This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of NigeriaPremier Publishers
As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of $766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78% of the observe variation in the farmer’s income. The study however concluded that paddy rice production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information, extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of NigeriaPremier Publishers
As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of $766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78% of the observe variation in the farmer’s income. The study however concluded that paddy rice production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information, extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Agro based industries scenario and their future in IndiaAbdulmughni Ansari
Agro based industries scenario and their future in India (Business environment)
This presentation is done as part of subject business environment for MBA program.
Agriculture Sector in India, Indian Agriculture IndustryBruce Clay India
Indian agriculture is on a long-term growth path. The country is the second-largest producer of food in the world and holds the potential of being the biggest on global food and agriculture canvas, according to a Corporate Catalyst India (CCI) survey.
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
The Role of agriculture in economic development - in TanzaniaElisha Magolanga
Agriculture continues to provide livelihood for about 80% of the labour force despite the trends towards income diversification and urbanization (Bryceson 1999; GoT 2011). The majority of farmers are smallholders who rely on traditional methods in cultivation and livestock-keeping. The average farm size is less than two hectares per household. Since the mid-1980s, the growth in domestic food production has lagged behind the population growth which has been over 2.5% annually. Especially the per capita production of fresh vegetables, roots and tubers has declined while wheat imports have grown manifold (Haapanen, 2011).
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector-1 (Crops Sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of agriculture for Pakistan's economy,carries out its SWOT Analysis and describes the challenges it faces.Ends with a set of policy recommendations to improve its productivity
Bangladesh Introduction Bangladesh’s agriculture is rapidly transforming due to social and economic development. These transformations have implications on resource use, food production, and technology development. This paper presents key long-term transformation in Bangladesh’s agriculture.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Agro based industries scenario and their future in IndiaAbdulmughni Ansari
Agro based industries scenario and their future in India (Business environment)
This presentation is done as part of subject business environment for MBA program.
Agriculture Sector in India, Indian Agriculture IndustryBruce Clay India
Indian agriculture is on a long-term growth path. The country is the second-largest producer of food in the world and holds the potential of being the biggest on global food and agriculture canvas, according to a Corporate Catalyst India (CCI) survey.
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
The Role of agriculture in economic development - in TanzaniaElisha Magolanga
Agriculture continues to provide livelihood for about 80% of the labour force despite the trends towards income diversification and urbanization (Bryceson 1999; GoT 2011). The majority of farmers are smallholders who rely on traditional methods in cultivation and livestock-keeping. The average farm size is less than two hectares per household. Since the mid-1980s, the growth in domestic food production has lagged behind the population growth which has been over 2.5% annually. Especially the per capita production of fresh vegetables, roots and tubers has declined while wheat imports have grown manifold (Haapanen, 2011).
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector-1 (Crops Sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
Explains the importance of agriculture for Pakistan's economy,carries out its SWOT Analysis and describes the challenges it faces.Ends with a set of policy recommendations to improve its productivity
Bangladesh Introduction Bangladesh’s agriculture is rapidly transforming due to social and economic development. These transformations have implications on resource use, food production, and technology development. This paper presents key long-term transformation in Bangladesh’s agriculture.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
The importance of soybean as a high protein, primary input in vegetable oil,
diary and feed industries is not in doubt. The technical efficiency and
resource
-
productivity of smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria were
estimated using cross sectional data obtained on 96 soybean farmers in the empirical
analysis. Results obtained with transcendental logarithmic (translog) stochastic
frontier model showed that the technical efficiencies varied widely from
0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718. This indicates that smallholder soybean
production was in the irrational stage of production (stage III) as depicted by the
returns
-
to
-
scale (RTS) of
-
2.848. Land and fertilizer were effectively allocated and
used, as confirmed by each variable having estimated coefficient value between zero
and unity, depicting stage II in the production curve. The productivity of the factors
can be enhanced by expanding the farm size at the existing level of labour so that the
variable of labour used could move from stage III to stage II in the production curve.
Labour saving resource and/or practices should be encouraged for productivity and
technical efficiency to be enhanced.
Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth E...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges c...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
Factors Affecting Adoption and its Intensity of Malt Barley Technology Packag...Premier Publishers
Enhancing the probability of adoption and its intensity is not an easy task because there are numerous factors that affect producers’ adoption decision. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the factors that affect adoption and intensity of adoption among malt barley producers in southern Ethiopia. Using random sampling technique, 251 smallholder malt barley producers were selected to collect primary data through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometrics model (Tobit model) methods were used for data analysis. The study identified five major malt barley technology packages in the study area. Such practices are; improved seed, seeding rate, fertilizer rate, plowing frequency and row planting. Thus, non-adopter accounted for 7.5% of total sample, partial adopter (50.2%), fully adopter (42.3%) and intensity ranges from 0.12-0.84 for partially adopter and 0.85-0.96 for fully adopter. The results of Tobit model indicated that factors influencing adoption and its intensity are; education, family size, land size, access to credit, membership to cooperative, access to training, access to demonstration, total livestock unit and distance to nearest market. Which are affected farmers adoption decision and intensity of adoption significantly in one or another way. Therefore, government and any development interventions should give emphasis to improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption, increased productivity and income to small scale.
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
AN ASSESSMENT OF PROFITABILITY OF GROUNDNUT PRODUCTION USING GROSS MARGIN, TH...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. With the constraints on land due to increased population and emergence of other enterprises such as sugarcane farming, groundnut remains a dominant crop in the area and continues to play a critical role as a source of income to the rural farmers. The study focused on profitability of groundnut production in Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on production characteristics of farmers, groundnut yield levels, total input costs (variable) and revenues earned were obtained from 323 farmers and analyzed. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. The operational cost and returns of groundnuts production were determined through Gross Margin (GM) and return on investment analysis. Secondary and primary data collected was collated, cleaned and coded for electronic entry and analysis. Groundnut was mainly grown in small scale with the average area under groundnut being 0.32 ha under. The average gross income from groundnut production was KES 34,268 per hectare from a mean output of 659 kilograms. Groundnut was found to be profitable in the area since it had a positive gross margin.
