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1. CROP YIELD ANALYSIS

2. Sequence of Presentation
• Introduction
• Major Crop Yields Analysis
– Comparison with Developed countries
• Factors Affecting the Crop Yield
• Reasons Of Low Yield
• Major Agricultural Issues
• A Case study
• State’s Responsibility to improve Crop Yield
• How to Increase Crop Yield
• Conclusion & Recommendations

3. Introduction
• Economic Structure
– Agriculture
– Manufacturing
– Others ( Including Services & Trade)
GDP Contribution 2009-10
0%
Agriculture
21%
Manufacturing
18% Other (Inc.
61% Services)

4. Shift in Economic Structure 1949/50-
2009/10
70
60
50
40
30
20 1949/50
10 2009/2010
0
Column1
Sources:
1. Issues in Pakistan’s Economy by
S. Akbar Zaidi.
2. Economics of Pakistan
by Prof. M. Saeed Nasir

5. MAJOR CROPS OF PAKISTAN
• Wheat
• Rice
• Maize
• Grams
• Pulses
• Cotton
• Sugarcane
• Tobacco
• Mustard

6. Pakistan Agriculture
• Annual growth rate
– 1959-60 to 2001-02: 3.7 percent
– 1999-2000 to 2005-06: 2.6 percent
• Major crops (35 percent of agric GDP): 2.8 percent
• Livestock (50 percent of agric GDP): 3.5 percent

7. Contribution of Major and Minor
Crops in Agriculture Sector
Crop wise contribution 1960-65
Sugar cane
3% Rice Crop wise contribution 2002/3
Cotton
8% 9%
Sugar Cotton All
others others
caneAll14%
4% (major+mi (major+
Rice nor) minor)
10% 48% 35%
Wheat
32%
Wheat
37%
Source: Issues in Pakistan’s Economy by
S. Akbar Zaidi

8. Agricultural Sector of Pakistan
• Total area 79.6 million hectares
• Population depends 70%
• Labor force employment 44%
• Share in GDP 26%
• Total cultivated land area 22 million hectares
• Total exports 80%

9. • Agriculture as Mainstay of Pakistan economy
• Provides foods and nutrition
• Provides raw material
• Provides base for foreign trade and exchange
• Provides market for industrial outputs

10. Agriculture Contribution to GDP (%)
Description 1980/1 2009/10
Major Crops 51.87 40.64
Minor Crops 17.22 15.90
Livestock 26.36 38.85
Fisheries 3.53 3.48
Forestry 1.02 1.13
Source: Ministry of food, agriculture and
livestock- Federal Bureau of Statistics

11. Yield Comparison (Year wise)
Yield of major crops (kg/hectare)
Years Wheat Rice Sugar cane Maize Gram Cotton
1950-1955 776.6 878.4 29,180 - - 212
1960-65 831.8 929.6 33,580 - - 254.6
1971-75 1251 1549 35,508 1,160 544 346
1980-85 1,596 1,684 37,460 1,267 476 343
1990-95 1,950 1,623 44,000 1,407 452 594
2009-2010 2,384 2,012 47,927 1,812 615 621
Source: Pakistan economic survey, 2009

12. Area, Production and Yield of
Cotton
Year Area (000 Production Yield
Hec.) (000 bales) Kgms/Hec.
2004-05 3193 14265 760
2005-06 3103 13019 714
2006-07 3075 13000 712
2007-08 3054 11655 713
2008-09 2820 11819 713
2009-10 3106 12698 695
Source: Ministry of Food

13. Area, Production and Yield of Rice
Year Area (000 Production Yield
Hec.) (000 tons) Kgms/Hec.
2004-05 2519 5025 1995
2005-06 2620 5547 2116
2006-07 2581 5438 2107
2007-08 2515 5563 2211
2008-09 2963 6952 2396
2009-10 2883 6883 2387
Source: Ministry of Food

14. Crop yield
• Pakistan has good, abundant sunshine and
excellent farmers
• Yet crop yield per ha and cubic meter is
much lower than international benchmarks

15. Wheat Yield comparison with foreign countries

16. 1. Water logging and Salinity….
 38 percent of Pakistan’s irrigated
lands are waterlogged
 14 percent saline
 Only 45 percent of cultivable land is
under cultivation at a given time
 Salt accumulation in the Indus basin
 Saline water intrusion into mined
aquifers

17. 2. Inefficiency of agriculture
research institutes in Pakistan

18. General factors
Overcrowding in agriculture
65% of population depends on
Agriculture
Area of cultivated land per cultivator
declined
Small size of holding, modern
techniques could not be applied.

19. Cont…
Socio-economic factors
farmers conservative outlook
Illiterate
Superstitions
Reluctant to adopt modern
technology.

20. Cont…
Natural factors
Agriculture is the gamble of rain
Timely rain
If no rain, Pests attack

21. Cont…
Lack of adequate finance
ZTBL, Cooperative banks loan facilities
are not adequate
Hence farmers depend on alternate
sources.

