Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
Nipon Poapongsakorn, Thailand Development Research Institute
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of NigeriaPremier Publishers
As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of $766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78% of the observe variation in the farmer’s income. The study however concluded that paddy rice production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information, extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
The document analyzes India's agricultural sector. It notes that agriculture is the largest and most prominent sector in India's economy, accounting for 16.6% of GDP and employing 60% of the population. India is the second largest exporter of farm products and largest producer of many crops. Key movements that increased food production were the Green Revolution in the 1970s and Operation Flood, which made India the largest milk producer. The sector faces weaknesses like small landholdings and dependence on monsoons but also opportunities such as contract farming and information technology aiding growth.
The document provides information on India's agriculture sector. Some key points:
- India has the 2nd largest amount of agricultural land in the world at 157.35 million hectares.
- Food grain production reached a record high of 273.83 million tonnes in FY2017, up from 253.16 million tonnes in FY2016.
- India is the largest producer of many crops like spices, pulses, milk and tea. It is also the 2nd largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- The government has implemented various schemes to boost agriculture like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana for irrigation and Pradhan Mantri Fas
Agricultural inputs, plant protection, electricity and dieselAjit Majumder
Agricultural inputs are the requirements to carry out the agricultural activity like fertilizers, pesticides, machineries, land, ideas, knowledge, ect.
Pesticides are the most important agricultural input required post and pre harvest in the agriculture.
Chemical Control are;- pesticides, fungicide: Chemical control consist of spraying and dusting the plant by chemicals and poisons or mixing these into soil to kill pests and diseases which inhibit the soil pest and diseases which inhibit the soil. The most used chemicals s, weedicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.
Chemical Control are;- pesticides, fungicide: Chemical control consist of spraying and dusting the plant by chemicals and poisons or mixing these into soil to kill pests and diseases which inhibit the soil pest and diseases which inhibit the soil. The most used chemicals s, weedicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.
Electricity is one of the most indispensable agricultural input in modern agricultural practices.
The use of electricity in developed countries have reached to such a position where in India electricity use in farm base activities is still to reach recognizable dimension.
Use of electricity can supplement to the present agricultural labor crisis as many manual works can be performed by use of electricity power.
Plowing of field, pumping of water, threshing, spraying of pesticides, spraying of fertilizers and many more work can be done by use of electricity.
Agro based industries scenario and their future in IndiaAbdulmughni Ansari
Agro based industries scenario and their future in India (Business environment)
This presentation is done as part of subject business environment for MBA program.
Growth and performance of agriculture and its future challengesMohit Chauhan
Indian agriculture has experienced significant growth and changes over time. Some key points:
1) Agriculture remains an important part of the Indian economy, providing employment to around half of India's workforce and contributing approximately 13-15% to national GDP.
2) Both agricultural production and productivity have increased substantially over the past decades due to factors like increased usage of inputs, irrigation expansion, mechanization, and crop intensification.
3) However, Indian agriculture still faces challenges to sustain its growth from population pressure on land, climate change impacts, lack of post-harvest infrastructure. Future strategies are needed to boost productivity while ensuring food security.
India has traditionally been an agrarian society, with agriculture and allied sectors forming the backbone of the economy. Key aspects of the agriculture and allied sectors in India include: (1) India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. (2) India is the twelfth largest agricultural exporter worldwide. (3) Between 1950-51 and 2016-17, food grain production in India grew nearly 6 times, demonstrating significant growth in the agriculture sector.
Nipon Poapongsakorn, Thailand Development Research Institute
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia conference “Agriculture and Rural Transformation in Asia: Past Experiences and Future Opportunities”. An international conference jointly organized by ReSAKSS-Asia, IFPRI, TDRI, and TVSEP project of Leibniz Universit Hannover with support from USAID and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) at the Dusit Thani Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand December 12–14, 2017.
Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of NigeriaPremier Publishers
As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of $766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78% of the observe variation in the farmer’s income. The study however concluded that paddy rice production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information, extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
The document analyzes India's agricultural sector. It notes that agriculture is the largest and most prominent sector in India's economy, accounting for 16.6% of GDP and employing 60% of the population. India is the second largest exporter of farm products and largest producer of many crops. Key movements that increased food production were the Green Revolution in the 1970s and Operation Flood, which made India the largest milk producer. The sector faces weaknesses like small landholdings and dependence on monsoons but also opportunities such as contract farming and information technology aiding growth.
The document provides information on India's agriculture sector. Some key points:
- India has the 2nd largest amount of agricultural land in the world at 157.35 million hectares.
- Food grain production reached a record high of 273.83 million tonnes in FY2017, up from 253.16 million tonnes in FY2016.
- India is the largest producer of many crops like spices, pulses, milk and tea. It is also the 2nd largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- The government has implemented various schemes to boost agriculture like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana for irrigation and Pradhan Mantri Fas
Agricultural inputs, plant protection, electricity and dieselAjit Majumder
Agricultural inputs are the requirements to carry out the agricultural activity like fertilizers, pesticides, machineries, land, ideas, knowledge, ect.
Pesticides are the most important agricultural input required post and pre harvest in the agriculture.
Chemical Control are;- pesticides, fungicide: Chemical control consist of spraying and dusting the plant by chemicals and poisons or mixing these into soil to kill pests and diseases which inhibit the soil pest and diseases which inhibit the soil. The most used chemicals s, weedicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.
Chemical Control are;- pesticides, fungicide: Chemical control consist of spraying and dusting the plant by chemicals and poisons or mixing these into soil to kill pests and diseases which inhibit the soil pest and diseases which inhibit the soil. The most used chemicals s, weedicides, rodenticides, and fumigants.
Electricity is one of the most indispensable agricultural input in modern agricultural practices.
The use of electricity in developed countries have reached to such a position where in India electricity use in farm base activities is still to reach recognizable dimension.
Use of electricity can supplement to the present agricultural labor crisis as many manual works can be performed by use of electricity power.
Plowing of field, pumping of water, threshing, spraying of pesticides, spraying of fertilizers and many more work can be done by use of electricity.
Agro based industries scenario and their future in IndiaAbdulmughni Ansari
Agro based industries scenario and their future in India (Business environment)
This presentation is done as part of subject business environment for MBA program.
Growth and performance of agriculture and its future challengesMohit Chauhan
Indian agriculture has experienced significant growth and changes over time. Some key points:
1) Agriculture remains an important part of the Indian economy, providing employment to around half of India's workforce and contributing approximately 13-15% to national GDP.
2) Both agricultural production and productivity have increased substantially over the past decades due to factors like increased usage of inputs, irrigation expansion, mechanization, and crop intensification.
3) However, Indian agriculture still faces challenges to sustain its growth from population pressure on land, climate change impacts, lack of post-harvest infrastructure. Future strategies are needed to boost productivity while ensuring food security.
India has traditionally been an agrarian society, with agriculture and allied sectors forming the backbone of the economy. Key aspects of the agriculture and allied sectors in India include: (1) India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. (2) India is the twelfth largest agricultural exporter worldwide. (3) Between 1950-51 and 2016-17, food grain production in India grew nearly 6 times, demonstrating significant growth in the agriculture sector.
This document discusses strategies to double farmers' income in India by 2022 as envisioned by Prime Minister Modi. It outlines sources of growth in farm income from increased productivity, crop diversification, and shifting workers to non-farm jobs. Key strategies proposed include expanding irrigation, providing quality seeds and nutrients, investing in infrastructure like warehouses, promoting food processing and national markets, and crop insurance schemes. Overall the goal is to improve productivity and market access for farmers through various agricultural reforms and investments.
stratigies to double farmers income by 2022Amit Kumar
The document discusses proposals to stabilize Indian farmers' incomes through policy and institutional reforms. It notes that the average monthly income for Indian farmers is Rs. 6,426, which needs to double to Rs. 12,852 for stability. The document proposes:
1. Registering all farmers and developing a digital database with their details.
2. Establishing village, block, and district bodies to plan agriculture and provide single-window services like inputs and procurement.
3. "Salarizing" farmers by paying them a minimum monthly salary based on their land size, crops grown, and yields.
4. Providing farmers with identity cards to access benefits and establishing procurement systems to reduce middlemen and increase
Agribusiness in India : Some facts and emerging issuesMD SALMAN ANJUM
This document provides an overview of agribusiness in India from 2007-2017. It discusses the definition and components of agribusiness, including production, processing, marketing, and trade. It outlines the size and growth of the agribusiness sector in India, noting that it was worth Rs. 11.43 trillion in total by 2017. The document also examines the food processing industry, agricultural production trends, and various initiatives and policies by the Indian government to support agribusiness during this period.
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks 2nd in global production of fruits and vegetables and is a leading exporter of items like mangoes and bananas.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade, reaching US$38.21 billion in FY2018.
- The food processing industry in India contributes significantly to the economy and food exports. Major segments include dairy, oils and fats, and snacks. Processed food sales are growing rapidly.
- Infrastructure for food processing has expanded, with over 7,800 cold storage facilities and 42 sanctioned mega food parks. The government aims to further increase agricultural exports and processing
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector-1 (Crops Sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's agricultural sector through time series and cross-country data, a SWOT analysis, and discussion of challenges and responses. It notes that agriculture remains the dominant sector in Pakistan's economy despite relative decline. The document outlines increases in production of major crops from the 1950s to recent years and compares Pakistan's yields with other countries. It identifies weaknesses like low productivity and threats like climate change facing the sector.
Trends In Area Production And Productivity of Groundnut In India: Issues & Ch...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the states. The paper aims to examine the trends in area under cultivation, production and productivity of Groundnut in India by deploying orthogonal polynomial technique on the time series data of fifty years. It also analyses the area and productivity effect as preliminary determinants of production. The major issues and challenges relating to production and productivity of Groundnut have also been dealt with. Concluding remarks suggest some recommendations for augmenting the overall production and its consistency.
India Maize Summit 2015 - Session 2 - Dr subbaiah, Govt of karnataka, on Init...NCDEX Ltd.
- India is the 6th largest producer and 5th largest consumer of maize in the world. Karnataka ranks first in India in area under maize cultivation.
- Karnataka produces around 3.43 million tonnes of maize annually, second only to Andhra Pradesh. Maize production in these two states accounts for 38% of India's total production.