Measuring the economic performance of smallholder organic maize farms; Implic...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture is associated with some health and environmental issues. This led to a call for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture without health issues. However, there is low participation in organic farming in Nigeria, which could be linked to less knowledge about its profitability. The study investigated smallholder organic maize farming profitability in Northern Nigeria. We employed descriptive statistics, profitability analysis, and a multiple regression model to analyse data collected from 480 maize farmers. The results revealed that organic maize farmers had a gross profit of USD 604.81 per hectare, a 0.46 profit ratio, a 0.54 gross ratio, a 0.32 operating ratio, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.85, and a 0.85 return on capital invested. Thus, organic maize farming is a productive and profitable venture. Organic manure, compost manure, farm size, selling price, cooperative membership, extension contact, access to credit, irrigation, education, and major occupation were factors that enhanced organic maize farming’s net profit. However, seed and transportation costs negatively influenced organic maize farming's net profit. Therefore, government and development agencies must intervene to make organic farming more sustainable and profitable by subsidizing seed costs and providing f inancial assistance to farmers.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Determinants of Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology and Its Impact o...Premier Publishers
The importance of agricultural technology in enhancing production and productivity can be realized when yield increasing and technologies are widely been used and diffused. Standing from this logical ground, this paper aimed at identifying the factors affecting agricultural technology adoption decision and examining the impact of adoption on household’s income in chiro district west Hararghe zone, Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data was used; primary data was collected through structured questionnaire administered on 97 randomly selected smallholder farmers and secondary data was collected from published and unpublished document related to this topic. For data analysis purpose both Probit and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models were employed. From the total 97 respondents 80 of them were adopted improved agricultural Technology while the left were not adopted improved agricultural technology in the study area. The regression result revealed that agricultural technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on household income by which adopters are better-offs than non-adopters. The probit regression result revealed that gender of the household head; access to irrigation, credit service; extension service and income of the household head significantly affect adoption of improved agricultural technology in the study area. From these finding researchers recommend that government should encourage small scale irrigation, credit service and extension service in the study area.
Agriculture in Ethiopia yet bases on small scale farming is experiencing frequent drought. The study examines, does improved wheat seed adoption benefit farmer’s wheat yield or not in Ofla woreda, Tigrai? A primary data sources from a survey of random sample 300 small scale farm households were gathered. Of which 100 were certified wheat seed adoptor farmers and the remaining 200 were non users. In dealing with propensity score matching (PSM) was applied. The average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) result revealed that improved wheat seed adoptor household’s earn 35 to 54 quintal of wheat yield per hectare at a cost of plowing 9,400 Birr larger in a single production year compared to non adoptors earn below 18 quintal at a cost of Birr 7,000. Adoption of certified wheat seed complementary with other packages is more recommendable to enhance wheat yield at small scale level.
Similar to Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local Government of Bauchi State Nigeria (20)
Effect of Different Weed Control Practices On Proximate Composition, Nutrient...IOSRJAVS
A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), one- hoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoe- weedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.
Physiological Quality of Bean Seeds Related To Azotobacter spp. InoculationIOSRJAVS
Research aimed at improving the quality of crops. The results obtained with seed coating were very influential with regard to fertilization and disease resistance. Nitrogen fertilization increases costs in agricultural production and the loss of fertile lands, altering the natural conditions and has negative consequences for the microorganisms (MO), which regulate the balance between quality of crops and soils. The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) consists on MO work which provide nitrogen in soil and secrete substances that promote plant growth, these can be made by inoculation of seeds. The germination rate, emergency and vigor are an indicator that determines the productivity and physiological quality of a plant variety. The germination rate, number of emerged seeds per pot in favorable field conditions and vigor by accelerated aging test were evaluated. The seed treatments were: the seed inoculation with Azotobacter spp., Immersion in nutrient broth without bacteria, sterilization and zero handling. The experiment has shown that inoculation of common bean seeds with Azotobacter spp. does not adversely affect germination, emergency or vigor and stimulate the development of abnormal seedlings.
Prevalence and Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella isolates from mil...IOSRJAVS
The study was conducted to determine the presence of Salmonella in retail milk products and water reservoirs in Maiduguri, Nigeria. A total of 150 samples were collected using convenient sampling technique. One hundred samples; fifty each of full cream milk or Kindirmo (n=50) and Skimmed milk or Nono (n=50) were collected from Bulumkutu and Monday market retail sellers. Furthermore, of the fifty samples obtained from the two different locations, twenty five samples each of kindirmo and nono were collected. The samples were aseptically kept in sterile plastic bags. Additionally, fifty water samples were collected from reservoirs within the University campus. They were processed according to standard bacteriological protocols followed by Gram’s staining and biochemical test; Triple sugar iron test, citrate and urease. The Salmonella isolates were further subjected to ten different antibiotics to determine their sensitivity. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in milk samples was found to be 10.00%, while the total prevalence of Salmonella from water sample was 40.00%. Of the fifteen isolates tested, resistance to Amoxicillin, Ceftriaxone and Erythromycin was 100.00%, Gentamicin had 80.00% and Cotrimoxazole was 53.33%, whereas Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone and Amoxicillin displayed 100.00% sensitivity. Moderate sensitivity of 53.33% to Streptomycin and Pefloxacin, 46.67% to Ciprofloxacin and 86.67% sensitivity to Ofloxacin was found in this study. Antibiotic resistance is associated with frequent usage both in livestock and humans as they are commonly available. Adequate sanitary measures should be ensured in milk processing and use of water reservoirs. Antibiotics should be used based on their antibiogram pattern. Prudent use of antibiotics is essential and its continuous use as growth promoters should be discouraged, as this may result to failure in the treatment of Salmonella-associated diseases due to resistance. Disease surveillance programmes should be established as a means for curtailing salmonellosis.
Molecular Detection and Therapeutic Management of Feline MycoplasmosisIOSRJAVS
Mycoplasma haemofelis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (formerly known as Haemobartonellafelis) are the causes of hemotropic mycoplasmosis in cats. The parasites attach to the surface of the red blood cell, and have the potential to cause severe alterations of the cell’s shape, resulting in anaemia. A three-year-old tom cat was presented in University Veterinary Hospital with symptoms of lethargy, reduced appetite and fever for past 3 days. Clinical examination revealed increased temperature(103º – 105º F), blanched mucous membranes and lymphadenopathy. Upon peripheral blood smear examination small coccoid organisms could be noticed in the periphery of the RBCs. Hematobiochemical examination revealed anaemia, thrombocytopaenia and decreased haematocrit values. The blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and followed by Polymerase Chain Reaction which confirmed mycoplasmosis due to Mycoplasma haemofelis. The animal was treated with intravenous administration of oxytetracycline@ 10mg/kg BW for five days along with prednisolone and vitamin supplements. Uneventful clinical recovery was noticed 7 days post therapy.
