This study focused on Profitability and constraints of pig production in southern Kebbi State. A purposive and Snowball sampling techniques were employed in the selection of 252 pig farms. The data obtained from the farmers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and net farm income. The rate of return on investment was 1.70. This implies that every ₦1 invested in the pig business yielded ₦1.70K as profit. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.70, which means pig production, is a profitable business. The gross ratio of 0.36 implies that 36K is spent for every one naira gained in the business. The cost of feeds had 48.0%, water had 32.7%, labor 14.3%, cost of stocking piglets 4.7% and medication had 0.3%, housing cost 77.4% and feeders had 22.6%. Majority of the farmers (40.0%) reported cost of commercial feeds and feed ingredients as their major problem in pig production, followed by Insufficient startup funds (16.6%), effect of religion (9.5%), Low demand for Pigs and their products (7.5%), High cost of piglets (6.7%), Mortality (5.9%), Disease incidence (4.7%), Destructive behavior of pigs (4.3%), Theft and predators (3.2%) respectively. Despite the constraints and the high costs involvement, pig production is a profitable venture in the study area, as indicated by the profitability ratio technique employed in the analysis. Government should establish more research institutes for various disease control, breeding centers, effective extension services, market linkages for pig products to encourage more involvement in pig production. The result of the research recommends that farmers, whose profit level is very low, are expected to seek advice from the prospective ones on how to improve and attain greater level of efficiency in their production.
Any rulebook on how to start a pig farm will mention the need for a pig pen that is sturdy, spacious and has proper ventilation. Sturdy because pigs tend to become too rough, especially when you are handling them so a weak structure might get damaged easily. Pigs need enough space to move; but not too much so their muscle tissues won’t develop too much and make their meat tough. A good enclosure has around 10 by 10 feet of moving space and around 5 by 5 feet for their eating space..
Any rulebook on how to start a pig farm will mention the need for a pig pen that is sturdy, spacious and has proper ventilation. Sturdy because pigs tend to become too rough, especially when you are handling them so a weak structure might get damaged easily. Pigs need enough space to move; but not too much so their muscle tissues won’t develop too much and make their meat tough. A good enclosure has around 10 by 10 feet of moving space and around 5 by 5 feet for their eating space..
Ict as an important tool in rural development in context to Agriculture, e - ...Nischay Patel
Here is the various ICT tools that are important in rural development in various sector namely., Agriculture, dairy sector, e- governance, extension and veterinary sector
Priority areas of livestock sector for strengthening food and nutrition secur...ILRI
Presented by Tek B. Gurung and Bimal K. Nirmal at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
Presentation by Mario Herrero, Philip Thornton and Iain Wright to Workshop on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28-29 October 2010.
Cost of milk production in EADD hubs in East AfricaILRI
Presented by Baltenweck, I., Kinuthia, E., Lukuyu, B., Menjo, D., Atyang, S. and E. Kamanzi at the East Africa Dairy Development Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya, 07 May 2012
Presented by Jane Wamatu at the Technology for African Agricultural Transformation (TAAT) Small Ruminants Value Chain Inception Meeting, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22 June 2018
Introduction to livestock housing and shelter managementKabul University
The presentation was a part of a lecture at ANASTU university. It describes the history of livestock housing, the introduction of animal behavior, and building design according to their behaviors. Livestock housing and shelter management is the manipulation of the microclimate of animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to the cost of construction. Problems related to housing cost, ventilation, scarce resources, hygiene, a manifestation of the disease, behavioral concerns.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on April 27, 2017 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Poultry meat is an important source of high quality proteins, minerals and vitamins to balance the human diet. Specially developed varieties of chicken (broilers) are now available with the traits of quick growth and high feed conversion efficiency. Depending on the farm size, broiler farming can be a main source of family income or can provide subsidiary income and gainful employment to farmers throughout the year. Poultry manure is of high fertilizer value which can be used for increasing yield of all crops.
The advantages of broiler farming are
a) Initial investment is lower than layer farming
b) Rearing period is 5-6 weeks only
c) More number of flocks can be taken in the same
shed
d) Broilers have high feed conversion efficiency i.e. the amount of feed required for unit body
weight gain is lower in comparison to other livestock
e) Faster return from the investment
f) Demand for poultry meat is more compared to sheep/goat meat
To know more please visit us www.growelagrovet.com
Ict as an important tool in rural development in context to Agriculture, e - ...Nischay Patel
Here is the various ICT tools that are important in rural development in various sector namely., Agriculture, dairy sector, e- governance, extension and veterinary sector
Priority areas of livestock sector for strengthening food and nutrition secur...ILRI
Presented by Tek B. Gurung and Bimal K. Nirmal at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
Presentation by Mario Herrero, Philip Thornton and Iain Wright to Workshop on climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector, Kathmandu, Nepal, 28-29 October 2010.