- Strategies to increase maize production in Karnataka include the use of high-yielding disease resistant varieties, integrated nutrient management, irrigation during critical growth stages, and promoting contract farming.
- Agriculture in India ranks second worldwide in farm output and is the largest producer of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. It also has the world's largest cattle population.
- Indian agriculture has made rapid progress since independence, becoming self-sufficient and even a exporter, moving from subsistence farming to intensive, technology-led cultivation.
- The WTO aims to promote international trade and ensure trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible by setting rules and resolving disputes. However, critics argue it favors large, powerful nations over small countries and can negatively impact labor rights, public services and the environment.
India has the second largest amount of agricultural land globally at 179.9 million hectares. It produces a variety of crops due to diverse climatic conditions and soil types. Food grain production reached an all-time high of 259 million tonnes in FY12, with rice and wheat production at 105 and 95 million tonnes respectively. Growing population and incomes are driving demand for agricultural output. The government is undertaking various initiatives to boost production such as increasing irrigation, promoting mechanization, and providing support prices.
Challenges for Indian agriculture and solutionsTribesforGOOD
The presentation takes us through the most pressing challenges being faced by the Indian agriculture today. It also suggests probable solutions to overcome the problems and opportunities being created by social impact organisations.
The year 2016 is United Nations International Year of Pulses. Keeping this the slides present overview of pulses production, consumption and trade in India.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Agricultural Statistics, India (2013)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document is a preface and contents page for the "Pocket book on Agricultural Statistics 2013" published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
It provides an overview of the key economic and social indicators included in the pocket book, such as GDP growth rates, agricultural production indexes, inflation rates, trade data, and more. It also outlines the 14 statistical tables that will be included, covering topics like population trends, agricultural land use, crop production, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, imports/exports, and international comparisons.
The preface explains that the pocket book is intended as a quick reference guide for policymakers and ministry officials to access frequently used agricultural data
This document discusses several strategies to increase farmer incomes in India through agricultural productivity gains and diversification. It notes that the horticulture sector produces a high value from a small area of land compared to major crops like rice and wheat. There is potential to boost production of high-value crops like fruits, vegetables, milk, fish and edible oils to meet growing demand. Bridging yield gaps through adoption of improved practices from high-yielding states can increase production of crops like lentils, wheat and rice. Diversifying away from staple crops and toward high-value horticulture and animal products in suitable regions can significantly raise farmer incomes. Strengthening research, extension and post-harvest management is needed to realize the productivity
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing 14% to GDP. It provides food for over 1 billion people and raw materials for many industries. However, Indian agriculture faces challenges such as lack of mechanization, poor infrastructure, and low productivity. The document discusses the current status and contribution of agriculture in India, the major crops and companies involved, as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the industry. It also outlines the government's guidelines and vision to promote future agricultural growth through human resource development and new technologies.
Sorghum is an important feed to human and animal used in countries like the United State, India, Mexico, South America, Nigeria and Australia. Good-quality sorghum is available with a nutritional feeding value that is equivalent to that of corn. Sorghum can be processed to further improve and increase its feed value and techniques such as grinding, steam flaking, crushing popping, steaming and extruding have all been used to enhance the grain for feeding. The products are then fed to beef, dairy cattle, swine, laying hens, poultry, sheep, and are used in pet foods. As much as 12 percent of domestic sorghum production also goes to produce ethanol and its various products. With the demand for renewable energy fuel sources increasing, demand for products like sorghum-DDGS (sorghum distiller's dried grains with soluble) will increase as well due to sorghum's favourable nutrition profile.Sorghum is about 70% starch, so is a good energy source.
The document discusses the agriculture sector in India. Some key points:
- Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, with around 58% of the population depending on it. India is a major global producer of crops like wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- Agriculture contributes 18% to total exports and 23% to India's GDP. The sector provides food for over 1 billion people and raw materials to many industries.
- Major crops grown in India include rice, wheat, maize, millets, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tea, coffee, coconut and rubber.
- The agriculture sector plays a crucial role in employment, international trade, rural
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
Agroindustries prospects and challengessabari nathan
This document discusses agro-industries in India, including their importance, growth, challenges, and opportunities. It notes that agro-industries provide employment, income, and help avoid waste of farm products. India's production of crops like rice, wheat and oilseeds has increased significantly since the 1950s. However, post-harvest losses remain high due to poor management. The document outlines the various agro-processing industries in India including rice, wheat, pulses, oils, fruits/vegetables, meat and fish. It identifies challenges such as low capacity utilization and product quality issues. Opportunities for India include minimizing losses, adding value, and meeting quality standards to expand exports.
Profitability of sunflower cultivation in some selected sites of bangladeshJaminur Rahman
The study assessed the profitability and socioeconomic status of sunflower cultivation in Bogra and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh. A total of 100 farmers were surveyed, with 50 farmers from each district. Majority of farmers had 1 year of experience growing sunflower. The estimated per hectare cost of cultivation was 62,199 Taka, with a net return of 10,863 Taka and benefit-cost ratio of 1.18, indicating sunflower cultivation was profitable. The main challenges reported were lack of irrigation, lack of timely seed availability, absence of processing facilities, and low product demand. However, there was potential to expand sunflower cultivation given interest from female farmers and to fulfill local edible oil demand.
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
This document discusses strategies to double farmers' income in India by 2022 as envisioned by Prime Minister Modi. It outlines sources of growth in farm income from increased productivity, crop diversification, and shifting workers to non-farm jobs. Key strategies proposed include expanding irrigation, providing quality seeds and nutrients, investing in infrastructure like warehouses, promoting food processing and national markets, and crop insurance schemes. Overall the goal is to improve productivity and market access for farmers through various agricultural reforms and investments.
stratigies to double farmers income by 2022Amit Kumar
The document discusses proposals to stabilize Indian farmers' incomes through policy and institutional reforms. It notes that the average monthly income for Indian farmers is Rs. 6,426, which needs to double to Rs. 12,852 for stability. The document proposes:
1. Registering all farmers and developing a digital database with their details.
2. Establishing village, block, and district bodies to plan agriculture and provide single-window services like inputs and procurement.
3. "Salarizing" farmers by paying them a minimum monthly salary based on their land size, crops grown, and yields.
4. Providing farmers with identity cards to access benefits and establishing procurement systems to reduce middlemen and increase
Agribusiness in India : Some facts and emerging issuesMD SALMAN ANJUM
This document provides an overview of agribusiness in India from 2007-2017. It discusses the definition and components of agribusiness, including production, processing, marketing, and trade. It outlines the size and growth of the agribusiness sector in India, noting that it was worth Rs. 11.43 trillion in total by 2017. The document also examines the food processing industry, agricultural production trends, and various initiatives and policies by the Indian government to support agribusiness during this period.
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks 2nd in global production of fruits and vegetables and is a leading exporter of items like mangoes and bananas.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade, reaching US$38.21 billion in FY2018.
- The food processing industry in India contributes significantly to the economy and food exports. Major segments include dairy, oils and fats, and snacks. Processed food sales are growing rapidly.
- Infrastructure for food processing has expanded, with over 7,800 cold storage facilities and 42 sanctioned mega food parks. The government aims to further increase agricultural exports and processing
Pakistan's Agriculture Sector-1 (Crops Sector) Challenges and ResponseShahid Hussain Raja
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's agricultural sector through time series and cross-country data, a SWOT analysis, and discussion of challenges and responses. It notes that agriculture remains the dominant sector in Pakistan's economy despite relative decline. The document outlines increases in production of major crops from the 1950s to recent years and compares Pakistan's yields with other countries. It identifies weaknesses like low productivity and threats like climate change facing the sector.
Trends In Area Production And Productivity of Groundnut In India: Issues & Ch...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the states. The paper aims to examine the trends in area under cultivation, production and productivity of Groundnut in India by deploying orthogonal polynomial technique on the time series data of fifty years. It also analyses the area and productivity effect as preliminary determinants of production. The major issues and challenges relating to production and productivity of Groundnut have also been dealt with. Concluding remarks suggest some recommendations for augmenting the overall production and its consistency.
India Maize Summit 2015 - Session 2 - Dr subbaiah, Govt of karnataka, on Init...NCDEX Ltd.
- India is the 6th largest producer and 5th largest consumer of maize in the world. Karnataka ranks first in India in area under maize cultivation.
- Karnataka produces around 3.43 million tonnes of maize annually, second only to Andhra Pradesh. Maize production in these two states accounts for 38% of India's total production.
- Strategies to increase maize production in Karnataka include the use of high-yielding disease resistant varieties, integrated nutrient management, irrigation during critical growth stages, and promoting contract farming.
- Agriculture in India ranks second worldwide in farm output and is the largest producer of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. It also has the world's largest cattle population.
- Indian agriculture has made rapid progress since independence, becoming self-sufficient and even a exporter, moving from subsistence farming to intensive, technology-led cultivation.
- The WTO aims to promote international trade and ensure trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible by setting rules and resolving disputes. However, critics argue it favors large, powerful nations over small countries and can negatively impact labor rights, public services and the environment.
India has the second largest amount of agricultural land globally at 179.9 million hectares. It produces a variety of crops due to diverse climatic conditions and soil types. Food grain production reached an all-time high of 259 million tonnes in FY12, with rice and wheat production at 105 and 95 million tonnes respectively. Growing population and incomes are driving demand for agricultural output. The government is undertaking various initiatives to boost production such as increasing irrigation, promoting mechanization, and providing support prices.
Challenges for Indian agriculture and solutionsTribesforGOOD
The presentation takes us through the most pressing challenges being faced by the Indian agriculture today. It also suggests probable solutions to overcome the problems and opportunities being created by social impact organisations.
The year 2016 is United Nations International Year of Pulses. Keeping this the slides present overview of pulses production, consumption and trade in India.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Agricultural Statistics, India (2013)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document is a preface and contents page for the "Pocket book on Agricultural Statistics 2013" published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
It provides an overview of the key economic and social indicators included in the pocket book, such as GDP growth rates, agricultural production indexes, inflation rates, trade data, and more. It also outlines the 14 statistical tables that will be included, covering topics like population trends, agricultural land use, crop production, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, imports/exports, and international comparisons.