Inspection of the imported food products and internally produced food product...IOSRJAVS
This research had done on Export and Internal products which use by Afghan people. Tests on eggs showed that the internal eggs have better condition because of good weight, shell size, Albumin and yolk, and also there is no report of Salmonella. Tests on milk showed that the internal milk is good at high percentage of fat, Protein, Carbohydrates but there is always adulteration in these milks like adding water and starch. The research on water showed that there are hardness, No3, No2, P, some kinds of Bacteria but no Arsenic in tap, well and mineral water.In meat test we had found that, both import frozen meat and daily slaughter had the same condition of total bacteria and Coliforms but the percentage was normal, with no Salmonella. Results showed that import apple had high Bricks in refract meter than Herati apple.Tests of sausage and tuna products of our country and the external samples had no coliforms but high percentage of total bacteria.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Mutagenic Action of Sodium Azide on Germination and Emergence in Landraces of...IOSRJAVS
Phaseolus vulgaris (Common beans) landraces are one of the most cultivated legumes for human consumption on the montaneclimate of the Jos Plateau and is renowned for the production of reasonable quantities of the beans in Africa.Common beans is rich in fiber, micronutrients, minerals and has strong medicinal value. Despite its potential for improving nutrition and poverty reduction, it is highly under-utilized and research efforts to improve the genotypes of the plant found in this area for better productivity are few. A study was thus carried out to access the germination and emergence responses of three landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris (pinto, red kidney and navy) after treatment with sodium azide. Four doses of sodium azide were applied in concentrations of 0.1M, 0.04M, 0.03M and 0.02M for each landrace for both germination and emergence experiments. The results showed that at doses 0.02M and 0.03M, the pinto indicated significantly (p<0.05) higher mean germination which surpassed the control. All sodium azide doses in the red kidney and pinto had reduced mean germination. Sodium azide reduced the mean emergence of pinto, red kidney and navy at all the doses of sodium azide. The lethality of sodium azide was highest in navy and lowest in pinto. The decrease in germination and emergence was not dose related especially in red kidney and navy. The best response to the mutagen was observed in pinto with higher germination and the least percentage lethality. Sodium azide effectiveness and efficiency were strongest at the 0.1M dose of the mutagen.
The Use of in vitro Gas Production Technique as an Index of the Nutritive Val...IOSRJAVS
: The in vitro gas production technique was used to predict rumen fermentable organic matter, gas production kinetics, organic matter digestibility as well as metabolizable energy were evaluated in green shoot, leaves, fruits flesh and seed cakes of Ziziphus spina-christi tree. A gas production was measured by incubating samples in buffered rumen fluid from cannulated steer for 72 h. Total gas production was recorded at 0,3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation periods and kinetics of gas production was described. The chemical analysis of these Ziziphus spina-christi parts, showed that, Leaves contained high protein (14.77±0.23g/kg) and green shoot less protein (8.03±0.15g/kg),however, high ash content was observed in green shoot (10.03±0.07g/kg) compare to other parts. seed cakes has the highest crude fibre content in comparison to other parts (32.46±0.01),while fruits flesh contained the highest ether extract(72.39±0.03).The maximum gas volume was highest for fruits flesh followed by seed cakes, green shoot and leaves after 24hr of incubation. In this study flesh had a significantly higher (P<0.05) gas production from rapid soluble fraction (a) than the other parts, while Ziziphus spina-christi leaves showed the highest gas production from slowly degradable fraction (b) .Organic matter digestibility range was (51.90– 43.79%) and Metabolisable energy was found to be (9.16– 6.74MJ/kgDM) in the flesh and green shoot, respectively. It was concluded that, green shoots, leaves, fruit flesh and seed cake of Ziziphus spina-christi have the potential to be used as protein, energy and mineral supplements for ruminants especially during the dry season
Epithelial reticular Cells of Egyptian Water buffalo (Bosbubalis)IOSRJAVS
Thymus obtained from10 clinically healthy Egyptian water male buffalo (Bosbubalis). Their ages ranged between 2to 3 years old. The thymus of Egyptian water buffalo was divided by septa into many lobules; each lobule had outer, cortex and inner medulla. The epithelial reticular cells were classified according to their staining affinity, morphology and position into 4 types, three were found within the cortex and one in the medulla. In cortex epithelia reticular cells type I (ER 1) had elongated nucleus of irregular or triangular shape with marginal heterochromatin clumps along the nuclear membrane. Epithelial reticular cells type II(ER II) were irregular in shape with pale stained cytoplasm and the nuclei were large and spherical having euchromatin. Epithial reticular cells type III(ERIII) were characterized by large nucleus of irregular shape having marginal heterochromatin .In medulla epithelial reticular (ER) cells of type IV, they were the largest epithelial cells forming the unique elements of the thymic medulla (Hassall's corpuscles)). Cytoplasm was occupied by many small vacuoles ,very large vacuole appeared in the cytoplasm pushed the nucleus into one side.
The Development Strategy for Community Empowerment in the Framework of Fire P...IOSRJAVS
Land and forest fire disasters occur every year. Such conditions lead to disaster smog that many negative impact on society. Limited access to information community, especially around the area of Coconut Plantation potentially cause many problems, such as reduced household income caused by smog, the highaffected community respiratory tract infections as well as conflict disharmony social relationships that exist in society. Mistakes in communicating an information, could lead to uncertainty which aggravated the situation. In this situation, communication and community empowerment approach is urgently needed, taking into account the circumstances and social change. This study aims to examine how socioeconomic conditions of communities around oil palm plantations and the extent of the role of community institutions in the activities of prevention and suppression of fires and haze, and determine the communication strategy of community empowerment in the prevention and suppression of fires and smoke haze oil palm plantations in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. the results showed that the alternative chosen strategy is as follows: (a) Improving socialization, campaigns and the effectiveness of inter-institutional communication for the prevention of forest fires; optimization of the institutional role of Fire Response Group at the grassroots level and improve the knowledge and skills of the community in the management of land resources in order to prevent fires.