Cost of milk production in EADD hubs in East AfricaILRI
Presented by Baltenweck, I., Kinuthia, E., Lukuyu, B., Menjo, D., Atyang, S. and E. Kamanzi at the East Africa Dairy Development Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya, 07 May 2012
Presented by Jane Wamatu at the Technology for African Agricultural Transformation (TAAT) Small Ruminants Value Chain Inception Meeting, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22 June 2018
Introduction to livestock housing and shelter managementKabul University
The presentation was a part of a lecture at ANASTU university. It describes the history of livestock housing, the introduction of animal behavior, and building design according to their behaviors. Livestock housing and shelter management is the manipulation of the microclimate of animals to suit best to their welfare reducing climatic stress without affecting much to the cost of construction. Problems related to housing cost, ventilation, scarce resources, hygiene, a manifestation of the disease, behavioral concerns.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on April 27, 2017 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Poultry meat is an important source of high quality proteins, minerals and vitamins to balance the human diet. Specially developed varieties of chicken (broilers) are now available with the traits of quick growth and high feed conversion efficiency. Depending on the farm size, broiler farming can be a main source of family income or can provide subsidiary income and gainful employment to farmers throughout the year. Poultry manure is of high fertilizer value which can be used for increasing yield of all crops.
The advantages of broiler farming are
a) Initial investment is lower than layer farming
b) Rearing period is 5-6 weeks only
c) More number of flocks can be taken in the same
shed
d) Broilers have high feed conversion efficiency i.e. the amount of feed required for unit body
weight gain is lower in comparison to other livestock
e) Faster return from the investment
f) Demand for poultry meat is more compared to sheep/goat meat
To know more please visit us www.growelagrovet.com
Characteristics of village chicken production in farming system in Côte d’Ivo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A study on the local chicken production parameters has been undertaken in the area of Korhogo. The work was conducted by a survey focused on 110 small farms from 20 villages (Koulélékaha, Natyo- Kobadara, Bafimé, Paroginékaha, Latakaha, Lénékaha, Lérikaha, Dyègbè, Pokaha, Torgokaha, Dokaha, Karakoro, Tyoronyaradougou, Nanbadyélékaha, Konborodougou, Dobyankaha, Lonakaha, Nalougovogo, Nalolokahaand Nanvikaha)in the department of Korhogo. The herd of the poultry farms varied from 10 to 105 chickens. The work shown that traditional poultry farming is practiced in majority by women and young with respective distributions of 60 % and 62.27 %. In 82 % of cases, breeding products are both for home consumption and marketing. Only 20 % of that product are solely for sale and marketing. The breeding system of that farm is extensive with a dietary and sanitary behavior which does not comply with the art standard. The housing of these animals are precarious henhouses which do not fit norms and good hygiene practice to guarantee the well-being of those birds. Three (3) types of chickens were defined on the basis of the tradition of the Sénoufo(people of the north of the Côte d’Ivoire) considerations. The age for chickens to start laying varied from 6 to 8 months for39 ± 4 eggs in 3 ± 1.10 laying per year. The eggs per laying were 9.75 ± 4 eggs for an average weight of 35 ± 3.48 g. The average incubation duration was 21 ± 2 days with a hatching rate varying between 50 % and 90 %. The adulthood traditional chickens' weight in that farm varied from 1 to 1.5 kg.
Marketing of Poultry and Poultry Products in Itu Local Government Area of Akw...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A survey was carried out to discover the marketing of poultry and poultry products in Itu Local government area of Akwa -Ibom State, Nigeria. The materials used were text books, personal observations, oral interview and questionnaires. Results obtained show that farmers in NtiatItam town consume more eggs per household than other towns in Itu Local Government Area surveyed Farmers in MbakAtai 1 produced more poultry droppings than farmers in other towns while more poultry droppings were distributed by traders in NtiatItam town.
Dairy Production System in Lowland Areas of Gambella, EthiopiaAI Publications
The objective of this study was to identify and assessing the different types of dairy cattle production systems, management practices, marketing and its constraints that exist in the Itang district. A total of 120 households were selected from four kebeles using simple random selection method after identifying the dairy owner from the community using purposive sampling method. Descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, chi-square and ranking were analysed using SPSS statistical package. The majority of producers (63.3%) in the pastoral system produced milk for home consumption, while the majority of mixed crop–livestock producers (40.0%) produced milk for selling purpose. In the mixed crop–livestock system, mostly cereal crop based grazing is the major feed resource but these feed resources were managed in a traditional ways. Almost all respondents in the mixed crop-livestock system (96.5%) and pastoral system (100%) did not supplement their lactating cow with additional feeds. More than 400 cattle herds from 2-3 villages graze together between 10 am to 4 pm daily. The majority of households (68.3%) in the mixed crop–livestock system kept their cattle separately in barn, while other 8.3% of the households did the same in pastoral areas. Constraints for dairy development in the area are diseased condition, thieves, lack of veterinary services, lack of credit, feed and feeding and poor extension services. It can be concluded dairy cattle production in the mixed crop-livestock system was economical and based on mixed agriculture (crops plus livestock) with some fishing activity, mining and wild food collection.
Beef Cattle Production and Wealth Creation: Evidence from Improved Boran Catt...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to assess Improved Boran production and their crosses under ranching conditions. Growth performance, reproductive performance, carcass traits and their profitability were analyzed using primary data from Beef Research Institute, Lanet Centre and secondary data from desktop study. Cash flow analysis was used to compute the profitability of Improved Borans under free range production system as well as a hypothetical case of intensive system. The Boran breeding bulls, steers, were identified as the major receipts. The Centre reported the average birth, weaning, and yearling steer weights of Improved Boran at 26.8kg, 149kg (7 months) and 202 kg respectively. Yearling steer weights for Boran crossed with Sahiwal weighed 207kg. Calve survival rate was 94.20% and 95.2% for Improved Boran and Boran crossed with Sahiwal respectively. A gross profit at 99.8% and 98.6% of total unit operating cost for Improved Boran and Boran crosses enterprises respectively was reported under free range system. A hypothetical case of 100 Improved Boran steers under feedlotting for three months reported gross profit at 65.6% of total unit operating cost. However, the unit cost of production in free range system was lower than intensive and the entrepreneur should seize the opportunity of economics of scale.