The preface explains that the pocket book is intended as a quick reference guide for policymakers and ministry officials to access frequently used agricultural data
This document discusses several strategies to increase farmer incomes in India through agricultural productivity gains and diversification. It notes that the horticulture sector produces a high value from a small area of land compared to major crops like rice and wheat. There is potential to boost production of high-value crops like fruits, vegetables, milk, fish and edible oils to meet growing demand. Bridging yield gaps through adoption of improved practices from high-yielding states can increase production of crops like lentils, wheat and rice. Diversifying away from staple crops and toward high-value horticulture and animal products in suitable regions can significantly raise farmer incomes. Strengthening research, extension and post-harvest management is needed to realize the productivity
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing 14% to GDP. It provides food for over 1 billion people and raw materials for many industries. However, Indian agriculture faces challenges such as lack of mechanization, poor infrastructure, and low productivity. The document discusses the current status and contribution of agriculture in India, the major crops and companies involved, as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the industry. It also outlines the government's guidelines and vision to promote future agricultural growth through human resource development and new technologies.
Sorghum is an important feed to human and animal used in countries like the United State, India, Mexico, South America, Nigeria and Australia. Good-quality sorghum is available with a nutritional feeding value that is equivalent to that of corn. Sorghum can be processed to further improve and increase its feed value and techniques such as grinding, steam flaking, crushing popping, steaming and extruding have all been used to enhance the grain for feeding. The products are then fed to beef, dairy cattle, swine, laying hens, poultry, sheep, and are used in pet foods. As much as 12 percent of domestic sorghum production also goes to produce ethanol and its various products. With the demand for renewable energy fuel sources increasing, demand for products like sorghum-DDGS (sorghum distiller's dried grains with soluble) will increase as well due to sorghum's favourable nutrition profile.Sorghum is about 70% starch, so is a good energy source.
The document discusses the agriculture sector in India. Some key points:
- Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, with around 58% of the population depending on it. India is a major global producer of crops like wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- Agriculture contributes 18% to total exports and 23% to India's GDP. The sector provides food for over 1 billion people and raw materials to many industries.
- Major crops grown in India include rice, wheat, maize, millets, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tea, coffee, coconut and rubber.
- The agriculture sector plays a crucial role in employment, international trade, rural
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
Agroindustries prospects and challengessabari nathan
This document discusses agro-industries in India, including their importance, growth, challenges, and opportunities. It notes that agro-industries provide employment, income, and help avoid waste of farm products. India's production of crops like rice, wheat and oilseeds has increased significantly since the 1950s. However, post-harvest losses remain high due to poor management. The document outlines the various agro-processing industries in India including rice, wheat, pulses, oils, fruits/vegetables, meat and fish. It identifies challenges such as low capacity utilization and product quality issues. Opportunities for India include minimizing losses, adding value, and meeting quality standards to expand exports.
Profitability of sunflower cultivation in some selected sites of bangladeshJaminur Rahman
The study assessed the profitability and socioeconomic status of sunflower cultivation in Bogra and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh. A total of 100 farmers were surveyed, with 50 farmers from each district. Majority of farmers had 1 year of experience growing sunflower. The estimated per hectare cost of cultivation was 62,199 Taka, with a net return of 10,863 Taka and benefit-cost ratio of 1.18, indicating sunflower cultivation was profitable. The main challenges reported were lack of irrigation, lack of timely seed availability, absence of processing facilities, and low product demand. However, there was potential to expand sunflower cultivation given interest from female farmers and to fulfill local edible oil demand.
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Performance of Hybrid and Conventional Rice Varieties in Sindhsanaullah noonari
The study was design to compare the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses financial gain from hybrid rice comparing with conventional rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on hybrid and conventional rice varieties are
grown, primary data on hybrid and conventional rice was collected from the farmers through personal interviews
with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the
data. Statistical approaches used to analysis the data. Total costs per hectare of hybrid rice were 148992.23 Rs
per hectare which were more then conventional rice was 140661.68 Rs per hectactare. Major differences in
hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs. On an
average higher yield (196.14 monds per hectare) was obtained from hybrid rice while conventional rice yield
(140.14 monds per hectare) was less then hybrid rice. There was 16.64 percent increase in hybrid rice yield
comparing with conventional rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in hybrid rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, performance, hybrid, conventional, varieties, Pakistan
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regencyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Economics of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) production and its developmen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an economic study of date palm production in the Kech district of Balochistan province, Pakistan. Some key findings include:
- Total estimated costs of date palm production were 225,271 Pakistani rupees per hectare, including costs of land, orchard development, operations, and marketing. Marketing costs such as transportation were the highest costs.
- The average yield was 77.29 maunds (1 maund = 37 kg) per hectare. Higher yields came from trees aged 10-20 years. Certain varieties like Washakar fetched higher sale prices.
- Income per hectare was estimated at 286,745 rupees against total costs of 225,271 rupe
- The study examined the profitability of cashew production among smallholder farmers in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana.
- Data was collected from 140 farmers and analyzed using net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return to assess profitability over a 25-year period.
- The results showed that a 1-hectare cashew plantation has a positive net present value of GH¢260.82 ($343.16), a benefit-cost ratio of 1.13, and an internal rate of return of 43.85%, indicating that cashew production is profitable.
Influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers regimes on oil conten...Innspub Net
This study was conducted at the Sokoine University of Agriculture to assess the influence of farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on sunflower seed oil content. The treatments consisted were: control (no nitrogen fertilizer, no farmyard manure); 2 t farmyard manure (FYM)/ha applied at planting (AAP); 5 t FYM/ha (AAP); 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 days after planting (DAP); 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 2 t FYM/ha at planting + 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 5 t FYM/ha at planting + 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); and 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); + 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP). A randomized complete block design was used and treatments replicated three times. Sunflower variety Record was used as a test variety. Data collected included: soil sample before planting, plant tissue analysis, seed oil content and total seed oil yield per hectare. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using (LSD) P ≤ 0.05. The results showed that unlike the other parameters, oil content was only increased by 10 t FYM/ha in both seasons. It was therefore recommended that farmers in Morogoro to consider application 10 t FYM/ha in order to have high seed sunflower oil content. Get the full articles at: https://bit.ly/30mfVfG
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
The document summarizes a study on Ghana's early generation seed (EGS) system. It finds that Ghana's formal EGS system only meets a small fraction (1-6%) of national seed requirements, with the informal system supplying the vast majority (80-99%). Key challenges include delays in seed policies and guidelines, limited private sector involvement, weak quality control, low technical capacity, and lack of demand forecasting. Addressing these issues is needed to develop a more commercial and sustainable EGS model in Ghana.
India holds the second largest agricultural land (179.9 million hectares) in the world. India is the largest producer of pulses, milk, tea, cashew and jute; and the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds. Total food grains production in India reached an all-time high of 259.32 million tonnes (MT) in FY12. Rice and wheat production in the country stood at 105.3 MT and 94.9 MT respectively.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of agriculture and allied sectors in India reached US$ 151.8 billion in FY12. India is among the 10 leading exporters of agricultural products in the world; the country accounted for 2.07 per cent of global agricultural trade in 2012. Total agricultural exports from India registered 24.1 per cent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach US$ 39 billion during FY07-12.
Domestic demand for agricultural and allied products has not only been rising due to rising population, but also as a result of greater consumption by a wealthier population. Indian agriculture has also benefitted from rising external demand and the sector’s wider participation in the global economy.
The Government of India has launched National Food Security Mission (NFSM) to increase production of rice, wheat and pulses. It has also implemented schemes like Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) which incentivises states to increase private investment in agriculture and allied sectors
Estimating productivity gap and contribution of wheat productionsanaullah noonari
Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low
yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively.
Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less
quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured
through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre
between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per
acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error
of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium
yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively.
The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth
rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -
1.17%, 9.75% respectively.
Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan.
- Thailand has over 4 million rai (approximately 690,000 hectares) of oil palm plantation area, with most growers being smallholders. Yield and oil extraction rates remain low on average.
- Key challenges include low incomes for smallholders, issues with crop sales and delivery, and lack of knowledge in good agricultural practices. The industry aims to increase yields, extraction rates, and compliance with sustainability standards.
- A private sector initiative proposes a business model to address these challenges by establishing a licensed seed and nursery system, mills to purchase from smallholders, and providing training to improve cultivation knowledge and incomes. The goal is a more productive and sustainable Thai oil palm industry.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
This document provides information on an international journal article that analyzes the problems and prospects of the coconut industry in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. It begins with background on coconut production globally and in India. It then reviews previous literature on coconut cultivation challenges. The main objectives of the study are to analyze cultivation problems faced by coconut farmers in the district and to examine marketing problems related to coconut sales.
Wheat being major crop is great source of nutrition food in Pakistan. Despite its importance from economic and agricultural point of view, the government negligence, certain market and non market factors affected its production, consequently small farmers have suffered badly. A survey research study was conducted on wheat crop during 2014 to find out cultivated area, yield, farm production, stored, sold and price at Sakrand, Sindh. Results demonstrated that minimum cultivated area 01 acre, yield 22 mds acre-1 and production 45 mds farm-1 and maximum cultivated area 70 acres, yield 60 mds acre-1 and production 2800 mds farm-1 were recorded, while mean cultivated area 9.79 acres, yield 44.1 mds acre-1 and production 428.2 mds farm-1 were noted. In case of storage and quantity sold, the maximum 100 mds, minimum 15 mds and mean 52.71 mds stored by the farmers for family food purposes and greater grain yield 2725 mds, reduced 25 mds and mean 375.49 mds were sold. The higher price Rs. 1200 m-1, lower Rs. 950 m-1 and mean Rs. 106.36 m-1 were measured, while, more income Rs. 62563, reduced Rs. 18375 and average Rs. 37869.35 acre-1 were observed. In case of income farm-1, the highest Rs. 2861250, lowest Rs. 26500 and mean Rs. 399571.71 farm-1 were noted. Whereas, economic analysis of wheat showed average Rs. 51305 gross, 28976 net revenue and Rs. 1.29 benefit on invested rupee-1. The results depict that small farmers are producing lower quantity and getting lower wheat prices due to soil environmental and market factors. Government through policy intervention by subsidy for small farmers may enhance wheat productivity in the study area.