Use of Information Communication Technologies Among Female Block Extension Ag...IOSRJAVS
Block Extension Agents are the extension workers who are specifically females and who carry out Gender sensitive issues for female farmers in Nigeria. They have the objective of seeing to the extension needs of the female farmers. The study assessed the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) among Block Extension Agents (BEAs) in South-East Agro-Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in the selection of the sample for the study. Data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The mean age of the respondents was 40 years. All the BEAs sampled had formal education where more than half of them (51.04%) had first degree (B.Sc/B.Agric). The mean working experience of the respondents was 10 years. The mean income level of the respondents was N 33,875 per month. The extension agents claimed that twenty-five ICT facilities were available to them in varying degree. The attitude of the respondents towards the use of ICT facilities was positive (mean score=3.11). The extent of use of ICTs by the BEAs was low (mean score=1.45) which can be attributed to the low degree of availability of the ICTs than to their attitude towards the use of the ICT facilities. The BEAs identified thirteen (13) pressing problems that hindered their use of ICTs in varying degree and their major constraint (89.58%) as very limited access to the internet. It is recommended that the ADPs should provide such desirable working conditions that will encourage the BEAs to put in more years of their productive service to the ADPs; Workshops, conferences and seminars should be organized to train the BEAs in the use of ICTs which will improve efficiency in their work. ICT facilities should be made available to BEAs to enhance their productivity.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
Role of Trace Minerals in Bolstering Reproductive Health in HeifersIOSRJAVS
Trace minerals play a significant role in improving reproductive health. A study was carried out to evaluate the role of trace minerals in alleviating reproductive health in heifers. A total of 20 heifers were allotted into three groups T0, T1 and T2. T0 (n=4) was kept as control. T1 (n=10) was supplemented with Uniselit (M/S Ayurvet) along with standard basal diet. T2 (n=6) was supplemented with CofeCu along with standard basal diet. Results revealed that there was significant improvement in the physical and chemical parameters of estrus exhibition in the Uniselit supplemented group T1 as compared to control. The conception rate was also higher in group T1 in comparison to control. Thus, it can be inferred that trace minerals have significant influence in improving reproductive health in heifers
Effect of Growth Retardants on Shoot and Root Development of Stevia(Steviareb...IOSRJAVS
Stevia rebaudianaBertoni is a natural sweetener herb, which is promising in food and pharmaceutical production. In Egypt, the gap between sugar production and consumption represents a serious problem, in order to close this gap; Stevia could be cultivated in the Egyptian environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol(PBZ) and ethephon (ET) on shooting and rooting of stevia plant in vitroto improve the survival and growth of Stevia plantlets during acclimatization.The highest shoot number (48.0 shoots/explant) and the highest number of leaves (7.34) were recorded on MS medium containing 0.1mg/l PBZ. Whereas, the highest shoot length (7.36 cm) was obtained on MS medium without supplementation withPBZ or ET. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoots was recorded on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l PBZ, which gave2.83 and 0.39 g, respectively. The highest number of roots (8.44 roots/shoot) was obtained with 0.1mg/l PBZ. Also, this study indicates that PBZ or ET increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and carbohydrates content in the plant. PBZ and ET had significant effect on thesurvival of plants ex vitro, which recorded 85 and75%, respectively.
Effect of Different Levels of Fat on the Chemical Composition and Sensory Cha...IOSRJAVS
The effect of different levels of fat on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics has been made from the following levels of milk fat: 3%, 2.5% and 2%. The produced cheese was packed into sterile polyethylene bags (300 gram capacity) and stored at 4°C for three months. The chemical analysis was done at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. The results revealed that significant differences (P< 0.05) were found in protein, ash, total solid, pH, volatile fatty acids and fat contents of the different cheese samples. Sensory characteristics and storage periodof the cheese samples showed significant variations (P< 0.05). The protein, total solids and ash increased throughout the storage period, the lowest values were 21.82±3.49%, 59.29±4.03% and 5.60±0.89% respectively obtained at day zero of the storage. The highest pH occurred at day zero of storage. It was also found that the volatile fatty acids(VFA) increased with the decrease levels of fat, the highest VFA (2.62±0.50%01N ml NaOH/100 gm) was observed in the cheese with 2.5% fat. The statistical analysis showed sensory characteristics of the cheese samples significant (P< 0.05) affected by the fat levels. The present study concluded that production of low-fat cheeses with valuable chemical composition and good quality for the health benefits of the consumers.
Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Sudanese LowFat Cheese during ...IOSRJAVS
This study was carried out in the milk processing units at College of Animal Production Science and Technology, Sudan University of Sciences during September 2014-January 2015. The chemical and sensory characteristics of Sudanese low-fat cheese were investigated as affected by different levels of gum Arabic and storage period. Three hundred and fifty liters (350) of standardized milk with (3%, 2.5% and 2%) of fat were prepared after purchase full cream milk from a private farm at Al Haj Yousif, Khartoum North. Seven treatments were carried out as follows: First treatment is the control in which cheese milk had no additive (3%) of fat. In the second and third with 3% of fat, fourth and fifth with 2.5% of fat and sixth and seventh with 2% of fat, 0.5 and 0.75% of gum Arabic were added respectively to cheese milk before pasteurization then low-fat cheese was made and stored at refrigerator (4°C) for 120 days. Physicochemical and sensory evaluation was done for the cheese samples at day zero, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days intervals. The cheese statistical analysis obtained that gum Arabic significantly (P< 0.05) affected the chemical composition of the cheese. The results also showed that crude protein fat, total solids, pH, volatile fatty acid and ash were significantly (P< 0.05) affected by both levels of gum Arabic and storage period. The results obtained there were significantly differences (P<0.05) between control cheese and the other with 0.5 and 0.75 gum Arabic respectively in all parameters
Assessmens of the Disease Index and the Behavior of Some Peach and Nectarine ...IOSRJAVS
Leaf curl of nectarine and peach, caused by Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul, is a difficult disease to control throughout Albania. Heavily infected fruit trees are poorly nourished, develop fewer flower buds, and are more easily damaged from freezing in winter. In this research, susceptibility of 2 peach and 2 nectarine varieties to leaf curl disease was investigated in ecological conditions of Tirane, Albania province in 2014 and 2016. Disease severity was calculated by the 0-5 scale when typical symptoms of leaf curl were evaluated on peach and nectarine leaves in naturally infected orchards. The conditions of natural infection allowed grouping the biological material in 4 classes (plant growth stages) and 6 groups of resistance for leaf curl disease severity. From the data we see that the of disease index (Imc-ja in%) during the three years of study varies from 4.22% in cultivar tire and reaches 22.8% in the Red Star cultivar we also comparisons this level too Control high infection which ranges from 40.66% in Roajal Black cultivar and up to 43.66% in Gomea cultivar.