Presented by Olufunmilayo A. Adebambo (Federal University of Agriculture, Nigeria) at the First ACGG Nigeria Innovation Platform Meeting, Ibadan, Nigeria, 20-22 July 2015
This paper aims to update information for a better understanding of the functioning of the sector of
animal and meat production in Benin’s socio-economic context. It highlights (i) structure of livestock population
and production, (ii) competitiveness of meat sector, (iii) identifies constraints and possible prospective solution to
increase meat production in Republic of Benin. The traditional animal production systems remain largely widespread.
However, industrial and modern livestock farming systems for all species are developing. Cattle (57%), chicken (19%),
small ruminants (13%) and pigs (7%) are the main meat producers in the country. Non-conventional species such as
rabbit (3%) and grass cutters (1%) contribute also to the national meat production. Despite religious prohibitions,
pork consumption increased during the last years notably in southern Benin. The households with a higher monthly
income spend more money to purchase meat than poor households. Taste, texture, price, and juiciness are the main
criteria of choice. Also, consumers prefer the meat of local breeds to that of exotic breeds. Thus local species and
breeds have a great role in the development of this sector. Although policies have been implemented to boost the
national meat production, the sector is still undeveloped. That is why, the implementation of new approaches and
practices including improvement of animals’ genetic resources, housing, health care, and feeding should be developed
to intensify production.
Livelihood and income of dairy farmers in Ibadan/ Ibarapa East area of Oyo st...AI Publications
Dairy production and industry is still at its lowest ebb in sub Saharan Africa. Government and farmers are yet to invest into the dynamic and viable (dairy) industry. The study tries to investigate the livelihood and income of dairy farmers in Ibarapa East area, Oyo state of Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to elicit information from 225 dairy farmers purposively selected with the assistance of extension agents. Parameters measured included livelihood enterprises, % income on household livelihood, record of sales, and seasonality. Qualitative and quantitative data collected were transcribed into Microsoft Excel the Feed Assessment Tool (FEAST) Excel macro program and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The % income from livelihood enterprises identified were 11.10, 40.20, 34.00, 8.10, 4.00 and 2.60 for remittance, livestock, crop, labour, business and others, respectively. The average number and live weight (Kg) of bull sold over the past 3 years were 300.67±10.89 and 180.23±17.72, respectively while cows were 50.56 ± 6.34 and 200.85 ±19.89, respectively. The total average milk yield (liters/day) ranged 180.67±7.23 to 240.26±9.34 at February and July, respectively. The average price received for milk (₦/liters) ranged 150.63±3.67 to 170.82±3.67, at January and September, respectively. The average amount of milk retained for household use (liters/day) ranged 5.28±1.78 to 8.78 ±2.86 at December and September, respectively. Seasons affects price and quantity of milk and farmers rarely sell cows. Dairy animals can sustain household income and livelihood if there is organized dairy value chain at the system level.
Socio-Economic Characterization of Local Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Populations in three Agro-Ecological Zones of Burkina Faso
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.2.6
Community Breeding Practice and the Challenges in Dairy Cattle Management in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Dairy product is an important feed supplementation. However, rearing dairy cattle is became a challenge especially at smallholder level due to lack of indigenous dairy cattle breeds. As a result, the country has established cross breeding program since 1990`s. Nevertheless, it is not uniform and does not consider smallholder farmers. Therefore, this research initiated to identify the breeding practice and the main challenges of smallholder farmers in rearing dairy cattle. For this purpose, first systematic field survey was conducted to generate preliminary information and breed judgment. Then two study areas were selected purposively based on milk production potential and dairy breed characteristics. Two focus group discussions per study area were conducted. Then, randomly 200 respondents per study area were selected. Finally, individual interview and field observation were employed to generate the needed data. Even though there is no established breeding scheme, the smallholder farmers practiced breed improvement by either cross breeding or straight breeding. They implemented Cross breeding to improve milk productivity using 50-100% exotic blood sire/semen. Pure exotic semens were preferred for AI (Artificial insemination). The smallholder framers do not select indigenous caw for cross breeding practice. However, they selected indigenous caw/heifer for replacement based on pedigree history, body stature, and udder vein. Regarding mating system, more than 50% of the respondent exercise control-mating system in their herd. Mostly this was done by pertaining the sire and dam together for a single day. In addition to this partiality in preference of sire, less productive individual cattle culled from the herd by castration, sell and slaughtering. The management system, early castration and lack of accurate estrus detection were the major challenges in dairy cattle development. As the result of this survey in the two study areas, indiscriminate cross breeding without consideration of the production system, body size and blood levels were predominant. Therefore, successive training for smallholder farmers on breeding system is highly recommended.
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Food Security Status of Farm Households in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study assessed the effect of yam-based production on the food security status of farm households in Edo south, Nigeria. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, analyse the contribution of yam-based production to the income profile of the households, estimate their mean per capita daily calorie intake and examine the determinants and the probability of households being food secured.
