermore, availability
of more land to farmers indicates their readiness
to embrace program/project they perceived has
capacity to better their economic activities.
The mean and maximum labor used in man-days
by the respondents in the study area was 65and 93
accordingly. This result reveals that participants in
5. Ogunwande and Ajila: Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under GES
AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2018/Vol 2/Issue 1 36
GES used less man-day in their farm operation.
Information gathered from the key informants in
the selected communities revealed that farmers
under the scheme substituted agrochemicals,
especially herbicide for labor in their weeding
operation, which requires 15 man-day per hectare,
against three man-day when herbicide is used.
More importantly, GES farmers’ preference
for agrochemicals was predicated on its cost-
effectiveness and efficiency in weed control.
The use of agrochemicals by GES farmers
shows that average consumption was 3.85 L/
ha and maximum dosage applied was 26 L. The
results indicate that there is underutilization
of agrochemical (herbicide), considering the
standard application rate (5 L/ha) of herbicide by
the respondent, as well as mean and maximum
hectare cultivated by the maize farmers in the
study area. With respect to the seed planted by
farmers under the scheme, mean seed cultivated
per hectare was 30.79 kg and the maximum
140 kg; depending on farm size; meaning that
GES farmers had access to improved planting
materials. The use of fertilizer by GES farmers
in the study area was significant as respondents
applied 259.69 kg (on the average) per hectare
while the maximum quantity used was 1300 kg.
These results imply that input distribution model
of the scheme benefitted most of the participants
in terms of access and affordability. However, it
might be necessary to properly train some of the
farmers on the appropriate application rate to
enhance their efficiency.
The socioeconomic characteristics of respondents
with respect to age, level of education farming
experience, extension contact, and gender are
presented in Table 1. The dominant age of
respondents which coincide with the mean age
was 49 years, while minimum and maximum
ages were 20 years and 75 years, respectively.
The dominant age class revealed that the majority
(72%) of the respondent are economically vibrant
to perform optimally in terms of labor-use in
their farm operations. Educational levels of GES
farmers in the study area show that the majority
(65%) spent over 12 years on schooling and the
mean was 6 years. This result shows that the
farmers under the scheme were literate and have
capacity to access, process and utilize information
appropriately to improve their socioeconomic
well-being.
The year of farming experience of respondent
shows that majority (68%) of GES farmers in
the study area had 20 years farming experience
with a maximum of 25 years and mean value of
13 years. The level of experience acquired over
the years may have assisted them in the area of
optimal input combination, input price allocation
among others which inadvertently enhanced high
productivity. Furthermore, a number of extension
contacts range from 7 to 24 per annum. The
number of extension visit in a season was adjudged
inadequate to achieve better output.
Maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of
respondents’ technical efficiency
Table 3 shows the MLE of the determinants of
technical efficiency of GES farmer. Among the
efficiency variable; farm size, quantity of fertilizer
and quantity of agrochemicals were positive and
significant at various conventional levels of 1%,
5%, and 10%, respectively. The results imply that
as farm size increases, farm output increases and
Table 2: Socioeconomic and input characteristics of respondents
Variable Mean Maximum Minimum
Total Output (in Kg/Ha) 4,162.89 96,791.65 ‑
Farm‑size (in hectares) 1.59 10.10 ‑
Labor (in man‑days) 23 65 ‑
Seed (in kg) 30.79 140 ‑
Fertilizer (in kg) 259.69 1300 ‑
Agrochemicals (in litres) 3.85 26 ‑
Farmers’ age (in years) 48.5 75 20
Education (in years) 6.23 13 ‑
Farmers’ experience (in years) 23.74 67 ‑
Extension contacts (No.) 7 24 ‑
Sample Size (n)‑250 ‑ ‑ ‑
Source: Field Survey, 2015
6. Ogunwande and Ajila: Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under GES
AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2018/Vol 2/Issue 1 37
significant at 5% level.A unit increase in farm size
on the average leads to 0.1204% increase in farm
output. Furthermore, the quantity of fertilizer used
was found to be significant at 1%. A unit increase
in fertilizer applied on the average leads to 0.2094
unit increase in the quantity output. Agrochemical
was also found to have a direct relationship with
farm output and was significant at 10%. A unit
increase in the quantity of agrochemicals used on
the average leads to 4 units increase the quantity
of output.