Characterization and Geographical Classification of Greek Fir Honeys Based on...IOSRJAVS
The objective of the present study was to characterize commercial fir honey produced in different regions in Greece and investigate the possibility of geographical classification using data sets of physicochemical parameters, colour attributes, and volatile compounds using multivariate analysis techniques. For this purpose, 43 fir honey samples were collected during harvesting periods 2010-2013 from five different regions in Greece. Physicochemical parameters (electrical conductivity, ash, pH, moisture, free acidity, lactonic acidity, total acidity, lactonic to free acidity ratio) were determined using official methods of analysis, while colour attributes (L*, a*, b*) and browning index were determined using CIE recommendations and methodology published in the literature, respectively. Finally, volatile profiles were determined using headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results showed that honey samples analyzed met the criteria set by regulatory standards for fir honey, and exhibited variations in physicochemical parameter values, colour attributes, and volatile profiles, according to geographical origin. On the basis of the results obtained, it is possible to classify (correct prediction 69.8%) commercial fir honeys produced in specific regions, using a data set of 21 parameters and chemometrics
Impact of Maize Silks Extract, its Application Methods and Their Interaction ...IOSRJAVS
The current study was conducted during the growing season (2014 – 2015), at a private orchard at Safwan area in Basra province-Iraq; to study the effect of several concentrations of maize silks, their application methods and their interaction on some indicators of growth and yield of tomato plants cv. Wijdan. The experiment was factorial and included (24) factorial treatments (4*2*3) resulted from: four levels of maize silks and two application methods, each in three replicates. The results showed a superiority of (60 ml. L.-1) of maize silks extract on most studied characteristics, which was non-significantly differed from the concentration (40 ml. L.-1). For the methods of application, the applying to soil method was superior with most characteristics. Concerning the interaction, the treatment (60 ml. L.-1 maize extract level + applying to soil method) was superior in its effect on most characteristics of tomato plant cv. Wijdan.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local Government of Bauchi State Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 10, Issue 2 Ver. I (February. 2017), PP 29-35
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1002012935 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize
Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local Government of
Bauchi State Nigeria
1
Shehu U.A, 2
Ibrahim A., 3
Hassan T. & 4
Bello M.
1,2,3&4
Agricultural Education Department School of Undergraduate Studies, P. M. B. 44,College of Education
Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria
Abstract: This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa
local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected
through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics,
double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal
education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In
terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years.
75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2
of 81.16%.
Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study
area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were
underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers
include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension
services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit
could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should
be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that
extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total
revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology
used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Keywords: Resource Use Efficiency, Profitability, Small Scale, Maize, Tafawa Balewa
I. Introduction
Agriculture constitutes a significant sector of Nigeria's economy (Adebowale, 2014). The sector is
significant in terms of employment of labour, contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and until early
1970, agricultural exports were the main sources of foreign exchange earnings (Amaza and Olayemi, 2002).
During the 1960s, the growth of the Nigerian economy was derived mainly from the agricultural sector.
However, in recent years, there has been a marked deterioration in the performance of Nigeria's agriculture.
There is a widening gap between demand and supply for food materials (Cereals, Maize inclusive) that
aggravated food problem in the country (Olayide, 1982). Kalu (1994) revealed that agricultural production was
about 26% lower than the level in 1974 and the staple food production (Maize inclusive) fell by 45%. The
decline in export crop production, the low level of agricultural technology, low investments, and inefficient
utilization of farm inputs, drought and post harvest losses largely contributed to the poor performance of
agricultural sector (Umar, 2011).
Agriculture has to be given the needed impetus to make it become the mainstay of the Nigerian
economy and for it to make a meaningful contribution toward the economic development of the country through
increased Maize production. There is a growing emphasis on the need for rapid development of the agricultural
sub-sector in Nigeria, which is today dominated by subsistence farmers. Increase in the productivity of Maize is
required to achieve a minimal level of food security since Maize is the second most popular cereals grown in
northern Nigeria (Hamidu, 2002).Maize (Zea mays L) is an annual crop of great importance, it was domesticated
from America. It is used as a source of carbohydrate to both human (in the developing countries) and animal
feed worldwide due to its high feeding value (Undie et al., 2012) it is recently used in production of biofuel. It is
equally well accepted for feed ingredient and can contribute up to 30% protein, 60% energy, and 90% starch in
animal diet (Dado, 1999). Maize is one of the important crops occupying third position next to wheat and rice in
cereal production in the world (Amos, 2012). Maize has been recognized as a common component in most
intercropping system. It seems to lead as the cereal constituent of intercrop and is regularly combined with
dissimilar legumes (Maluleke et al., 2005). Maize yield is generally higher in high solar intensities, lower night
temperatures and lower incidence of pest and diseases (Adesoji, et al., 2013).
2. Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1002012935 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
To achieve optimum production level, resources available must be used efficiently. Successful planning
and result-oriented policies require the technical knowledge of productivities of farm resources to know the
needed necessary adjustments to achieve a correct input mix (Jirgi, 2002). Despite its importance, Maize
production in Nigeria is predominated by traditional smallholders who use traditional methods of production.
Resources are underutilized in addition to use of low yielding varieties, poor extension services, inadequate
incentives and amenities, which give rise to low output and hence low farm income (Jirgi, 2002). Umar (2011)
examined resource use efficiency in small-scale Cowpea production in Katagum Zone of Bauchi State the
results from the farm budgeting analysis revealed that total cost of production incurred by each respondent was
N 22,564.03/ha while the total variable cost was N 22,130.97/ha. Labour constituted 44.14 % of the average
total cost of production. The total average revenue per respondent was N 35,675.00/ha, while the average gross
margin was found to be N 13,544.03 per hectare; operating and gross ratios were 0.6203 and 0.6324
respectively. The double-log production function gave the best fit with R2
of 48.6%. The double-log production
function revealed that, three (3) of the coefficients of the inputs had positive and significant relationship with the
farmers total output, while farm size and labour have negative insignificant coefficients. The sum of the
elasticities of production with respect to all the inputs was 0.8834. This indicates decreasing return to scale.
Umar (2011) examined resource use efficiency in small-scale Sorghum production in Katagum Local
Government of Bauchi State the result showed that 52.59% had formal education; 68.15% were males; 77.78%
had no contact with extension while about 45.19% had less than 6 years farming experience. The double-log
function gave the best fit with R2
about 68%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output
significantly. Sorghum production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity
of production (1.318). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in sorghum production, whereas labour was over
used.