This document discusses a study that used a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze the potential impacts of adopting hydroponics technology in Pakistan's fruit and vegetable sector and on global trade. The study adapted the GTAP global CGE model with separate sectors for fruits and vegetables among 15 aggregated sectors and 30 aggregated regions including Pakistan. Simulations were run to quantify the effects of increasing hydroponics production of fruits and vegetables in Pakistan and reducing import tariffs on chemicals used as inputs. The results showed overall positive impacts on Pakistan's real GDP, sectoral exports and imports, terms of trade, and domestic prices of fruits and vegetables, indicating that adopting hydroponics technology could benefit Pakistan's macroeconomic indicators and consumer welfare.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
This document summarizes volatility in prices of oilseeds and grains in India and analyzes key factors influencing prices. It discusses wheat and various oilseed prices and volatility in domestic and international markets. The objectives are to measure price instability in major markets for commodities like wheat, palm oil, and soybean oil using vector error correction and multivariate GARCH models to forecast conditional means and variances. Comparing forecasts to other methods can determine if this model more accurately captures price dynamics.
Optimization Model of Use of Production in Order to Increase Production and E...AI Publications
This research aims to; analyze the optimization model of the use of production inputs in order to increase production and the efficiency of potato farming. This study uses cross-section data from 62 farmers. Sampling was done by Simple Random Sampling. The approach taken to examine the response of production to inputs is made descriptively. The production and efficiency functions are estimated using the stochastic frontier production function and the dual cost function. The results showed that there was no optimal use of production inputs. The frontier production function was mainly determined by the input of seed production of SP-36 fertilizer, KCL fertilizer, and liquid insecticide. The determinants of optimal production are determined by the use of seeds, urea fertilizer, and the use of drugs. The optimal use of inputs can produce an optimal production of 21,768 kg, while the actual production is only 12,250 kg. The use of seeds, SP-36 fertilizer, organic fertilizers, liquid insecticides, and labor are risk-reducing productivity factors. The technical efficiency of potato farming is in the medium category (ET=0.6644). Sources of technical inefficiency mainly come from the land area, age, and distance of farming land. Meanwhile, income, farming experience education and the number of family members reduce the occurrence of technical inefficiency. Farmers' behavior in responding to productivity risks is the average risk taker.
Similar to Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflower (20)
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis of Integrated Pestsanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a major source of foreign earnings.
However cotton crop is facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One way to
reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the use integrated pest management (IPM)
practices. Keeping in view the importance of this technique, the present study analyzed the
adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk involved in the adoption process. To estimate the
cotton yield, two types of production functions (one for adopter and other for non-adopters) were
estimated using the regression analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further in
risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed that cost of urea bags, cost of nitrophosphate
bags, cost of herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level.
Keywords: cotton, IPM, herbicide, evaluation, risk, coefficient, hyderabad
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) in C...sanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a
major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One
way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the
use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in
view the importance of this technique, the present study
analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk
involved in the adoption process. To estimate the cotton yield,
two types of production functions (one for adopter and other
for non-adopters) were estimated using the regression
analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further
in risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed
that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of
herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level. For
non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed
expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results
of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of temperature, seed
expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to
0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and 0.894 respectively and
significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of
nitro-phosphate bags, herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035,
0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Production in Quetta Districtsanaullah noonari
The poultry sector is one of the most organized and vibrant segments of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. This
sector generates direct and indirect employment and income for about 1.5 million people. Its contribution in agriculture
and livestock is 6.4 percent and 11.5 percent, respectively. Pakistan has been producing 10,000 million table eggs and
1,196 metric tons of chicken meat annually. Thus the egg poultry (layers) farmers in district Quetta, Baluchistan are
incurred total expenditures of Rs.526950.00 per farm, respectively. However, the selected egg poultry farmers paid
equipments of expenditures of Rs.73450.00 per farm, expenditures rearing Rs.151500.00. The labour cost paid by the
selected egg poultry farmers was Rs.100000.00 per farm. As far as marketing expenses are concerned the selected
egg poultry farmers incurred Rs.162000.00 per farm. Thus the selected tomato growers in district Quetta, Baluchistan
incurred a total average cost of production of Rs.526950.00 per farm. It was also observed that the selected egg
poultry farmers in the Quetta, Baluchistan area earned a total physical productivity of per 1000 bird farm (18 dozen
eggs/bird for 900 birds, 900 spent hens weighing 1.5 kg each) and earned a gross income of Rs.1430200.00 per farm.
It was further estimated that the selected egg poultry farmers after incurring all expenditure and sale of produce earned
net income of Rs.71133.00 per farm at a benefit cost ratio of 1:0.81. High profit was observed in poultry egg farming
in Quetta.
Women labour participation of agricultural production in sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This study was conducted to investigate the economics analysis of women labour participation in agricultural
production in Mirpurkhas, Sindh during 2013. The results of the study showed that that the women labourers got
maximum employment in agriculture during kharif (67 days) and rabi season (53 days). The women labourers
got 120 days of employment in agriculture in a year. The labourers got maximum number of days of
employment in weeding (64 days) followed by harvesting and post harvest operations (34 days). They received
wages in cash for all operations except harvest and post harvest operations. They worked for 7-8 hours a day.
The women labourers had maximum unemployed days in summer (120 days) as this is the off season for
agriculture in the study area. Their family consumption expenditure, their savings and debt position is presented
the average debit amount was Rs.3100.00 in kharif . It increased in Rabi Rs. 4700.00. The impact of seasonal
woman unemployment in agriculture on the income of the labourers, their family consumption expenditure, their
savings and debt position .That the during kharif season the labourers got on an average Rs. 19700.00 as income.
But during rabi they received only Rs. 18000.00 as income from wage earnings in agriculture .The expenditure
on food item was on an average Rs. 10300.00during kharif . It reduced by 13.94 per cent during rabi 8300.00.
The expenditure on non-food items also decreased from Rs. 7500.00 to Rs. 62000.00. The change was
Rs.1300.The lack of employment opportunities in agriculture during off season compelled the women labourers
to seek alternative employment sources like activities, construction works, tile making etc. The seasonal woman
unemployment in agriculture has caused a severe impact on the income of labourers, family expenditure, their
savings and debt position.
Keywords: Women labour, Agriculture
Women labour participation of agricultural production in sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This study was conducted to investigate the economics analysis of women labour participation in agricultural
production in Mirpurkhas, Sindh during 2013. The results of the study showed that that the women labourers got
maximum employment in agriculture during kharif (67 days) and rabi season (53 days). The women labourers
got 120 days of employment in agriculture in a year. The labourers got maximum number of days of
employment in weeding (64 days) followed by harvesting and post harvest operations (34 days). They received
wages in cash for all operations except harvest and post harvest operations. They worked for 7-8 hours a day.
The women labourers had maximum unemployed days in summer (120 days) as this is the off season for
agriculture in the study area. Their family consumption expenditure, their savings and debt position is presented
the average debit amount was Rs.3100.00 in kharif . It increased in Rabi Rs. 4700.00. The impact of seasonal
woman unemployment in agriculture on the income of the labourers, their family consumption expenditure, their
savings and debt position .That the during kharif season the labourers got on an average Rs. 19700.00 as income.
But during rabi they received only Rs. 18000.00 as income from wage earnings in agriculture .The expenditure
on food item was on an average Rs. 10300.00during kharif . It reduced by 13.94 per cent during rabi 8300.00.
The expenditure on non-food items also decreased from Rs. 7500.00 to Rs. 62000.00. The change was
Rs.1300.The lack of employment opportunities in agriculture during off season compelled the women labourers
to seek alternative employment sources like activities, construction works, tile making etc. The seasonal woman
unemployment in agriculture has caused a severe impact on the income of labourers, family expenditure, their
savings and debt position.
Keywords: Women labour, Agriculture
Efficiency analysis of islamic banking in hderabad city sindhsanaullah noonari
Interest (Riba) is stringently prohibited in Islam. It is very difficult task to transform a Riba based economy into
non-interested based economy. This transformation of economy can take place slowly. Development of Islamic
banking industry shows that is growing very rapidly. This study will help to estimate the efficiency of Islamic
banking in Hyderabad by applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Technical, cost and income efficiency
will be calculated through DEA. Tobit model will also be applied to investigate the influence of different factors
on efficiencies of Islamic banks. Average technical efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable)
return to scale was 0.837 (0.929), 0.774 (0.943) and 0.913 (0.967) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Islamic
bank should increase assets and profits which have positive impact on efficiency, while liabilities and no of
branches had negative impact on efficiency. Average cost efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant
(variable) return to scale was 0.623 (0.730), 0.621 (0.854) and 0.879 (0.929) respectively in 2010, 2011 and
2012. Average income efficiency score of Islamic banking under constant (variable) return to scale was
0.365(0.614), 0.387(0.709) and 0.416(0.687) respectively in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The efficiency of Islamic
banks is increasing day by day in Hyderabad Sindh.
Keywords: Islamic banking, Riba, Interest, technical efficiency, profits, Hyderabad
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
impact of microcredit on agricultural development in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
Abstract- Balochistan Rural Support Programme (BRSP) is a non-governmental organization working in
rural areas of Balochistan province since 1983. Its head office is situated in Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan,
sub-office is located in Islamabad, and a number of district offices are located in various districts of
Balochistan. It is clear that majority of the respondents 90 percent of the sample were male and 10
percent were females in district Mastung Balochistan. The respondents 86.66 percent had availed the
loan facility only for once and that too for the first time. 11.66 percent had availed this facility twice and
only 11.66 percent of them took loan three times. The respondents 40.00% were 25000, 16.66% were
40000.00, 20.00% were 50000.00, 13.33% were 60000.00 and 10.00% were above 80000.00 rupees
amount loans. 30.00% were get for seed, 23.33% were Pesticide, 26.66% were Fertilizer and 16.66% were
Others purposes.
Keywords: BRSP, impact of microcredit, agricultural development.
Comparative Economics Analysis of the Bt. Cotton V/SConventional Cotton Produ...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: Cotton is an important cash crop which covers 35 million hectares of land. Major objectives of the study were to
examine the role of determinants of cotton yield to asses’ financial gain from Bt.cotton comparing with conventional Cotton.