A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted in selecting 120 farm households from Edo South agro-ecological zone of Edo-State data were collected with the aid of well – structured interview schedule on households socio-economic variables which included sex, age, marital status, level of education, farm size, household size and household income and expenditure profile among others. Data collected were analyzed by appropriate statistical analysis which included frequency counts, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Logit regression model.
The results showed that 97 males, represented majority of the households with (80.8%) and females 23, represented 19.2%of the house heads. The mean age of household reads was 50 years, of which (92.5%) of them were married, 53% owned houses and 58% had farming experience of 11.20 years the mean household size was estimated as seven persons with a mean farm size of 1.35 hectares. The mean annual household income in the study area was estimated as N 496.850.88 out of which farm income contributed N 62.4307, and off income contributed (37.57%). The mean monthly household expenditure was N 40,934.31 out of which food expenditure accounted for 40 .22%. The results also showed that the area was fairly food -secured with 52.5% being food secured and 47.67 being food insecure with mean per capita calorie intake of 36,okcal and 120.2 kcal respectively.
Finally, the results also revealed that three variables in the logit model were significant in explaining variation in the food security status of the households. These are farm size, form income and off-income. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business.
The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 250 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.
Perceived Effect of Semi-Intensive system of Cattle Rearing on the Dwellers o...AI Publications
The study assessed the perceived effect of semi-intensive system of cattle rearing on the Dwellers of Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state. The study objectives examined were the socio-economic characteristics of the dwellers, the coping strategy and the benefit derived from semi-intensive system of cattle rearing in the study area. A well-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data through a multi stage sampling procedure to select a sample of 104 respondents for the study. The data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, and inferential statistics such as Chi-square and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) to draw inferences between variables of the hypotheses. The results showed that about 53.8% of the respondents were females between the ages of 31- 40 years and are married. Christianity and Islam were practiced at 47.1% and about 37.5% of the respondents had adult education with household size of 5-8 (48.1%). Majority of the respondents (74.0%) practiced farming as their major occupation with about 43.3% of them having trading as other means of livelihood. The invasion of farmland by cattle, destruction of heap, ridges and farm produce, unnecessary defecation and urine causing cholera and water pollution from semi-intensive system of cattle rearing was perceived to have high effect on the dwellers in the study area. The coping strategies of the dwellers with semi-intensive system of rearing cattle occasionally adopted were provision of credit facilities for the construction of large fenced grazing land, security implementation, proper environmental sanitation, and fully implementation of intensive system by the dwellers and organization of committee on disputes settlement. The chi-square analysis indicated that age, marital status, religion, level of education, household size and major occupation were significantly associated with the perceived effect of semi-intensive system of cattle rearing on the dwellers in the study area (p ≤ 0.05), whereas the PPMC analysis revealed that the perceived effect of semi-intensive system cattle rearing had no significant relationship with the benefit of system of cattle rearing on the dwellers (r=0.114, p>0.05). The study therefore recommended that policies that aimed at improving on environmental sanitation programme to ensure disease free environment should be introduced by the government. The cattle rearers should also ensure proper monitoring of their animals in order to establish a healthy relationship amongst the people of Akinyele community.
The effect of Animal Species on the Quality and Quantity of Kilishi Meat Products was studied. Fresh meat of cattle, sheep, goats and camel were purchased from Mubi abattoir and were used to prepare kilishiusing slurry prepared from groundnut cake, pepper, maggi, ginger and other spices. Proximate composition of all the meat samples were carried out, storage yield of kilishi product was determined, sensory evaluation was also done. The results revealed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in yield of Kilishi prepared from different animal species. However, after one month of preservation, the yield of Kilishi from the various animal species differed significantly (p<0.05). Camel meat yields the highest quantity of Kilishi; both of initial (0.50kg) and final (0.61kg) weight. However beef (cattle meat) produced the best Kilishi. Also the result of the taste panel revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the models, species, weeks, replication and their interaction.
Progresses of designing community-based breeding strategies for indigenous sh...ILRI
Presented by Ashebir Kifle at the ICARDA-ILRI-BOKU project workshop on Designing community-based breeding strategies for indigenous sheep breeds of smallholders in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, October 29, 2010.
Similar to Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
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2. Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria
Dorh et al. 570
die, leaving the average number of piglets weaned per
sow to be 8.45. The sow has ability of farrowing twice a
year with an average of 16.9 piglets per year, this is a
remarkable advantage over other ruminants like cattle
whose maximum are two young one within such period.
Other researchers such as Tewe and Adesehinwa, (1995)
revealed that the pig is more efficient carcass yielder than
cattle, sheep or goat, dressing out at about 70% compared
to 52.5% for cattle and about 50% for sheep and goat. In
addition, pig carcass has a smaller proportion for bones
and higher proportion of edible meat. It is relatively easy
to establish intensive pig production in a developing
country like Nigeria; if capital is available and adequate
feed supplies are assured (Ogunniyi and Omoteso, 2011).
Profitable pig production will however not be achieved
unless the right products are produced in the right place at
the right price. It is therefore important for the intending pig
producer to understand the economic, physical, social,
ethnic and religious forces which operate to determine the
effective way of producing swine. All over the world, meat
production remains overwhelmingly the main purpose of
keeping pigs. The pork can be utilized by the producer and
his family or sold as a source of income. Processed meats
such as bacon sausage are also being produced and are
increasingly gaining recognition. By-products such as
pigskin and bristle are used in manufacturing of light
leather and brushes especially in Asian countries (Young
2005). Pig manure is a valuable fertilizer and can be
aerobically digested to produce cooking gas; it also
stimulates the growth of microorganisms and plants for
feeding fresh water fish and ducks (Okoli, 2006).