Alimi (2000) studied the resource use efficiency in food crop production in Oyo State. The results from
his study revealed that the identified resources (land, labour and capital) were used within the rational range but
not at economically optimal level. Only hired labour was used close to economic optimal level. Other notable
problems of Maize production include inappropriate decision on how best to allocate resources, inadequate use
of corresponding production inputs and inadequate adoption of improved technologies by farmers, erratic dry-
spell and drought (Stephen et al, 2004). In addition, farmers might use resources rationally but not at economic
optimal level, all these contribute to low output. Therefore, it is proper to examine the resource use efficiency
and productivity of small-scale Maize in the study area.
Objective Of The Study
The study was undertaken to analyze the efficiency of resource-use in Maize production in Tafawa-balewa local
government area of Bauchi State.
The specific objectives of the study were:
(i) To examine the socioeconomic characteristics of Maize farmers,
(ii) Determine input-output relationship of Maize production,
(iii) Determine the resource-use efficiency in Maize production.
(iv) Determine constrains to s Maize production faced by Maize farmers.
II. Methodology
The Study Area
The study area was Tafawa-balewa local government area of Bauchi State created in 1976 during the
local government reform with the total land area of about 213 sq km. It is virtually located toward the
southwestern part of Bauchi State and is about 50 kilometers away from the state capital. It is bounded by
plateau State from the south-west and three other locals’ areas that include Dass to the east, Toro to the north
and Bauchi to the northeast. The climate of the area is that of tropical wet and dry, with wet season lasting for
about four to five (4-5) months. Temperatures of the area are generally high, especially around April and May
when they attain a level of about 33-380
C, compared with November to February when the level drop to about
22 to 250
C. Total annual rainfall ranges from 900mm–1050-mm. potential evapo-transpiration rate is generally
high, values reaching up to 5.1mm/day. The northeast trade winds sweep the zone between Octobers and may
bringing dryness to the area.
The land in the local government has a hilly topography, which is about 410m above mean sea level.
Christianity is the dominant religion in the study area. The local government area has a population of 219,988
people (NPC,2006). This figure comprises of various tribes but notable among them are the Sayawas’s,
Jarawa’s, Hausa’s, Fulani’s and Ngas’s. However, Sayawas’s is the most commonly used language in the study
area.The people of the local government are predominantly farmers and they cultivate crops such as maize,
sorghum, cassava, wheat, rice, sugarcane, groundnut etc.
3. Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1002012935 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
Sampling Technique
Multi-stage sampling technique was used to get respondents in the study area. The local government is
made up of Lere, Bula and Tafawa-balewa district and two (2) districts were purposively selected because if
their prominence in Maize production. From the sampled districts three (3) villages were randomly selected and
Twenty (20) farmers were randomly sampled from each from each of the villages selected. Therefore, a total of
one hundred and twenty (120) farmers were randomly sampled from the six villages throughout the research
period. The sampled villages include Zango, Marti, Bununu, Shal, Dunga and Tafawa-balewa. Structured
questionnaire was used to collect data from the farmers on inputs, costs, output and income during the 2015
production season. Data on socioeconomic variables such as age, sex, farm size and farming experience were
also collected.
Data Analytical Techniques
Descriptive statistics was used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of farmers. Regression
model was used to determine input-output relationship; efficiency of resource-use was determined using
marginal value productivity and marginal factor cost ratio. The implicit form of regression model is given by:
Y= f(X1,X2,X3,X4,……..Xn) u ………………(i)
Where,
Y= output in kilogram (kg)
X1…Xn = variable inputs used during production process,
U = random error term or random disturbance term.
In addition, the explicit form of the model is given by:
Y= ,β o+,β1X1 +,β2X2 +,β3X3 +,β4x4 +…………..,βnXn + u
Where
βo=Intercept or constant parameter,
β1…..,βn =the regression coefficients of the independent variables,
X1….Xn =Independent variables used,
U i= Stochastic disturbance term.
Linear, exponential, semi-log and double-log forms of the production function were fitted to the data. The
double-log function revealed the best fit and was therefore, chosen as the lead equation based on the number of
entities that were significant, Size of R2
and F-Ratio, stochastic error term and the contributions made by the
coefficients(Adedeji, 2015).
The Double-log lead equation is expressed in its explicit form as:
LnY = ln,βo +ln,β1X1 +ln,β2X2 +ln,β3X3 +ln,β4X4 +ln,β5X5 + ui ………….. (ii)
Where,
Y= Output in kilogram (Maize yield in kg),
X1= Farm size in hectares,
X2= Seed in kilogram (kg),
X3= Fertilizer in kilogram(kg),
X4= Family labour in man-day,
X5= Hired labour in man-day,
,Β1……..,β5= Regression coefficients,
Ui= Error term.
Kay (1981)and Shehu (2009) states that in an economic theory, a firm maximizes its profit with respect
to an input if the ratio of its marginal value product (MVP) to its marginal factor cost (MFC) is one. A ratio less
than unity show overutilization of the resources and profit would be increased by decreasing the quantity used of
that input. A ratio greater than unity indicates underutilization of the input and increasing the rate of that input
will increase the level of profit of the firm. Marginal value productivities of the inputs can be computed from the
results of the estimated production function. Marginal value product (MVP) is defined as the change in the total
value as a result of a unit change in the variable input (Olukosi and Ogungbile, 2005). For double-log function,
the marginal value product (MVP) is given by the formula:
MVPxi = MPPxi .Py ……………………… (iii)
Where,
MPPxi = is the marginal physical product of the ith
input, which is given by; dy/dxi
Py = price per unit of the output (Maize)
dy = change in the unit of output
dx = change in the unit of input
Marginal factor cost is the addition to total cost resulting from extra unit of input.
MFCxi = dTC/dxi =Pxi …………………….. (iv)
Where,
4. Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1002012935 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
dTC = change in total cost
dXi = change in input(s)
Pxi = is the price
According to Kay (1981); Mshelia et al (1999); Iheanacho et al (2000); Rahman & Lawal (2003); Stephen et al
(2004); Abdu, 1997; Stephen et al (2008), Umar (2011) efficiency of resource (r) is given as:
r= MVP ………………………… (v)
MFC
Where,
r= efficiency ratio.
MVP= Marginal value product,
MFC= Marginal factor cost i.e. unit price of input Xi (pxi)
-
βi= Y
-
X
Where,
βi= regression coefficients,
-
Y= Arithmetic mean value of output,
-
Xi= Arithmetic mean value of input considered.
In addition to that, the rule provides that when r=1, there is efficient use of a resource; if r > 1, it indicate
underutilization; while if r < 1, it shows overutilization of resource (Salisu, et. al., 2015).