District Khairpur was selected for the present study where both Bt.cotton and conventional cotton varieties are grown primary
data on Bt. cotton and conventional cotton was collected from the farmers through personal interviews with the help of
specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production
function was used for yield analysis. Logit model was used to find the probability of Bt.cotton. Farmers growing Bt. cotton
who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre were 46.66 percent, while 53.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10) kg per acre.
Conventional cotton who had used seed rate (6-8) kg per acre was 66.66 percent while 33.33 percent had used seed rate (9-10)
kg per acre. Total costs per acre in Bt.cotton sown were greater than the conventional Cotton activities, total costs incurred in
the conventional cotton were far lower (about 26 percent lower) than Bt.cotton. On an average higher yield (40 mounds per
acre) was obtained in Bt.cotton sown than conventional cotton yield (25 mounds per acre). Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in two cotton activities. Higher profit was observed in Bt. cotton and very low profit was obtained in
conventional cotton.
Keywords: Cotton, conventional, Bt. Technology, Resource Use Efficiency, Decomposition of Output Change, Sindh
Analysis of Rice Profitability and Marketing Chain: A CaseStudy of District S...sanaullah noonari
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate rice profitability and marketing in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur
Sindh. This study was based on primary data, which was collected from rice farming in study area. Analysis was done by using
statistical technique like means, comparison of means and frequency distribution etc. Results shows rice farmer’s on average
per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.41910.00, this included Rs.15200.00, Rs.2350.00, Rs.2900.00, Rs.7460.00,
Rs.7400.00 and Rs.6600.00 on fixed cost, Land preparation, Seed and sowing, Farm inputs, Harvesting and threshing
marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Rice farmers on average per acre gross return of Rs.80200.00, Rs.70200.00 on
rice grain and Rs.10000.00 on straw in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh. The rice farmers on an average per acre earned
during study, Rs.38290.00 on net income, Rs.80200.00 on gross income and Rs.41910.00 on total expenditure in taluka Pano
Akil district Sukkur Sindh. Rice farmers on an average per acre gross income Rs.108400.00 and total expenditure is
Rs.68310.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1: 1.58 from rice
growing in the study area. The selected rice farmers on a net income per acre earned Rs.38290.00and total expenditure
Rs.41910.00 in taluka Pano Akil district Sukkur Sindh area therefore, they availed input output ratio of 1:0.91 from rice
growing in the study area.
Keywords: Rice, Profitability, Marketing Costs, Net Returns, Cost-Benefit Ratio
Impact of Microcredit on Agricultural Development in pakistansanaullah noonari
Balochistan Rural Support Programme (BRSP) is a non-governmental organization working in rural areas of
Balochistan province since 1983. Its head office is situated in Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan, sub-office is located
in Islamabad, and a number of district offices are located in various districts of Balochistan. It is clear that
majority of the respondents 90 percent of the sample were male and 10 percent were females in district Mastung
Balochistan. The respondents 86.66 percent had availed the loan facility only for once and that too for the first
time. 11.66 percent had availed this facility twice and only 11.66 percent of them took loan three times. The
respondents 40.00% were 25000, 16.66% were 40000.00, 20.00% were 50000.00, 13.33% were 60000.00 and
10.00% were above 80000.00 rupees amount loans. 30.00% were get for seed, 23.33% were Pesticide, 26.66%
were Fertilizer and 16.66% were Others purposes. 93.33% respondents believe that micro-credit is the reason for
increased agriculture production. 6.66% respondents think that micro-credit has no effect on the agricultural
production. 76.66% said that micro-credit plays a positive role in agricultural development. The 81.66%
respondents have improvement in their household living standards due to the microcredit facility and 18.33%
respondents said that micro-credit has no improvement in HH living standard.81.66% of the respondents and
18.33% respondents said that micro-credit has no improvement in food/diet standard.83.33 % of the respondents
and 16.66% respondents said that micro-credit has no change health status. 26.66% respondents said that the
BRSP staff behavior was satisfactory to some extent and 6.66% say not at all.100% received lump sum amount
for agricultural purpose.70.00% respondents were returning the credit amount biannually and 30.00%
respondents were returning the credit amount monthly .61.66% of the respondents repaying of microcredit was
easy and they were repaying the microcredit easily. For 38.33% respondents the repayment of microcredit was
not easy.100.00% respondent’s perception regarding loan amount was that it should be increased for the
betterment of farmers and for more productive results in agricultural development
Net External Liabilities and Economic Growth: A Case Study of pakistansanaullah noonari
This document discusses the relationship between net external liabilities and economic growth in Pakistan from 1973-2012. It finds that net external liabilities, education enrollment, exports, and gross capital formation are positively associated with GDP growth, while the relationship between debt service and growth was insignificant. The document also reviews previous literature on the impact of external debt on economic growth, discusses the variables and data used in the analysis, and presents the results of unit root tests of the time series data.
Economics Analysis of Mango Orchard Production underContract Farming in Taluk...sanaullah noonari
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate cost of production, and returns per acre of mango fruit. A
sample of 60 mango farmers was taken purposively from various villages in taluka Tando Adam district Sanghar
Sindh Pakistan. The objective was to work out benefit cost ratio and net present worth of growing mango
orchard. The mango growers in study area on average per farm spent a sum of Rs. 38000.00. This included Rs.
6000.00 for loading, Rs. 16000.00 for transportation and Rs. 6000.00 of unloading respectively in the study area.
The mango grower in the study area on average per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs. 203762.00 this
included Rs.80000.00, Rs.28847.00, Rs.56915.00 and Rs.38000.00 on fixed cost, labour costs, Capital Inputs
and marketing costs respectively in the study area. It is clear form the result each mango grower in the study area
obtained per acre233 Mds on an average. On revenue an average per acre earned of Rs. 291250.00 that obtained
by the grower of mango in the study area. Thus the mango growers on an average per acre earned during study,
Rs. 87488.00 on net income, Rs. 291250.00 on gross income and Rs. 203762.00 on total expenditure in the study
area. the selected mango growers on an average per acre gross income Rs. 291250.00 and total expenditure is Rs.
203762.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.42 from mango growing in the study
area. Mango growers on a net income per acre earned Rs. 87488.00 and total expenditure Rs. 203762.00 in the
study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:0.42 from mango growing in the study area.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid Tomato v/sConventional Tomato Product...sanaullah noonari
The present study was conducted in district Tando Allahyar Sindh to assess the economic analysis of tomato
production and changes in socio-economic status of the farmers. Thus the tomato farmers in study area incurred
that on an average per Farm spent a sum total fixed cost was 20900.00 Rs/acre in Hybrid tomato and total fixed
cost was 20900.00 Rs/acre in Conventional tomato. Total fixed cost includes Land Rent, Land tax, and water
charges and total variable costs for Hybrid tomato were (64420.00 Rs/Acre) while in conventional tomato the
total variable costs ware (61620.00 Rs/Acre). On an average higher yield was obtained in hybrid tomato 94.00
Mds /acre from Hybrid tomato while 76.00 Mds /acre average obtained by conventional tomato. As for prices
concerned, the Hybrid and Conventional tomato growers received Rs. 1520.00/ Mds and Rs. 1480.00/ Mds
respectively. Total revenue of tomato production was calculated and found that hybrid tomato growers received
Rs. 142880.00/acre, while conventional tomato growers Rs. 112480.00 /acre. The tomato growers in selected
study area who cultivates Hybrid tomato obtained higher gross revenue (Rs.142880.00Per/acre), whereas gross
margin of conventional tomato growers who seem to be lower (Rs. 112480.00Per/acre). The Net Return of
tomato production was calculated and found that Hybrid tomato growers received higher Net Return which was
(57560.00 Rs/acre), where as Net Return of Conventional tomato grower who seem to be lower (29960.00
Rs/acre). Therefore they availed in hybrid farms input output ratio of 1:1.67, cost benefit ratio of 1:0.67while
1:1.36 input output ratio and 1:0.36 from conventional tomato farmers in the study area.
Keywords: Tomato, hybrid, conventional, net return, cost benefit ratio, Tando Allahyar.
Abstract
Pakistan grows high quality rice including Fine and Course grain varieties, coarse grain varieties are early
maturing while fine grain varieties are late maturing. Both fine and coarse grain varieties have Hybrid and
Conventional Rice varieties which are high quality rice to fulfill domestic demand and also for exports. The
study was design to compare the economic analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses’ financial gain from Hybrid Rice comparing with Conventional Rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on Hybrid and Conventional Rice varieties are
grown, primary data on Hybrid and Conventional Rice was collected from the farmers through personal
interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to
collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for yield analysis. Total costs per acre of Hybrid
Rice were 62010.87 Rs/Acre which were more than Conventional Rice was 56972.09 Rs/Acre. Major
differences in hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs.
On an average higher yield (79.41monds per acre) was obtained from Hybrid Rice while Conventional Rice
yield (59.74monds per acre) was less then Hybrid Rice. There was 14.14% increase in Hybrid Rice yield
comparing with conventional Rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in Hybrid Rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional Rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow Hybrid Rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, Economics Analysis, Production and Marketing.
Economic Analysis of Henna Cultivation and Marketing in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
The results of present study conducted to determine the majority 75.00 percent henna plant growers were
engaged in farming, 10.00 percent henna plant growers have were engaged in labour and 15.00 percent henna
plant growers have were engaged in the job/ business like having shopkeeper, govt. job and private jobs in the
study area. In this study the 81.66 percent henna plant growers were used canal water and only 38.33 percent
henna plant growers were used tube well water in the study area. An average per/acre area of fixed cost the
Rs.12700.00 on which includes on an average per acre henna plant growers spent for Zaria tax and usher
Rs.700.00 and rent of land Rs. 12000.00. And Rs.7150.00 on an average per/acre area of land development cost
which includes on an average per acre henna plant growers spent for PloughingRs.3450.00, land leveling
Rs.2500.00 and ridge making Rs.1200.00 in study area. The selected henna grower in the study area on average
per acre spent a total cost of production of Rs.67194.00. This included Rs.12700.00, Rs.7150.00, Rs.13100.00,
Rs.7700.00 and Rs.26444.00 on fixed cost, land development cost, marketing costs and input costs respectively.