Pigs provide a ready and regular source of cash to meet
the rural families’ needs, such as paying school fees,
health expenses and farm inputs, on a day-to-day basis.
It’s advantage of converting feed wastes to body energy
and high birth rate. Despite these attributes and
contributions, production of pigs in Southern kebbi State,
has remained low. The study area has majority of Muslim
faithful and their religion prohibits the rearing of pigs,
consumption and marketing of pig and its product.
Though, despite these problems, there is still existence of
pig farms in the study area. One can conclude that there
are reasons of their existence. Based on this assertion,
The objective of the study is to;
• Describe the socio-economic characteristics of pig
farmers in the study area,
• Their production behavior,
• Determine the profitability of Pig production in the study
area and to
• Determine the constraints of pig production in the study
area.
METHODOLOGY
Study Area
This research was carried out in Southern Kebbi State
(Zuru Emirate), Nigeria. Zuru Emirate is one of the four
Emirates in Kebbi state. The Emirate comprises of four
Local Government Areas (LGAs) namely; Danko-Wasagu,
Fakai, Sakaba and Zuru. The Emirate is located within
latitudes 11o and 12o N and longitudes 4o and 5o E of the
equator (KBSG. 2003). The state was carved out from the
former Sokoto State in 1991; it covers an area of
approximately 9,000 square kilometers. It is located on a
hilly terrain and is bounded to the north by Gummi Local
Government Area of Zamfara State, North-west by Koko
Local Government Area, South-west by Yauri Local
Government Area, North-east by Bukuyum Local
Government Area of Zamfara State and south by Rijau
Local Government Area of Niger state (Girma, 2008).
The estimated population of the Emirate is 582, 106 people
(NPC, 2006). The various indigenous cultural and ethnic
groups of the Emirate are the Dakkarkari, Fakkawa,
Dukkawa, Kelawa, Kambarawa, Katsinawan laka and
Achifawa. Other non-indigenous ethnic groups in the area,
Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo and other tribes found in
Nigeria. Animal husbandry was practiced side by side with
crop production, even though on limited scale. The people
of the Emirate depend largely on the pastoral Fulani for
meat, milk and butter. The sales and marketing of pig and
piggery products in the study area seems to be very low,
this could be due to discriminatory attitude towards the
production and consumption of pigs and their products.
Sampling Procedure and Sample Size
A purposive and Snowball sampling techniques were
employed to obtain a sample size for the study, Four Local
government areas were used, namely: Danko-wasagu,
Fakai, Sakaba and Zuru. Three districts from each of the
selected local governments based on the concentration of
pig farmers were purposively selected, giving a total of 12
districts. A snowball sampling was employed in selecting
twenty-one (21) pig farmers from each of the selected
districts, giving a total of 252 respondents.
Data Collection
Primary data was collected through the use of a weigh
band to measure the weight of the animals. A weigh band
is a tape-like instrument of measuring weight of live
animals particularly Cattle, Sheep, Goat and Pigs and
structured questionnaires designed in line with the
objectives of the study. Data collected was on, information
on the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents,
type of breeds produced, the input–output data such as
quantity and cost of various production inputs, prices of
output obtained.
Analytical Technique
The analytical tools used for the study include: descriptive
statistics and Net Farm Income.
3. Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 571
Table 1: Show the sampling Planned
LGA District Village Number of
respondents
Dankowasagu Waje
Ribah/Machika
Danko
Yarbuga
Kurku
Machika
Dungu
Kyabo
Shindig
09
12
14
07
10
11
Fakai Fakai
Bajida
Marafa
Uragi
Tungan sori
Boko
Gele
Noma kawo
Kanji
09
12
08
13
11
10
Sakaba Sakaba
Dirin-daji
Maganda
Makuku
Wangaci
Maza-maza
Dokadere
Maganda
Dangira
10
11
13
08
12
09
zuru Dabai
Rikoto
Rafin-Zuru
Dabai
Rumu
Rikoto
Shadawanka
Dongo
Bedi
14
07
08
13
10
11
Total 12 24 252
Source: field survey, 2018
Specification of Models
Budgetary Analysis
This technique was used to estimate the profit level that
was generated from the enterprise. Depreciation using
straight line method was used in achieving the value of the
total cost of the fixed assets
This can be stated as:
Profit (Net Returns) = Total Revenue (TR) − Total Cost
(TC) …………………………………..…… (1)
Where: Total Revenue (TR) = Output (Q) * Unit price (P)
Total Cost (TC) = Total Variable Cost (TVC) + Total Fixed
Cost (TFC)
Profitability
This is a measure of the performance of the pig enterprise.