The inefficiency model reveals that age, education,
experience, and gender of respondents were found
to have signs of interest and were also significantly
differentfromzeroatthelevelsof1%,5%,and10%,
respectively. As shown in Table 2, number of years
of schooling was significant at 5% and positively
related to output. A unit increase in the years of
education leads on the average to 6 units increase
in farm output. It could be inferred from this result
that, farmers with more years of education would
be more technically efficient.Years of experience of
farmers positively influenced farm output and found
to be significantly at 1%. A unit increase in years of
experience leads on the average to 8 unit increase
in farm output. This result suggests that years of
farming experience has a positive correlation with
output accrued to individual farmer. Gender (male)
of respondents has a positive relationship with farm
output and was found to be significant at 5%.A unit
increase in the number of male farmers leads on
the average to 0.1753 unit increase in farm output.
It could be inferred from this result that men are
stronger and this quality enables them to cope with
an extremely energy demanding farm chores which
their female counterparts may find extremely
difficult to cope with.
Elasticity/return to scale (RTS) of the Cob-
Douglas SPF function
Details of average elasticity of input used by the
respondents are presented in Table 4. The overall
elasticity value of various inputs combined by
farmers under GES scheme was 1 (0.81). This
explainsthattheyareoperatingatdecreasingreturn
to scale which is the stage II of the production
frontier under which any rational farmers should
operate. However, the gap between the actual and
potential efficiency frontier could be filled with
about 0.19 efficiency rate. It could, therefore, be
deduced that the optimal combination of available
Table 3: MLE of the technical efficiency of GES farmers
Input variables Coefficient Standard error T‑ratio
Efficiency variable
Constant β0 3.3749*** 0.5359 6.3
Farm size (in Ha) β1 0.1204** 0.0434 2.8
Labor (in mandays) β2 −0.0060 0.1250 0.1
Seed (in kg) β3 −0.0165 0.1220 0.2
Fertilize (in kg) β4 0.2094*** 0.0419 4.5
Agrochem (in liters) β5 0.0487* 0.0200 2.4
Inefficiency variable
Constant δ0 −0.2979 0.4820 −0.6
Age (in years) δ1 0.0370 0.0415 0.89
Education (in years) δ2 −0.6038** 0.1981 −3.1
Experience (in years) δ3 −0.0846*** 0.0160 −5.3
Extension contacts (No.) δ4 0.2005 0.1416 1.4
Household size (No.) δ5 0.4489 0.4728 0.9
Gender δ6 −0.1753 0.4712 −0.37
Diagnosis statistics
Sigma σ 0.96*** 0.3825 24.9
Gamma ϓ 0.92***(0.08) 0.0297 31.12
L g‑likelihood function −87.94
Likelihood ratio 28.56
Sample size (n)
Mean Tech. Eff.
250
0.72 (72%)
MLE: Maximum likelihood estimate, GES: Growth enhancement scheme
7. Ogunwande and Ajila: Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under GES
AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2018/Vol 2/Issue 1 38
input necessary to achieve optimum efficiency
level could be attained.
Distribution of technical efficiency scores of
farmers under GES scheme
Frequency distribution of individual farm
efficiency of maize farmers under the scheme in
the study area is presented in Table 4. Information
contained in the Table 5 revealed that most (82%)
of the farmers operated at efficiency range of
0.71–0.90, while the highest (62.4%) and lowest
(0.40%) were recorded for farm performance in
the production possibility range. The result showed
that majority of the farmers operated at the high
decile of the efficiency range suggesting that, farm
output under GESS in the study area was good
in the season under consideration. The Technical
Efficiency Score Distribution of farmers under
GES Scheme is also revealed in Figure 1 below.
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Maize farmers’ technical transformation of input
into output in the study area was found to be
efficient as the rate of technical substitution (RTS)
was 81%. Majority (62.4%) of farmers operated
within the efficiency score of between 0.81 and
0.90 while the mean efficiency score for all
farmers under the transformation program was
72%, suggesting that the farmers understudy still
have an ample efficiency range of 28% to operate
to attain the maximum frontier on the production
possibility surface. Furthermore, all farmers
operated at stage II of the production range.
This implies that optimum efficiency (enhanced
productivity) rather than area expansion is a viable
option to stem up level of production of arable
crop in the study area. Based on the findings, it is
recommended that:
i. Effective and efficient extension services
through well-trained and seasoned extension
agents must be provided to transfer adequate
knowledge/skill on application rates of
specific agro-chemical and proper time of
its application to achieve desired production
target.
ii. Appropriate planting materials and
technologies are developed and extended to
farmers at the right time and affordable prices.
iii. Innovative input distribution model should be
developed to ensure farmers have unhindered
access.