III. Results And Discussion
Socio-economic characteristics of respondents
Table 1 represents the socio-economic characteristics of the respondent. The study revealed that
majority (90.17%) of the respondents had formal education implying that majority of the farmers were literate.
The ages of 90.17% of them were between 21-50 years and this agrees with the findings of Sani, et al., 2013
who reported that young farmers dominated Ground nut production and they are in their active stage (between
20-48 years). Male farmers were virtually the same with the female farmers. Majorities (72.50%) of the farmers
were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience
between 5-20 years with 3 and 22 years as minimum and maximum years of experience, having mean of 18
years and standard deviation of 4.6. Majority (90.84%) of the respondents in the study area were small-scale
farmers having small fragmented holdings farm size below two hectares. Minimum and maximum size of land
cultivated were 0.5 and 8 hectares while 1.5 is the mean and 1.7 as standard deviation. High proportion
(75.00%) of the farmers had no contact with extension services, showing that they may not get the improved
techniques of farming.
Table 1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents in the Study Area (N= 120).
Variable Freq. Percentage Min. Max. Mean Std. deviation
Educational level
No formal education 13 10.83
Adult and non formal edu 20 16.67
Primary education 35 29.17
Secondary education 37 30.83
Tertiary education 15 12.50
Total 120 100
Age(yrs) 25 70 45.7 8.5
21-30 24 20.00
31-40 35 29.17
41-50 48 40.00
51-60 12 10.00
> 60 01 0.83
Total 120 100
Gender
Male 62 51.67
Female 58 48.33
Total 120 100
Marital status
Single 30 25.00
Married 87 72.50
Divorce 01 0.83
5. Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1002012935 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Widowed 02 1.67
Total 120 100
Farming experience (yrs) 03 22 18 4.6
< 5 02 1.67
6-10 12 10.00
11-15 40 33.33
16-20 50 41.67
> 20 16 13.33
Total 120 100
Farm size (ha) 0.5 8 1.5 1.7
< 1 12 10.00
1-2 97 80.84
3-4 10 8.33
>5 01 0.83
Total 120 100
Extension contact
Yes 30 25.00
No 90 75.00
Total 120 100
Source: survey data, 2015
Production Input-Output Relationship
The analysis revealed that 79.7% of the variation in output of Maize in the study area was explained by
the factor inputs as shown by the value of Adjusted R2
(79.7). All the variables have positive coefficients except
family labour. They all affect output significantly except land. This implies that an increase in the quantity of
input will result to an increase in output; and for factor inputs that are significant, they are the major
determinants of output (Salisu, et al., 2015). The negative sign family labour signifies an inverse relationship
with output in production. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of
elasticity of production (1.747).
Table 2: Estimated Cobb-Douglas Production Function for Maize
Factor inputs Regression Coefficient t-value
Constant 0.480** 3.210
Land (X 1) 0.092 5.460
Seed (X2) 0.382*** 4.732
Fertilizer (X3) 0.584*** 3.530
Family labour (X4) -0.192** -2.99
Hired labour (X5) 0.493** 3.518
R 2
81.16
Adjusted R 2
79.70
F-ratio 34.70***
Standard error (S.E.) 0.20532
Elasticity of production (EP) 1.747
Source: survey data, 2015
*** Significant at 1%; ** Significant at 5%; * Significant at 10%
Resource Productivity in Maize Production
The estimated Cobb-Douglas production function is given in Table 2 above. The lead equation is:
lnY=ln0.480+0.092lnX1+0.382lnX2+0.584lnX3-0.192lnX4+0.4931lnX5………… (vi)
It can be seen from the table 3 below that an extra unit of seed input used in the production of Maize
would result in to an addition of 20.56kg and N2,261 to output and revenue respectively. Similarly, a unit
increase in fertilizer raised output by 10.10kg and revenue by N1,122. Hired labour has least contribution of
2.05kg and N 225.50 to output and revenue. The negative sign associated with family labour result in inverse
contribution to output and total revenue implying that use of extra unit of family labour will lead to decline in
output and total revenue of Maize in the study area.
Efficiency of Resource Use in Small-Scale Maize Production
From the results shown in Table 3, seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas
hired and family labour were over used. This means that Maize production in the study area was not efficient.
This finding agrees with Jirgi, 2002; Umar, 2011 and is contrary to Hamidu, 2002 who revealed that rice
farmers in Bauchi State were efficient in labour utilization. Hence, profit could be enhanced by increasing the
quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs. Hired and family labour should be reduced to optimum level for
increase output and total revenue respectively.
6. Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1002012935 www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
Table 3: Marginal Physical Product and Resource-use Efficiency in Maize Production
Inputs MPP (kg) MVP (N) MFC (N) MVP/MFC
Seed (X2) 20.56 2,261 120
Fertilizer (X3) 10.10 1,120 270
Family labour (X4) -0.22 -12.32 210
Hired labour (X5) 2.05 225.50 470
18.84
4.15
-0.059
0.480
Source: survey data, 2015
Constrains To Maize Production
Several problems that have affected Maize farmers are giving in table 4. It shows that the major
problems confronting Maize farmers includes high cost of inputs (77.50%), untimely disbursement of
inputs/credit (62.50%), inadequate extension services (59.17%), unstable produce price (41.67%), high
incidence of striga(35.00%), draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%), depletion of soil fertility
(25.93%), insect pest & disease (25.00%), and inadequate high yielding varieties (14.18%). These constrains
militates against Maize production in the study area and it agrees with Mshelia et al 1999, Stephen et al, 2004;
Stephen et al, 2008.
Table 4: Constrains to Maize Production faced by the farmers
Problems Freq. Percentage Rank
Draught 40 33.33 6
High incidence of striga 42 35.00 5
Insect pest & disease 30 25.00 9
Inadequate credit facilities 38 31.67 7
Depletion of soil fertility 35 29.17 8
High cost of farm inputs 93 77.50 1
Untimely disbursement of inputs/credit 75 62.50 2
Inadequate extension services 71 59.17 3
Inadequate high yielding varieties 20 16.67 10
Unstable produce price 50 41.67 4
Source: survey data, 2015
NB: Multiple responses allowed
IV. Conclusion And Recommendations
Efficiency of resource-use in small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-balewa local government area of
Bauchi State was examined in this study. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, family and hired labour
affected output significantly. The resources were not efficiently utilized. So, farm profit could be enhanced by
using more of seed and fertilizer, less of family and hired labour. It was recommended that farm inputs,
especially improved seeds and fertilizer should be supplied to farmers at the right time and at cost that is within
their reach. Farmers should be educated to apply the right quantity of fertilizer through extension service.