It was estimated using the returns to investment as stated
in equation
Returns on Investment (ROI) =
𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
……………(2)
ROI is the amount of money that would be generated on a
naira invested in business. The higher the rate of return,
the more profitable an enterprise is
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
Table 2: Socioeconomic Characteristics of Pig Farmers
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
<18 7 2.8
18-35 86 34.1
36-45 94 37.3
>45 65 25.8
Total 252 100.0
Gender
Male 148 58.7
Female 104 41.3
Total 252 100.0
Education
Primary 117 46.4
Secondary 61 24.2
Tertiary 46 18.3
Non formal educ. 28 11.1
Total 252 100.0
Occupation
Civil servant 31 12.3
Trader 23 9.1
Farming 174 69.0
Student 24 9.5
Total 252 100.0
Marital status
Married 197 78.2
Single 27 10.7
Divorce 5 2.0
Widow 23 9.1
Total 252 100.0
Family Size
1-5 116 46.0
6-10 101 40.1
11-15 32 12.7
16-20 3 1.2
Total 252 100.0
Farming
Experience
2-6 119 47.2
7-11 73 29.0
12-16 39 15.5
17-21 17 6.7
>21 4 1.6
Total 252 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018.
Figure 1: Feeding of Pigs. Source: Field Survey, 2018.
4. Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria
Dorh et al. 572
Figure 2: Medication of Pigs
Source: Field Survey, 2018.
Figure 3: Type of Breed Farmers Reared
Source: Field Survey, 2018.
Figure 4: Type of Housing
Source: Field Survey, 2018
Figure 5: Extension Agent Contact
Source: Field Survey, 2018.
Table 3: Cost and Return of Pig Production in ₦/Year
Cost/Returns Average
Amount (₦)
Total
Amount (₦)
Percentage
(%)
Total Revenue
(TR)
300,795 75,800,500
Variable Cost
Cost of stocking 4,553 1,147,300 4.7
Feeds 46,622 11,748,800 48.0
Water 31,666 7,979,772 32.7
Labour 13,833 3,486,000 14.3
Medication 286 72,000 0.3
Total Variable
Cost
96,960 24,433,872 100.0
Fixed Cost
Housing Cost
Feeders
11,004
3216
2,773,000
810,500
77.4
22.6
Total Fixed
Cost (TFC)
14,220 3,583,500 100.0
TC= TFC+TVC 111,180 28,017,372
GM= TR-TVC 203,835 51,366,628
NFI= GM-TFC 189,615 47783128
NR= TR-TC 189,615 47783128
ROR= NR/TC 0.006 1.70
BCR= TR/TC 0.010 2.70
GR= TC/TR 0.001 0.36
Source: Field Survey, 2018.
Table 4: Constraints of Pig Production in Southern
Kebbi State
Constraints Frequency Percentage
(%)
High cost of piglets 17 6.7
High cost of feeds 101 40.0
Insufficient startup funds 42 16.6
Low demand for Pigs and their
products
19 7.5
Disease incidence 12 4.7
Mortality 15 5.9
Theft and predators 08 3.2
Religion 24 9.5
Destructive behavior of pigs 11 4.3
Source: field survey, 2018.
5. Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 573
DISCUSSIONS OF THE RESULTS
Table 2 shows the age distribution of pig farmers in the
study area. The majority of the pig farmers’ age are
between 36-45 years with 37.3% while the age of 18-35
constitutes 34.1% of the pig farmers in the study area, and
the age of above 45 years constitute 25.8% of the pig
farmers, and the age below 18 constitute 2.8%. This shows
that teenagers are less involved in pig production but the
adults who are agile are more engaged in pig production
in the study area. This could be attributed to the fact that
pig management is labour intensive and requires patience
from the farmers.
On gender of the respondents the result indicated men to
be the highest in production of pigs in the study area with
58.7%, while the female carries 41.3% of the pig farmers.
This indicates that men were more involved in pig
production than females. The finding is in consonance with
those of Umeh et al. (2015) who stated that men who are
relatively stronger are mostly involved in pig production
and also suggested that sex may increase technical
efficiency as male producers who often are the head of the
family, who are energetic to procure and administer
production inputs are the majority of pig farmers in the
study area. Though the male is more involved in pig
production, females also contributed to labour on light farm
operations such as serving of feed and water, and cleaning
of the piggery as corroborated by Osondu et al. (2014).
The educational level of pig farmers indicated that majority
of pig farmers (46.4%) in the study area are primary school
leavers. Twenty four percent (24.2%) of the pig farmers
have been found to have attained secondary school while
eighteen percent (18.3%) of the pig farmers have tertiary
level of education and eleven percent (11.1%) of the pig
farmers has non-formal education.
The Table 2, also shows the majority (69.0%) of pig
farmers to be farmers who took farming as their primary
source of living. This could be because; they have ample
time to stay around their pigs to take care of them. Civil
servants appeared to be the next majority (12.3%) in pig
farming. This could be attributed to them for having
acquired skills on animal husbandry and could manage
their pigs efficiently. Also, students (9.5%) were found to
be involved in pig farming. The low involvement of students
in pig farming could be based on not having ample time to
stay at home and take good care of their pigs. Also, traders
who are known to be always very busy with their trading
business are found to be less involved (9.1%) in pig
farming. The result indicates that farmers are more actively
involved in keeping of pigs than the rest. This is because
pig has less prestige when compared to other domestic
animals in the study area. Furthermore, people have
wrong perception that pigs are dirty animals and should
not be reared by people of higher social status. Midau et
al (2011), in their survey found that, majority of the
respondents (about 75%) had little or no education. The
implication of this is that it will be difficult for them to accept
and adopt improved production technique that will
enhance their productivity.