REFERENCES
1. AdesinaA. Honorable Minister ofAgriculture and Rural
Development, Federal Republic of Nigeria, Governor
from Nigeria, at the 36th
Session of the IFAD Governing
Council; 2013.
2. Adubi AA, Daramola AG. An empirical analysis of
risk and expected return on small scale agriculture in
Nigeria. Q J Int Agric 1996;35:384-97.
Table 4: Elasticity/return to scale (RTS) of the
Cob‑Douglas SFP function
Variable Elasticity/RTS
Farm size 0.12
Labor (in man‑days) −0.21
Seed (in kg) −0.18
Fertilizer (in kg) 0.21
Agrochemicals (in liters) 0.09
Total 0.81
Source: Field Survey, 2016. SFP: Stochastic frontier production
Figure 1: Technical efficiency score distribution of farmers
under growth enhancement scheme scheme. Source: Field
Survey, 2017
Table 5: Distribution of technical efficiency scores of
farmers under GES scheme
Technical efficiency score Frequency (%)
≤0.10 ‑
0.11–0.20 01 (0.40)
0.21–0.30 ‑
0.31–0.40 02 (0.80)
0.41–0.50 01 (0.40)
0.51–0.60 08 (3.20)
0.61–0.70 15 (6.00)
0.71–0.80 49 (19.60)
0.81–0.90 156 (62.40)
0.91 18 (7.20)
Total 250 (100.00)
Source: Field Survey, 2016. GES: Growth enhancement scheme
8. Ogunwande and Ajila: Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under GES
AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2018/Vol 2/Issue 1 39
3. Akinboro B. Bringing mobile wallets to Nigerian
farmers. In: Financial Innovation for Smallholder
Families. Pakistan: Digital Financial Services; 2014.
p. 3.
4. Akinyosoye VO. Plant size and factor productivity in
agro-allied industries: Implications for Nigeria’s new
industrial policy. J Rural Econ Dev 2006.
5. Fertilizer Subsidy Reform. Fertilizer Subsidy Reform
Revives Nigeria’s Agriculture Grow Africa; 2014.
Available from: https://www.growafrica.com/sites/
default/files/fertilizer-subsidy-reform-web.pdf. [Last
accessed on 2017 Jul 21].
6. Henry-Ukota AC, Osuji MN, Ukoha II. Rate of
information communication technologies (ICTs) use:
Its determinants among livestock farmers in Ukwa-
West LGA, Abia State, Nigeria. Int J Agric Food Sci
2012;2:51-4.
7. Idachaba F. Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges
Under Democratic Dispensation. Paper Presented at
Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute
(ARMTI). Ilorin: ARMTI Lecture; 2004. p. 1-23.
8. IFPRI/IFDC. Census of Agricultural Input Dealers
in Ghana. Washington DC: International Food and
Policy Research Institute and International Fertilizer
Development Center Survey; 2009.
9. Nwalieji HU, Uzuegbunam CO, Okeke MN.
Assessment of growth enhancement support scheme
among rice farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. J Agric
Ext 2015;19:71-81.
10. Ojoko E. Growth enhancement support scheme (GESS)
and the challenges of food security in Nigeria:A review.
J Agric Biol Sci 2014;9:226-32.
11. Okunseinde M. The Electronic Wallet System:
How Nigeria is Dialing into its Agricultural Sector.
Washington DC: Covington and Burling LLP; 2014.
12. Adesina A. Presidential Brief Agricultural
Transformation Agenda. Abuja: Presentation Made by
the Honorable Minister of Agriculture to the Economic
Management; 2011.
13. Aigner DL, Lovell CA, Schmidt P. Formulation
and estimation of stochastic frontier models. J Econ
1977;6:21-37.
14. Ajibefun IA, Daramola AG. Measurement and sources
of technical in-efficiency in poultry egg production.
J Rural Econ Dev 1998;13:1-3.
15. Ajibefun IA. An investigation of technical in-efficiency
of production of farmers under the directorate of
employment in Ondo State, Nigeria. J Appl Trop Agric
1998;3:15-21.
16. Meeusen W, Van den Broeck J. Efficiency estimation
from cobb Douglas production functions with composed
error. Int Econ Rev 1977;18:435-44.
17. NPC. National Population Commission Statistical
Book. Beijing: China Statistics Press; 2006.
18. Oyo State Diary. The State Diary of Oyo State, Oyo
State, Nigeria; 2010.