Thus the henna growers in the study area obtained per acre 76 Mds on an average and revenue per acre earned of
Rs.121600.00 that obtained by the grower of henna. The henna growers on an average per acre earned during
study, Rs.54406.00 on net income, Rs.121600.00 on gross income and Rs.67194.00 on total expenditure. Thus
the henna growers in Tharoshah district Naushahero Feroze Sindh area on a gross income Rs.121600.00 and
total expenditure is Rs.67194.00 in the study area therefore they availed input output ratio of 1:1.80 and a net
income per acre earned Rs.54406.00 and total expenditure Rs.67094.00 in the study area therefore they availed
input output ratio of 1:0.80 respectably.
Keywords: Henna, Mehndi, Zaria tax, capital Inputs, expenditure, Naushahero Feroze
Economic Analysis of Apple Orchards Production in Balochistan Pakistansanaullah noonari
Balochistan has the largest area under fruits in Pakistan as nearly one million tons of fruits are annually produced
from 0.23 million hectares and production is 32.6 percent. Mastung district of Balochistan province is the centre
of apple production on Pakistan’s. Mastung has over other apple producing regions is the ability to produce
highly colored apples due to the cool evening temperatures in late summer and the fall combined with good light
diffusion. Farming experience of Apple growers up to 10 years; they had 41.66%, 11-20 years of apple farming
experience had 13.33%, 21-30 years of apple farming experience possessed 25.00% of apple farming. Similarly,
farmers with more than 30 years of apple farming experience had 20.00% of apple farming. An average per acre
apple growers spent for rent of land Rs. 42800.00 in district Mastung Balochistan during the 2013. the Rs.
19351.50 on an average per/acre area of labour input which includes Rs. 1322.00 on Irrigation, Thinning Rs.
1761.33, Weeding Rs. 700.00, Chemicals /Spray trees Rs. 672.96, soaking Rs.613.58, Machine operating costs
Rs. 5600.00, Paint trees Rs. 954.00, Application of FYM, Rs. 689.88, picked fruit/Cutting/ harvesting, Rs.
1897.02 and Miscellaneous Rs. 5140.73 respectively in the study area. that each selected apple grower of
Mastung on an average per acre of apple spent a sum of Rs. 34771.00 that included Rs. 4471.42, Rs. 4133.45,
and Rs. 5250.00 Rs. 8457.65 Rs.3871.42 Rs. 5239.83 Rs. 2114.45 and Rs. 1233.83 on Irrigate: (water) , F.Y.M,
Fertilizer/ Urea, Insecticide/Pesticides, Packing Material, Fuel - Diesel , Spray machine , Machinery repair
respectively. the selected apple grower in Mustang Balochistan area on average per acre spent a total cost of
production of Rs. 120094.84 during 2013 this included Rs. 42800.00, 21690.58, Rs.34771.00 and Rs. 20834.26
on fixed cost, labour costs marketing costs respectively on capital inputs. Apple growers in Mastung Balochistan
area on revenue per acre earned of Rs. 268800.00 that obtained by the grower of apple. An average per acre
earned during study, Rs. 148705.00 on net income, Rs. 268800.00 on gross income and Rs. 120094.58 on total
expenditure in the Mastung Balochistan. the selected apple growers on an net income per acre earned Rs.
148705.00 and total expenditure Rs. 120094.58 in Mastung Balochistan area therefore they availed input output
ratio of 1:1.23 from apple growing in the study area.
Keywords: Apple, cost, fruit yield, labor, net returns, and cost-benefit ratio.
Economic Analysis of Poultry Production in Sindh pakistansanaullah noonari
This document presents an economic analysis of poultry production in Tando Allahyar District, Sindh, Pakistan. It finds that the average total fixed cost per farm was Rs. 111,500, and average labor costs were Rs. 168,000 per farm. Marketing costs averaged Rs. 134,000 per farm. The average total cost of production was Rs. 679,756 per farm. Farms averaged annual production of 7,212 live birds and 12,560 eggs, with average annual revenue of Rs. 1,096,500 and net income of Rs. 326,744. The cost-benefit ratio was 1:0.48, meaning farmers obtained Rs. 0.48 in returns for each ru
Impact of Credit on Agricultural Producitivity:A Case Study of Zarai Taraqiat...sanaullah noonari
Agricultural sector is the largest contribution to Pakistan’s GDP. Agricultural credit plays an important role in
enhancing the agricultural productivity in developing countries like Pakistan. The government of Pakistan
introduced several agricultural credit loans through ZTBL and other commercial banks and institutional sources.
This study estimated constrains faced by the farmers in acquisitioned source. This study also estimated the
impact of credit on agricultural productivity. Data were collected randomly from 30 loanee farmers to three
selected ZTBL branches and 30 non loanee farmers in the same villages. It found that the credit has a positive
impact on the agricultural productivity and loanee farmers have more gross margins than non loanee farmers.
Now the problem is to remove the constraints which small farmers are facing in this regard and then improve the
utilization of the credit amount as planned at the time of disbursement in agriculture production process
following findings were found. A major proportion i.e.40.8% of the farmers belonged to young age group (36-45
years). It was found that majority of the respondents had low level of education in the selected area. More than
51.7% of the respondents had 6-10 acres of the land holding. A huge majority 95% of the respondents had
knowledge about the agricultural credit scheme of the ZTBL Bank. More than 56.75 of the loanees’ farmers
avail credit facilities for the first time from the ZTBL bank. A large majority 63.3 of the farmers were not
satisfied with the interest rate charged by the banks. It was found that a large number of farmers mutualized the
credit amount. About 66.7% farmers got agricultural credit facility from bank without facing any problem.
Result indicates that average cultivated area in case of loanee farmers is higher than non-loanee farmers. It was
conclude that the loanee farmers had more cost of production as compare to non loanee farmers. Results of
regression analysis indicate that credit had very normal impact on agricultural productivity as limiting factors is
the proper utilization of loan mount in agricultural sector. The most common utilization of credit amount as
construction, repair and renovation of the houses by the loanee farmers.
Knowledge and perception of students regarding islamic banking in Sindh Pakistansanaullah noonari
Abstract
This research investigated the relationship between the university student’s perception and knowledge about
different concepts and terms used in the Islamic banking and products and services offered. Impact of age,
gender, area of study, area of residence, CGPA and family’s monthly income on the perception and knowledge
of students about Islamic banking was also analyzed. Data was collected from the postgraduate students
(Respondents # 60) selected randomly from two public sectors universities (Sindh Agriculture University Tando
jam and University of Sindh) along with one private sectors (ISRA) university of Hyderabad. Simple linear
regressions were used in order to check the impact of socioeconomic characteristics on the knowledge and
perception of students. University students were mainly surveyed to assess the knowledge and perception of
country’s intellectual cream of Islamic banking crop. Results showed that religious sincerity, not the better
knowledge of Islamic banking was the strongest predictor of personal banking performances. Result reflected
that overall perception and knowledge of students was significantly different from zero. Result suggested that
students had better perception about the Islamic banking but poor knowledge. It was found that the Arabic
language in specifying the products and services hindered the understandings of the students. Coefficient of age
and income showed a positive relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking
in both public sector universities and Private Sector University. Result for area of study also displayed positive
relation with the perception and knowledge of students regarding Islamic banking. Gender, area of residence and
CGPA were not statistically significant which means these did not affected significantly on the perception and
knowledge of students about Islamic banking however in case of private Sector University CGPA count to be
factor, significantly effecting the perception of students.
Keywords: Islamic banking, perception, knowledge, products and services.
Understanding how timely GST payments influence a lender's decision to approve loans, this topic explores the correlation between GST compliance and creditworthiness. It highlights how consistent GST payments can enhance a business's financial credibility, potentially leading to higher chances of loan approval.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
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Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflower
1. Industrial Engineering Letters www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6096 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0581 (online)
Vol.5, No.7, 2015
34
Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid V/S
Conventionalsunflower Production Sindh Pakistan
Asif Ahmed Sethar*2
, Sanaullah Noonari1
, Ms.Irfana Noor Memon1
, Zarmina Memon2
Amber Pathan2,
Attia Manzoor2
, Maria Pathan22
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Social Sciences,
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam Pakistan
2. Students, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Social Sciences
Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam Pakistan
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
1. Introduction
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant native to the Americas. It possesses a large inflorescence
(flowering head), and its name is derived from the flower’s shape and image, which is often used to depict the
sun. The plant has a rough, hairy stem, broad, coarsely toothed, rough leaves, and circular flower head. The
heads consist of many individual flowers which mature into seeds, often in the hundreds, on a receptacle base.
The major oilseed crops include sunflower, canola, rapeseed & mustard and cottonseed. The total availability of
edible oil in 2009-10 was 2.9 million tons. Local production of edible oil was 662 thousand tons which
accounted for 23 percent of total availability in the country, while the remaining 77 percent availability was
ensured through imports. During the year 2010-11 (July- March), a quantity of 1.7 million tons edible
oil/oilseeds worth US$ 1.65 billion has been imported. The local production in 2010-11 is provisionally
estimated at 696 thousand tons. Total availability from all sources is thus reduced to 2.35 million tons so far
(GOP, 2011).
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan
although it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is
fluctuating due to various production and socioeconomic constraints. Its seed contains 35-55% oil contents.
Research work on this crop has shown that there is great potential of growing it under all the soil and climatic
conditions in rain fed as well as irrigate farming system in different agro-ecological zones. The areas of
adaptation for this crop are in the cotton belt (Vehari, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, Umarkot) and rice growing areas of
Sialkot and Badin in Punjab and Sindh, respectively. The crop is grown in spring as well as in autumn. The
average yield in Pakistan is 1.3 tons/ha. Almost 99% area is under hybrids imported by different multinational
seeds companies. However, local hybrids are also available and area under them is increasing with the time. It
has good prospects as intercrop with sugarcane, if suitable hybrids and production technology is available.
During 2000-01, the area was 58998 ha and increased to 319743 ha in 2008-09 with production of 420487 tons
and per hectare yield of 1315 kg Sunflower is an important oilseed crop and is successfully grown under
different climatic conditions of the country, i.e., in the warm and harsh conditions of southern part of the country
to mild and cool climate in the north. It has great potential to bridge the gaps between the production and
consumption of edible oil (PARC, 2009).