Majority (78.2%) of the pig farmers in the study area are
married. While single constitute 10.7% of the pig farmers
in the study area. Widows who engaged in the pig farming
constitute 9.1% of the pig farmers. But divorced women
constitute only 2.0% which appeared to be the least in pig
farming probably because of their small size in number.
The low involvement of widows and divorced could be, that
they could not afford a reasonable amount to start up the
pig farming looking at the cost involvement in pig
production, especially on the feeds, medication and
labour.
The Table 2 also indicates family size distribution of the pig
farmers in the study area. The least family size (1-5)
appeared to be the largest with (46.0%) in the study area;
this could be because the youths are very agile and could
easily carry out the labor needed in pig farming. While the
family size 6-10 have the second (40.1%) and the third
farmers of pig in the study area fall at 11-15 family sized
populace, with 12.7%. But the family size of 16-20
appeared to be the least in pig farming. This reveals that
as the family size kept on increasing the lesser family
member will engage in pig farming, this is because larger
families could exert their family problems on the pig farms
and as the result the production could deteriorate.
The farming experience of the pig farmers indicated that
those having 2-6 years farming experience have the
highest population (47.2%) in pig farming in the study area,
this could be that, they are starting with a good zeal to pig
farming. Those with 7-11 years farming experience have
population of about 29.0% while those ranging from 12-16
years of farming experience constitute 15.5% of the pig
farmers and those ranging from 17-21 takes 6.7% of the
total population. Those above 21 years are the least in pig
farming in the study area, probably because they became
tired and old.
Figure 1 shows that, 93% of the pig farmers in the study
area were those who do provide feeds to their pigs while
7% of the farmers do not provide feeds to their pigs rather,
they allowed the pigs to scavenge. The implication is that,
under fed pigs will not give the farmer expected output,
because feed is never a compromising variable in livestock
production.
Most of the feeds used by the farmers in the study area
were similar and are mainly traditional feed resources
which are agricultural by-products such as maize and rice
bran and vegetables, or weeds that grow naturally in the
forests, along the banks of streams, and in cropping areas.
This was in accordance with the finding by Kumaresan et
al. (2007) in North Eastern India, who showed that farmers
used all locally available materials for feeding pigs. These
feed resources are vulnerable to seasonal weather
patterns. In the dry season, feed is always in short supply,
6. Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria
Dorh et al. 574
and one of the main limitations of pig production is feed
shortage. Feed is limited in both quantity and quality, which
severely limits productivity (Thorne2005).
The result in figure2, indicated that 73% of the pig farmers
do not provide healthcare services (medication) to their
pigs while only 27% provides healthcare services to their
pigs. The implication is that, when disease outbreak of pigs
occurs many pig farmers stand the risk of losing their pigs.
Helminthoses, diarrhoea, cough and mange were
observed to be the commonest diseases in the herds
followed by mastitis and ascaris. Defang et-al (2014)
The result in figure 3, revealed that all the surveyed
households raised indigenous native pigs. It indicates that
farmers in the study area prefer the local breeds due to
their adaptive nature to the harsh environment, which
could also resist the hardship of not providing them with
good management operatives by the farmer. Above all
they are easily accessed by the farmer due to their
presence in the environment. The result conformed to
Phonepaseuth at-el. (2010), who reported that,” all
surveyed households raised indigenous native pigs. The
mature weight was very similar and ranged from 80 to 120
kg and that the main reason why farmers preferred raising
local pigs is a better adaptation to local environment and
management condition.
The result from figure 4 shows that majority of pig farmers
in the study area constituting 68% are those who erect pig
houses using local materials. The implication is that pigs
can easily find their way out of the house and therefore
cause destruction of farm produce particularly in the rainy
seasons, because pigs are usually destructive in nature.
29% of pig farmers in the study area are those who
constructed concrete houses for their pigs while 3% of the
farmers made wire fencing which is a good and
recommended house for pig keeping.
The result of figure 5 showed that, 90% pig farmers of the
study area do not ever receive any service from an
extension worker. The implication is that the pig farmers
may not have access to new techniques that may help
them in pig production. It could also be that the extension
workers are scanty such that they cannot reach every
farmer. It is also indicated that 10% of the farmers were
able to receive advices by the extension workers on
matters related to pig production. This could be the reason
why, only 8 farmers out of 252 were able to attain between
0.90-0.99 efficiency levels in their production. This agrees
to earlier researchers, (Akeeb 1997, Agbato, 1997, Midau
et al (2011) who found that about 61.90% of the pig
producers did not have access to good extension teaching
on improved practices in pig production. This may result to
low productivity and poor returns from the small-holder pig
enterprises.
Table 3, Presented detailed information on the costs,
returns and profitability ratios of pig production in the study
area. The average total cost of production as shown in
Table 3 was ₦111,180 per annum, out of which ₦96,960
were variable costs and ₦14,220 were fixed costs. The
average total revenue per annum was ₦300,795. The
average gross margin was ₦203,835 and the net farm
income per annum was ₦189,615. The rate of return on
investment in the study area was 1.70. This implies that
every ₦1 invested in the pig business yielded ₦1.70K as
profit. The benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.70, shows that pig
production is a profitable business in the study area. The
gross ratio of 0.36 implies that 36K is spent for every one
naira gained in the business.