Farmers should try to reduce labour cost and improve food productivity.
References
[1]. Abdu, Z. (1997). Economics of resource-use in small-scale soybean production system in Bauchi state. Unpublished M. Sc Thesis,
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi. 83 Pp.
[2]. Adebowale, S. (2014). Agricultures contribution to Nigeria’s economy in 2012. A report retrieved 10/11/2015 from
www.theageonline.com.ng/agriculture-contributed-n348-7b-nigerias-economy-2012-report/
[3]. Adedeji, I. A, Fabiyi, E. F, Adegun G. T and Oyetunde, T. O (2015). Data Environment Analysis Approach as a Compliment to
Resource-use Efficiency Among Rice Farmers in Ogbomoso Agricultural zones of Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of World Economic
Research, 2015; 4 (2): 23-31
[4]. Adesoji, A. G., Abubakar, I. U., Tanimu, B., & Labe, D. A. (2013). Influence of incorporated short duration legume fallow and
nitrogen on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and development in northern guinea savannah of Nigeria.American-Euroasian J. Agric.
And Env. Sci., 13(1), 57-68.
[5]. Alimi, T. (2000), Resource Use Efficiency in Food Crop Production in Oyo State of Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and
Environment,1(1): Pp. 1-7.
[6]. Amaza, P. S. and Olayemi, J. K. (2002). Analysis of Technical Inefficiency in Food Crop production in Gombe State, Nigeria.
Journal of Applied Economic Letters. 9 (1) pp. 51-54.
[7]. Amos, R. N., Jens, B. A., & Symon, M. (2012). On farm evaluation of yield and economic benefits of short term maize legume
intercropping systems under conservation Agriculture in Malawi. Field crop research, 132, 149-157.
[8]. Dado, R. G. (1999). Nutritional benefit of specialty Maize grain Hybrid in Dairy diets. Journal of Animal Science,197-207.
[9]. Hamidu, B. M. (2002). Economics of resource use in small-scale rice farms: a case study of labour utilisation in Dass Local
Government Area, Bauchi State. Unpublished Ph.D, Thesis. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi. 99-100 Pp.
[10]. Iheanacho A.C.; Olukosi J.O.; and Ogunbile A.O. (2000). “Economic Efficiency of Resource Use in Millet Based Cropping System
in Borno State of Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 2(2): Federal University of Technology, 33-42.
[11]. Jirgi A. J. (2002). Analysis of resource-use efficiency in small scale sorghum production: A case study of Zuru Local Government
Area Kebbi State. Unpublished M. Sc Thesis. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria. 2-56 pp.
7. Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa-Balewa Local
DOI: 10.9790/2380-1002012935 www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
[12]. Kalu,C. V. (1994). The Nigerian Condition: Arthur Nwankwo’s View Point and Blue Prints. Lagos, Nigeria.: Fourth Dimension
Publishers, 248 p.
[13]. Kay, R. D. (1981). Farm Management Planning, Control and Implementation. New York, U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill, Book Company,
350-358p.
[14]. Maluleke, M. H., Bediako, A. A., & Ayisi, K. K. (2005). Influence of maize-lablab intercropping on Lepidopterous stem borer
infestation in maize. J. Entom., 98, 384-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.2.384
[15]. Mshelia, S.I; Jongur, A. A. U; Polycarp, M. I, (1999). Economic Profitability of Cowpea Production in Adamawa State: A case
study of small-holder farmers in Yola-North and South Local Government Areas in S. Kushawaha; I. A. Adegbola; T. O. Oseni; B.
M. Auwalu and I. S. Butswat (eds). Agricultural Development in the 21st
Centuary: Concepts and Strategies. Proceedings of the 14th
Annual Conference of Farm Management Association of Nigeria. Pp. 47-50.
[16]. NPC (2006), Nigerian National Population Census Report, National Population Commission, Abuja. Pp 34-39.
[17]. Olayide S.O. and Heady E.O. (1982). Introduction to Agricultural Economics. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 319.
[18]. Olukosi, J. O. and Ogungbile A.O. (2005). Introduction to Production Economics: Principles and Applications. Zaria, Nigeria.:
Agitab Publishers limited, 112p.
[19]. Rahman S.A. and Lawal A.B. (2003). “Economic analysis of maize-based copping systems in Giwa Local Government Area of
Kaduna State, Nigeria”. International Journal of Agricultural Science, Sciences, Environment and Technology, 3 (2): 139-148p.
[20]. Sani, A.,Taru, V. B., Kyagya, I. Z., Mshelia, S. I., & Adebayo, E. F. (2013). Economic efficiency of resource use in Groundnut
production in Northeastern States of Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(5), 896-900.
[21]. Salisu, A. B., Shakuga, J. E. and Dagi, M. B. (2015). Profitability Analysis of Small scale Egg Production in Bauchi Metropolis,
Bauchi State, Nigeria. Agriculture: A Review Focus for Economic Development in Nigeria. Proceedings of the 29th
Annual
Conference of Farm Management Association of Nigeria, Dutse 2015. Pp. 524.
[22]. Stephen, J.; Mshelia, S. I. and Kwaga, B. T. (2004). Resource-use Efficiency in Cowpea Production in the North-East Zone of
Adamawa State, Nigeria. http://www.verypdf.com/to remove this watermark.
[23]. Stephen, J.; Mshelia, S. I. and Tashikalma, A. K. (2008). Economic Efficiency of Resource-use in Cowpea Production in the
Northern part of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Journal of League of Researchers in Nigeria (JOLORN) 9 (1):130-133.
[24]. Umar, S. A. (2010). Resource-use Efficiency in Small-scale Cowpea Production in Katagum Local Government Area of Bauchi
State, Journal of Issues in Technical Teacher Education, Federal College of Education Technical Potiskum, Yobe State- Nigeria. 6
(1):117-119.
[25]. Umar, S. A. (2011). Resource-use Efficiency in Small-scale Cowpea Production in Katagum Zone of Bauchi State. Unpublished
M.Sc. Thesis, Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria P.86
[26]. Umar, S. A. (2011). Resource-use Efficiency in Small-scale Sorghum Production: A Caseb Study of Katagum Local Government of
Bauchi State. Journal of Arid Agriculture 20 (1) 0189-7551
[27]. Undie, U. L., Uwah, D. F., & Attoe, E. E. (2012). Effect of intercropping and crop arrangement on yield and productivity of late
season Maize/soybean mixtures in the humid environment of South Southern Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(4), 37-50.
http:dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n4p37