Oilseed crops have a central significance in food and economy with reference to Agriculture. There is
a severe shortage of edible oil in Pakistan. Due to increase in human population the demand of edible oil is
mounting whereas production of edible is decreasing every year. The native edible oil production does not match
the rising demand of population. During 2010, the consumption of oil and fats was 13 kg per capita per year. The
local production from all sources has been raised up to 0.680 million tons, which accounts for 24% of domestic
necessity of edible oil while the remaining 76% is met through imports. Pakistan is spending billions of rupees
on the import of edible oil, which is a major drain on shrinking economy of the country. During 2009-10 (July-
March) 1.246 million tons edible oil was imported by casting 77.78 billion rupees. Rapeseed and mustard oil is
not used as regular cooking oil due to occurrence of elevated erotic acid and glucosinolates and therefore cannot
be used more than 5% in oil branding for ghee manufacturing. In order to overcome the prevailing
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circumstances, there is an ominous need to increase per acre yield of non-conventional oilseed crops. Like
soybean, sunflower and safflower crops are facing problem due to their poor adaptation and various crops
specific and policy issues. Soybean and Safflower make a contribution of only less than 1 % (Bilal et al. 2013).
Sunflower is grown on approximately 550,000 to 600,000 acres in the Sindh province. Farmers get
better returns on it as compared to wheat support prices whose procurement and purchase are cumbersome for
farmers to follow. Usually, per 40kg of sunflower is sold for Rs2000 to Rs2, 200 and at times at a rate as high as
Rs2, 500 to Rs3, 000. If growers get 12-15 mounds of sunflower per acre with relatively lesser farm inputs
including irrigation water, they feel comfortable. However, they believe that per acre yield can be improved
significantly. Agriculture department’s figures show that 341, 641 tones of sunflower production were achieved
from 266,964 hectares in 2010. But then production dropped in 2011 the when lower region of Sindh suffered
heavy rains and water couldn’t be drained out on time. About 187,379 tons of production was achieved in that
year as the crop was shown on 188, 663 hectares. The provisional figures of 2012 season indicate that crop was
grown on 143,631 hectares, and so far 150,140 tones of production have been reported. Some officials claim that
this year they received complaints about quality of seed and its price that may affect per acre yield (Shah et al.
2013).
Objectives:
1. To find out socioeconomic factors of Hybrid and Conventional sunflower growers in district Badin
Sindh.
2. To determine production costs, physical productivity and net return of Hybrid and Conventional
sunflower in study area.
3. To identify the issues and suggest the policy measures for sustainable Hybrid and Conventional
sunflower production.
3. Methodology
The study was conducted through primary data collection from growers of sunflower from district Badin. This
study focuses on the sunflower yield and its compare the financial gains from two sunflower activities (Hybrid
V/S Conventional sunflower).
3.1.Data Analysis Techniques
To determine the contributions of the important variables in the sunflower production process, the Cobb-Douglas
from of production function was finally estimated because of the best fit of the sample data. After different trials
runs, variable was ultimately selected to explain the production of hybrid sunflower and the conventional
sunflower farmers. Cares were taken to avoid multi co linearity. The general model was specified
comprehensively in such a way that it could explain adequately the production process of the hybrid sunflower
of both types of farmers. To explore the input-output relationship of hybrid sunflower production, the selected
Cobb-Douglas production model, in its stochastic from May expressed as:
Y = X1
β1
, X2
β2
, X3
β3
, X4
β4
, X5
β5
, X6
β6
Y = f (X1
β1
, X2
β2
…Xn
β6
The Cobb-Douglas Production function was linear zed by transforming it in to the following double log or log
linear form so that it could be solved by the least square method:
Log Y = β1,β2…βnlog (X1,X2…Xn)
Where:
X1, X2, X3…Xn = Cost of production Process specified all costs was categories after field visit.
β1,β2,β3…βn= Slope/ impacts/issues/ Constraints on sunflower production.
Of course then was intercept of the Cobb-Douglas production function which was determined after analysis of
the data.
3.2.Farm Costs Analysis
The farm costs analysis is based on hybrid and conventional sunflower production. The result of this study was
providing for the comparison of total costs and returns of hybrid sunflower with conventional sunflower. Total
costs consist of expenditure from the profit and loss account (fixed costs and variable costs etc.). For the
estimation and calculations, following procedure is adopted to examine the profitability of hybrid as well as
conventional sunflower.
3.3.Total Revenue
Total revenue is the total money received from the sale of any given quantity of output. The total revenue
calculated by taking the price of the sale times the quantity sold.
Total revenue = price x physical productivity (Biz 2002).
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3.4.Total Costs
A total cost is the sum of the fixed cost and total variable cost for any given level of production.
Total cost fixed cost + total variable cost
3.5.Total fixed costs
Total fixed costs are the costs they do not change with the level of production. For example, water charge, Govt.
Land Taxes.
3.6.Total Variable costs
Total variable costs are the costs that change in direct proportion to changes in volume. Variable costs can be
avoided by not producing.
3.7.Profit
Profit is the excess of receipts over the spending of business during any period
Profit = gross income – expenses
4. Results
The general objective of study was to find out the yield gap of hybrid and conventional sunflower crop. They get
greater benefits from hybrid sunflower crop than other sunflower growers. However certain elements influence
the yield of sunflower crop. Two types of sunflower activities were performed in the study area. Most of the
farmers focused to adopt hybrid sunflower; they get greater benefits from hybrid sunflower than conventional
sunflower. Distribution of respondents with socio-economic variables and the influence of these socio-economic
variables on the production of hybrid and conventional sunflower are discussed here.
4.1.Age
Table: 1 Respondents distribution according to age group in the study area
Age Group Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Up to 35 10 33.33 07 23.33
36 to 45 07 23.33 09 30.00
Above 45 13 43.33 14 46.67
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-1 depicts that 33.33% Hybrid and 23.33% conventional sunflower farmers were belonged to age group up
35 years, while about 23.33% Hybrid and 30.00% Conventional farmers belonged to age group 36-45 years.
About 43.33% Hybrid and 46.67% Conventional farmers’ belonged to age group above 45 years.
4.2.Family Size
Table: 2 Respondents distribution according to family size in the study area
Family Size
Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Below 4 5 16.66 4 13.00
5-7 12 40.00 8 26.66
8-10 10 33.33 11 36.66
Above 10 3 10.00 7 23.33
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-2 shows that hybrid sunflower there were 16.66% were less 4 members, 40.00% were 5-7 members,
33.33% were 8-10 members’ family size out of 30 farmers. Only 10.00% were above 10.00% members family
size while in case of conventional sunflower were 13.00% Were less 4 members, 26.66% were 5-7 members,
36.66% were 8-10 member family size. Only 23.33% were above 23.33%.
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4.3.Education Level
Table: 3 Respondents distribution according to education level in the study area
Education Level Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Illiterate 07 23.33 14 46.67
Primary-middle 10 33.33 12 40.00
Matric 05 16.67 05 16.67
Collage-University 07 23.33 03 10.00
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-3 reveals that 23.33% hybrid and 46.67% conventional sunflower farmers were illiterate, while
about 33.33% hybrid, 40.00% of conventional sunflower farmers was primary-middle level of education. The
16.667% farmers of hybrid sunflower, 16.67% farmers of conventional sunflower were matriculation. 23.33%
hybrid and only 10.00% of conventional sunflower farmers were have collage-university education.
4.4.Marital Status
Table: 4 Respondents distribution according to marital status in the study area
Marital Status Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Single 08 26.67 11 36.67
Married 19 63.33 17 56.67
Divorced 1 3.33 1 3.33
Widow 2 6.66 1 3.33
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-4 shows that in hybrid there were 26.67% were single marital status, 63.33% were married
marital status, and 3.33% were widow and 6.66% ware divorced. While in case of conventional sunflower
farmers were 36.67% were single marital status, 56.67% were married marital status, and 3.33%were widow,
and 3.33% were divorced.
4.5.Farm Size
Table: 5 Respondents distribution according to farm size in the study area
Farm Size Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Small (8-10 acres) 8 26.66 9 30.00
Medium(10-15
acres)
16 53.33 14 46.66
Large(above -15
acres)
6 20.00 7 23.33
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-5 shows that hybrid sunflower there were 26.66% small farm size, 53.33% were medium farm
size, 20.00% were large farm size out of 30 farmers. While in case of conventional sunflower was 30.00% small
farm sizes, 46.66% were medium farm size, 23.33% were large farm size out of 30 farmers.
4.6.Farming Experience
Table: 6 Respondents distribution according to farming experience in the study area
Farming Exp: Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
5-10 4 13.33 8 26.66
11-15 7 23.33 10 33.33
16-20 10 33.33 7 23.33
Above 20 9 30.00 5 16.66
Total 30 100.00 30 100.0
Table-6 shows that hybrid sunflower growers having the experience of (5-10) years were recorded
13.33%, farmers having experience (11-15) years were 23.33% , farmers having experience (16-20) were
recorded 33.33% and having experience above 20 years were 30.00% out of 30 farmers. Conventional sunflower
growers having the experience of (5-10) years were recorded 26.66% farmers having experience (11-15) years
were 33.33%, farmers having experience (16-20) were recorded 23.33% and having experience above 20 years
were 16.66% out of 30 farmers
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4.7.Farmer Status
Table: 7 Respondents distribution according to farmer status in the study area
Farmer status Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Owner 15 50.00 12 40.00
Tenant 8 26.66 11 36.66
Owner cum Tenant 7 23.33 7 23.33
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-7 shows that hybrid sunflower there were 50.00% were owner ship, 26.66% were tenant farmers and
23.33% were owner cum tenant respondents. While in case of Conventional 40.00% were owner ship, 36.66%
were tenant farmers, and 23.33% were owner cum tenant respondents.
4.8.Information
Table: 8 Respondents distribution according to information sources in the study area
Source of
information.
Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Relatives 13 43.33 30 100.00
Media 03 10.00 - -
Seed Dealer 09 30.00 - -
Ext. Deptt: 05 16.66 - -
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-8 shows that hybrid sunflower there were 43.33% were getting information about hybrid
sunflower from Relatives, 10.00% were from media, 30.00% were from seed dealer and 16.00% were getting
information about hybrid sunflower from extension department while in case of conventional 100.00% were
getting information about conventional sunflower from relatives and tradition.