On the percentage side, cost of feeds with average amount
(₦46,622) had 48.0% of the total variable costs incurred,
which is the highest among the variable costs. While cost
of water had 32.7%, labour had 14.3%, cost of stocking
piglets had 4.7% and medication had 0.3%. On the fixed
costs incurred, housing cost takes the greatest percentage
(77.4), having average cost of ₦11,004 while, feeders had
22.6% having an average cost of ₦3,216
Despite the costs involved, pig production is a profitable
venture in the study area, as indicated by the profitability
ratio technique employed in the analysis.
Table 4, shows the result of Constraints in pig production
at Southern Kebbi State, Majority of the farmers (40.0%)
indicated high cost of commercial feeds and feed
ingredients as their major problem, this could be the
reason why some piggery farms were found underfed in
the study area. This is in agreement with report of Adejoba
et al. (2004).
Insufficient startup funds, this has significant effect
(16.6%). Most of the farmers in the study area have no
adequate capital to embark on improved or modern pig
production which is capital intensive as reported by
Charlse (2009)
Influence of religion (9.5%), this indicated that many
potential pig farmers in the study area could not embark
on the business since the religion forbids them of keeping
such animals. Religion has a high influence on
acceptability, consumption and marketing of pig and its
products.
Low demand for Pigs and their products (7.5%), marketing
of pig and its products is not specialized when compared
to cattle, sheep and goats. This is primarily due to effect of
religion. The study area has Muslim faith that prohibits the
rearing of pigs and consumption of pork. This is in line with
the observation of Agunbiade (2001), that certain religious
injunction, social believes and norms have hindered
production of pigs.
High cost of piglets (6.7%), some of the farmers reported
that high cost of piglets hinders them embarking on pig
production, this could be attributed to the poverty level the
found themselves.
7. Profitability and Constraints of Pig Production in Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 575
Mortality (5.9%), some farmers also reported that, they
had a high mortality rate especially on the piglets. This
could be attributed to Disease outbreak as identified by
(4.7%) of the respondents who complained of cases of
swine fever, ecto and endo parasites, which often leads to
high mortality, reduced productivity and consequently
affecting earnings from investment. Agunbiade, et al.
(2001) reported that tape worm is a major disease of pigs
causing a great economic loses.
Some farmers (4.3%) reported that the destructive
behavior of pigs made them not to embark on pig
production while (3.2%) of the respondents reported theft
as their major problem in pig production.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The variables like gender, household size, farming
experience, and management system had negative effect
on technical inefficiency but farming experience and
management system was significant at (10%) level. The
negative effect of these variables implies increase in
technical efficiency. This conformed to a priori expectation
and was similar to the findings of Ajibefun and Daramola
(1999). The result indicated that the more the age and the
higher the education status, the more likely farmers are to
be inefficient on their production. This result conformed to
that of Kebede (2001), who reported a positive coefficient
for age.
On the percentage side, cost of feeds with average amount
(₦46,622) had 48.0% of the total variable costs incurred,
which is the highest among the variable costs. While cost
of water had 32.7%, labour had 14.3%, cost of stocking
piglets had 4.7% and medication had 0.3%. on the fixed
costs incurred, housing cost takes the greatest percentage
(77.4), having average cost of ₦11,004 while, feeders had
22.6% having an average cost of ₦3216.
The rate of return on investment in the study area was
1.70. This implies that every ₦1 invested in the pig
business yielded ₦1.70K as profit. The benefit cost ratio
(BCR) of 2.70, shows that pig production is a profitable
business in the study area. The gross ratio of 0.36 implies
that 36K is spent for every one naira gained in the
business.
CONCLUSION
This study was conducted to measure profitability and
constraints of pig production in Southern Kebbi State,
Nigeria. The study revealed that majority of the sampled
respondents were male, married and within the
economically active age group.
Majority of the farmers (40.0%) reported cost of
commercial feeds and feed ingredients as their major
problem in pig production on variable costs and housing
cost (77.4%) on the fixed costs.
Despite the constraints and the costs involved, pig
production is economically rewarding and profitable in the
study area. Based on the value of benefit and profitability
indicator, it can be concluded that pig production is
profitable and it is capable of creating employment,
augmenting income and improving the standard of living in
the study area.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings of the study, some
recommendations have been made.
1. Efficiency in pig production in southern Kebbi State
could be increased through better use of available
resources, given the current state of technology and
through policies that would encourage pig farming.
2. Pig farmers are encouraged to belong to pig farmers’
association around them so as to have access to
relevant information about new technologies or
practices and the accessibility of credit facilities.
3. Policies that would encourage in depth research by
research institutions to proffer solutions to prevalent
diseases in pig production are advocated. This would
reduce the risk in pig production and also increase
efficiency.
4. An effective extension service should be established to
bridge the gap between pig farmers and the research
institutions, and also to create awareness about
improved technologies in pig production
5. The government should consider the possibility of
establishing pig breeding center, pork processing units
and creating market linkage which can motivate pig
producers. It could be more promising to support
innovative community-based systems and encouraging
other private-sector investment to better meet the
unsatisfied demand.
6. Though Pig production in the study area was profitable,
but increase in the scale of production is advocated so
that the high cost of feed will be distributed among large
number of pigs which will cut down the cost.
7. As a way of minimizing cost also, the farmers in the
study area should learn how to formulate their feeds
and utilize local feed stuffs.
8. To the farmers whose efficiency level is very low, are
expected to seek advice from the prospective ones on
how to improve and attain greater level of efficiency in
their production.