22. Institutional factors
Defective pattern of land tenure
Zamindari System led to miseries to
tenets
Landlords charge high rents.
Tenants are not independent to
improve productivity

23. Cont……
Technological factors
– High ratio of labour to land
– Under utilization of cultivable land
– Lack of mechanization
– Inadequate supply of inputs
– Inadequate agriculture research
– Poor extension service
– Lack of infrastructure facilities
– Problem of land reforms

24. REASONS OF LOW YIELD
• Poor moisture conservation practices.
• Differences in soil quality, even with in one embanked field.
• Non-availability of suitable certified seed with higher
germination percentage.
• Un-scientific methods of sowing instead of improved
methods.
• Lack of fertilizer application.
• Un-awareness about insect/pest control.

25. Major Agricultural Issues
• Scarcity of moisture/rainfall.
• High temperature.
• Soil erosion.
• Salinity, alkalinity and water logging.
• Low soil fertility.
• Poor quality of under-ground water.
• Low yielding crop varieties and range management.

26. How to achieve high yield of Wheat
Crop by using scientific method….
A Case Study

27. 1. Hybrid (High yield) Seeds
2. Planting wheat from October 15 to November
increased the yield 50 % over early planting of
October.
3. Use of mold/disc plough appeared best for weed
control, water conservation and increased the
yield of wheat 53 % over traditional cultivator.
4. Drill sowing of wheat increased the yield 50 % over
broad- cast.
5. The Quality (bold) seed of wheat increased the
yield (33 %) over poor shrinkle seed.

28. 6. Seeding rate in wheat 100 kg ha-1 increased the yield
18 % over 70 kg ha-1.
7. Fertilizer rate of 50-25 kg NP ha-1 was found
optimum for maximum grain yield of wheat.
8. Weedicide Buctril-M @ 1 lit ha-1 showed the best
broad- leaf weeds control in wheat crop which
increased the yield 28% over control.

29. 9. Recommended package of practices resulted in increased seed
yield of wheat (25 %) over traditional practices.
10. Application of 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen when applied in the form of
½ basal and ½ after 30 days increased the seed yield up to
22.58 % over whole application as a basal dose.
11. Effect of different fertilizer application methods revealed that
side bending application of 60:40:0 (NPK) increased the seed
yield up to (21.52 %) of wheat.

30. Responsibilities of State

31. Cont….
• To provide modern agricultural machinery at
subsidized rates
• To provide fertilizers at cheaper rates
• To educate the illiterate farmers
• To increase the efficiency of agricultural research
institutes

32. Mechanization of Agriculture to
increase crop yield
• Chemical Technology
– Plant Protection Measures
– Hybrid seeds
– Fertilizers
• Hydrological Technology
– Tube wells
– Drip Irrigation system
– Embankment of water channels. (NPIW- national
program for improvement of watercourses)
• Mechanical Technology
– Tractor
– Thrashers
– Bulldozers.

33. Standard method to achieve better
yield
• Preparation of bed
• Selection of proper seeds
• Sowing methods
• Watering as per requirements
• Use of proper fertilizers
• Use of recommended pesticides
• Harvest at the prescribed time
• Research and development
• Use of modern agricultural machinery

34. Green Revolution
 1960s- covering three consecutive five
year plans
 New high yielding varieties of wheat
and rice
 Agricultural growth rate reached 6
percent per annum in the period of
third five year plan (1965-1970)
 Per acre production increased

35. Cont…
 Wheat and rice production doubled
between 1960-1969
 West Pakistan became self-sufficient in
food grains
 Catered to requirements of East Pakistan
 Started exporting rice

36. Green Revolution not Sustained
 Farm practices remained largely unchanged
 Flood irrigation methods remained
unchanged
 Poor marketing
 Low storage capacities for agricultural
produce
 Agro-based industries not developed
 Credits and subsides benefited big farmers
and agricultural land owners
Source: Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Why The Green Revolution Was
Short Run Phenomena In the Development Process Of Pakistan: A
Lesson For Future, 2004, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9520

37. Cont….
Ways to increase agricultural production and productivity
– Miracle seeds
– Fertilizers
– Water supply
– Plant protection
– Mechanization
– Agriculture credit

38. Recommendations
• Management of existing natural resources in
such a way to uplift the livelihood of farmer
• Identification of problems of the arid areas &
under taking research for their solution.

39. Cont…
• Development of more production
technologies and cropping systems
for dry land agriculture.
• Demonstration and dissemination
of developed technologies to the
end users/farmers.

40. Cont…
• Corporate Farming
– Liquid Fertilizers
– Laser Machines
– Hybrid (High Value Yield) Seeds
– Proper Land Utilization
– Harvesting Machines
– Land per farmer
• Agriculture Credit

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