4.9.Sunflower Varieties Planted
Table: 9 Area Percentage under different sunflower varieties in study area
Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
Varieties Respondent Percentage Varieties Respondent Percentage
Hyson-33 11 36.66 F-18 9 30.00
Hyson-39 14 46.66 HO-1 16 53.33
Hyson-40 2 6.66 4421 5 16.66
Hybrid-894 3 10.00 - - -
Total 30 100.00 - 30 100.00
Table-9 shows that hybrid sunflower varieties under cultivation from hybrid group were 36.66% of
Hyson-33, 46.66% Hyson-39, 6.66% Hyson-40 and 10.00% Hybrid-894 varieties were cultivated. The area of
conventional varieties found on farmer’s field were 30.00% area of F-18, 53.33% HO-1 and 16.66% of 4421
varieties were cultivated.
4.10.Planting Time
Table-10 Respondents’ distribution according to planting time in the study area
Month Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
January 22 73.33 11 36.66
Feb 8 26.66 19 63.33
Total 30 100 30 100
Table-10 shows that hybrid sunflower there were 73.33% respondents planted in month of January and 26.66%
were in February. While in case of conventional sunflower 36.66% respondents were planted in Month of
January, 63.33% were in February.
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4.11.Planting Method
Table: 11 Respondents distribution according to planting method in the study
Planting Method Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Ridges 17 56.66 09 30.00
Furrow 13 43.33 21 70.00
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-11 proves that hybrid sunflower farmers who had sown sunflower crop with ridges were found
56.66%, while furrow sowing hybrid sunflower were found 43.33%. Conventional sunflower farmers who had
sown sunflower crop with ridges were found 30.00%, while furrow sowing were found 70.00% the sunflower.
4.12.Seed Rate
Table: 12 Respondents distribution according to seed rate kg per acre in the study area
Seed Rate (Kg) acre Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
2-2.50 30 100.00 - -
3-3.50 - - 30 100.00
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-12 illustrates that farmers growing hybrid sunflower who had used seed rate (2-2.50) kg per acre
were 100.00% and conventional sunflower who had used seed rate (3-350) kg per acre was 100.00%.
4.13.Irrigation Source
Table: 13 Respondents distribution according to Irrigation Source in the study area
Irrigation Source Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
Canal 30 100.00 30 100.00
Tube well 0 0.00 0 0.00
Canal + Tube well 0 0.00 0 0.00
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-13 shows that in hybrid sunflower as well as in conventional sunflower all most 100 percent
respondents were using canal water source of irrigation.
4.14.Use of Fertilizers
Table: 14 Respondents distribution according to fertilizer application in the study area
Fertilizers (Bags) Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
No. Respondent Percentage No. Respondent Percentage
0-2 6 20.00 4 13.33
2-3 14 46.66 15 50.00
Above 3 10 33.33 11 36.66
Total 30 100.00 30 100.00
Table-14 gives an idea about the fertilizer usage of the respondents according to hybrid and
conventional sunflower fields, from total of 60 farmers growing hybrid sunflower had used fertilizers (0-2)-bags
per acre were 20.00%, while 46.66% had used fertilizers (2-3) bags per acre and 33.33% farmers had used
fertilizers above 3 bags per acre. Conventional sunflower had used fertilizers (0-2)-bags per acre were 13.33%
while 50.00% had used fertilizers (2-3) bags per acre and 36.66% farmers had used fertilizers above 3 bags per
acre.
4.15.Total Fixed Costs:
Table: 15 Total Fixed Costs of Hybrid and conventional Sunflower in the study area
Total Fixed Costs (Rs/Acre)
Per Acer
Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
Land Rent 10122 10122
Land tax 95 95
Water charge 208 208
Total 10425 10425
Table-15 shows that the total fixed cost was 10425.00 Rs/Acre in hybrid sunflower and total fixed cost
was 10425 Rs/acre in conventional sunflower. Total fixed cost includes Land Rent, Land tax, and water charges
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4.16.Total Variable Costs
Table: 16 Total variable costs of two Sunflower activities in the study area
Total variable
Costs
Expenses
Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
Quantity Price/Unit Total Quantity Price/Unit Total
Labour (No.) 15 200 3000 15 200 3000
Seed (Kg) 2-2.5 2100 4200 3-3.5 367 1101
Fertilizers Urea 2 1750 3500 1 1750 1750
Fertilizers DAP 1 4200 4200 1 4200 4200
Harvesting cost
(No.)
8.5 617 5241 5.05 565 2855
Total -- - 20141 --- -- 12906
4.17.Total Costs
Table: 17 Total Cost associated with Sunflower activities
Total Cost Hybrid Sunflower Conventional Sunflower
Total Variable Cost / Acre (Rs.) 20141 12906
Fixed cost / Acre (Rs.) 10425 10425
Total Cost/Acre (Rs.) 30566 23331
Table-17 shows the total costs per acre associated with the production of cotton. Total costs are the sum of total
variable costs and total fixed costs.
Total Costs = Total Variable Costs + Total Fixed Costs
Total costs per acre in hybrid sunflower sown were greater than the other two activities that were recorded 30566
rupees and the total costs incurred in conventional sunflower were for lower (about 41 % lower) than hybrid
sunflower. Sown were 23331 rupees. Prices were still amply high for adopters of hybrid sunflower to make
considerable gains in net income.
4.18.Profit Gains
Table: 18 Profits / Gains from two Sunflower activities
Varieties Yield/Acre
(Mound)
Price/
Mound
(Rs.)
Income/Acre
(Rs.)
Total Cost/
Acre (Rs.)
Net Profit/
Acre (Rs.)
BCR
Hybrid
Sunflower
22 2300 50600 30566 20034 1.52
Conventional
Sunflower
18 2300 41400 23331 18069 1.29
Table-18 shows the total yield obtained by the farmer per acre, price of the sunflower per mounds, income
gained by the farmer per acre, per acre total input costs associated with the production of sunflower and net
profit (economic profit) gained per acre. On an average higher yield was obtained in hybrid sunflower sown 22
mounds per acre and conventional cotton yield was low only 18 mounds per acre.
Price gained per mound was almost the same in three cotton activities. Income gained per acre in hybrid
sunflower was 50600 rupees, and income gained from conventional sunflower was only 41400 rupees. Higher
profit of 20034 rupees was observed in hybrid sunflower; while 18069 rupees was obtained in conventional
sunflower. BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) shows the return on per rupee invested. Introduction of hybrid sunflower
showed significant farm-level benefits.
4.19. Sunflower Yield Comparison of two sunflower activities
Average yield comparison obtained from two sunflower activities. Early growers of hybrid sunflower in were
taking the highest yield 24 mounds per acre, and conventional sunflower growers were obtaining 19 mounds per
acre that is low yield. Conventional sunflower gave poor yield 5 mounds/acre. There was 26.31 percent increase
in hybrid sunflower yield while 5.07 percent increase was found in comparing with conventional sunflower.
Percentage increase in the yield 26.31 percent of hybrid sunflower than conventional sunflower is similar to the
results. The productivity increase was significant that 26.31 percent more yield with the introduction of hybrid
sunflower.
4.20.Comparison of Total Income received and Total Costs
Farmers were growing hybrid sunflower have received larger income and conventional sunflower growers. It is
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clear from the figure that hybrid sunflower farmers have received (50600 Rs.) imposing higher costs (30566 Rs.)
and conventional sunflower farmers got (41400 Rs.) costing (23331 Rs.). The application of hybrid sunflower
increased the income from agriculture for farmers and also improved the households' livelihood.
4.21.Income, Total costs and Profit by sunflower Activities (Rs. / Acre)
The comparison of total income gained, total costs associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities.
Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677 Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing
hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939
Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded. The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was
confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
5. Conclusions and suggestions
This study was carried out to compare the economics of Hybrid and Conventional Sunflower based on the field
survey in the Sunflower cropping zone of Sindh. The information was collected from selected Hybrid and
Conventional Sunflower growers. The data was collected through personal interviews. Number of analytical
techniques has been used to access comparative economic analysis of hybrid v/s conventional Sunflower
production i.e. farm cost analysis, Net Return analysis; gross margin analysis.
Major findings are the differences in production cost between hybrid and Conventional Sunflower,
which were Rs.98677.00 per acre of Hybrid and Rs.75372.00 per acre of Conventional Sunflower. Major
differences in hybrid Sunflower production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land
management costs. The result indicates that significant increase in output of hybrid Sunflower production is
related to the higher yield potential of hybrid Sunflower was 24 mound per acre as compared to Conventional
Sunflower was19 mounds per acre while market price of both was same i.e. 2300Rs/mound for Hybrid
Sunflower and 2300Rs/mound for Conventional Sunflower.
Present study clearly indicates that Hybrid Sunflower farmers were increasing farm yield and farm
profit compared to Conventional Sunflower. Hybrid Sunflower production offers farmers an excellent aid in
better managing production, gross margin and increase net returns, as well as reduces net return variability from
year to year, to the farming operation. However, the analysis shows that hybrids have contributed very minimally
to the improvement of Sunflower yield.
Therefore, it is suggested that to adopt more and more Hybrid Sunflower, through which farmers
should be increase the production, gross margin and increase net returns. Farmers were unaware of proper
combination of inputs and sowing time they either underutilized the inputs or over utilized and sow seed either
very early or late of the season. For the promotion of Hybrid Sunflower following strategy should be adopted.
There is a need for Sunflower research programs. The scientists should make efforts for the own Hybrid
Sunflower varieties, because of Hybrid Seed was imported which is expensive for farmers.
Improper use of sowing method for sunflower crop, get for highly yield.
Improper and water shortage made disturbance in Sunflower production, Government should provide
irrigation water in proper way and timely.
If sunflower growers use the traditional variety, they have must be made a Honey bee colony in his
sunflower field for get high production.
Advising proper combination of inputs to the farmer and giving subsidy on the inputs will result in enhanced
per acre yield of Sunflower.
Sunflower Farmers can be enhanced by the adoption of Hybrid Sunflower.
Government should provide subsidies on fertilizers and pesticides and other micro nutrients.
Farmers face the marketing problems. Government should make adequate policies and farmers must be
involved while making these agricultural policies.
There is need of proper guide to farmers about Hybrid Sunflower so Government should provide and
activate researchers and extension department for proper guideline of farmers.
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There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the following
page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those
inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version of the journals is also
available upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Academic conference: http://www.iiste.org/conference/upcoming-conferences-call-for-paper/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek
EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar