Waste water management

Waste Water
Management
Submitted by:
Ms. M. Samyuktha
Roll no: 11011BA022
B. Tech planning, VI semester
Department of Urban & Regional Planning
School of Planning & Architecture

Outline
Waste water management 2
 Aim & Objectives
 Wastewater & its characteristics
 Wastewater management – Concept
 Municipal Wastewater scenario in INDIA
 Reforms for wastewater management in INDIA
 Case studies
 Wastewater management in Chennai (National)
 Wastewater management in Singapore (International)
 Indian Government initiatives
 Works cited

Aim
Objectives
– To understand the basic definitions & concepts with
respect to waste water management
– To analyze motivational factors for recycle & reuse of
water & reforms present for waste water management
– To identify a case Studies ( National & International) on
waste water management
– Analyze key lessons to be adopted from the case studies
To understand and analyze the
Concept of waste water
management in order to achieve
Sustainable development.
Waste water management 3

Introduction
 Wastewater is generally divided into two categories: black water and gray water.
 Black water refers to toilet waste and gray water refers to the remaining wastewater from sinks, showers,
laundry, etc.
 The septic tank provides primary treatment of both types of wastewater by settling out the solids and
providing space for floating scum to be retained. Relatively clear, but not clean, water is discharged from
the septic tank to the absorption field. The soil provides for further treatment when the waste water
percolates through the soil profile.
 Untreated or improperly treated wastewater contains biological contaminants known to cause disease.
 Wastewater is not safe to drink, and discharging this water directly into the environment (onto the ground or
into a water body) can pose health and safety problems.
 After all, this water is part of the water cycle and will eventually make its way into a source for our water
supply. The wastewater must be properly managed to protect human and environmental health and safety.
1/30/2016 Waste water management 4

Characteristics of waste water
 Temperature
 Changes in waste water temperatures affect the settling rates, dissolved oxygen levels, and biological action.
 The temperature of wastewater becomes extremely important in certain wastewater operations has sedimentation tanks
and recirculating filters.
 Color
 The color of waste water containing Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is normally gray. Black – colored waste water usually
accompanied by foul odors, containing little or no DO , is said to be septic.
 Odor: Domestic waste water have a musty odor. Bubbling gas and foul odor may indicate industrial wastes, anaerobic
(septic) conditions,.
Color Problem indicated
Gray _
Red Blood or other industrial wastes or TNT complex
Green, Yellow Industrial wastes not pretreated (paints etc.)
Brown or other soil color Surface runoff into effluent, also industrial flows
Black Septic conditions or industrial flows

Waste water management
Reuse
• Some relatively clean wastewater
can be reused without treatment
• Gray water is wastewater generated
by washing, laundry, and bathing
(not from toilets)
•50-80% of domestic wastewater
•Reused for irrigation or flushing toilets
Recycle
• Wastewater can be treated (on-site
or off-site) and reused for
nondrinking purposes
•Closed-loop treatment systems are often
used to capture, treat, and reuse
wastewater on-site
•Wastewater reclamation involves treating
the wastewater and using it for a different
purpose
Discharge
• Wastewater is transported to an (on-
site or off-site) treatment facility,
treated, and discharged into a water
body
• These treated water can be
discharged and reused, which can be
used for watering in gardens or
other washing purposes
Wastewater management encompasses a broad range of efforts that promote effective and responsible water use,
treatment, and disposal and encourage the protection and restoration of watersheds.

Motivational factors for recycle/ reuse
• In order to avoid environmental problems arising due to discharge of treated/untreated wastewater to the
environment is another factor that encourages reuse. While the nutrients in wastewater can assist plant
growth when reused for irrigation, their disposal, in extreme cases, is detrimental to ecosystems of the
receiving environment.
Major among the motivational factors for wastewater recycle/reuse are:
– opportunities to augment limited primary water sources;
– prevention of excessive diversion of water from alternative uses, including the natural environment;
– possibilities to manage in-situ water sources;
– minimization of infrastructure costs, including total treatment and discharge costs;
– reduction and elimination of discharges of wastewater (treated or untreated) into receiving environment;
• Reuse of wastewater can be a supplementary source to existing water sources, especially in arid/semi-arid
climatic regions. RECYCLE/ REUSE are considered as a method of water resource management.

Municipal Wastewater in India
 It is estimated that about 38,254 million liters per day (mld) of wastewater is generated in urban centres
comprising Class I cities and Class II towns having population of more than 50,000 (accounting for more
than 70 per cent of the total urban population).
 It is expected that, Gross wastewater generation (mld) by 2051 in India will reach to 120000 mld.

Reforms in India for waste water
management
 Wastewater management in India has become
an extremely important area of focus due to
increasing health awareness and population
pressure. Despite the wastewater sector
witnessing major growth in the last decade
due to increasing government support and
private participation, the scale of the problem
remains enormous.
 For instance, it is estimated that less than
20% of domestic and 60% of industrial
wastewater is treated. Metros and large cities
(more than 100,000 inhabitants) are treating
only about 29.2% of their wastewater; smaller
cities treat only 3.7% of their wastewater.
REFORM components (JNNURM)

Benefits from the REFORM
For Citizens
 Reliable local supply
 Improvement in quality of life due to adequate availability of water
 Cleaner environment through reduced pollution levels
 Resource conservation and availability of better quality of water to downstream users due to reduced pollution load on
rivers
For ULBs/ Parastatals
 Improved service delivery and therefore improved financial recovery
 Increased efficiency in allocation and utilization of resources
 Improved resource conservation resulting in environmental and financial sustainability
 Freeing up of potable water resources thereby helping the demand needs of downstream users
 Saving of cost for sewage treatment and disposal
For State Governments
 Efficient allocation of resources since reuse will lead to postponement of need for augmenting supplies & Water recycling

Bye – laws for water REUSE
 Recycled water should be used for non-potable :
 uses such as watering parks, gardens, landscapes, golf courses, use for construction, laundry, industrial process, flushing, washing roads
etc .
 uses for all large buildings with an area of more than 2000 sq. m. in all new developments.
 If such water is not supplied by the ULB or water utility then the building should set up wastewater reuse infrastructure within
its premises .
 All building plans and land development plans with an area of more than 2000 sq. m. shall compulsorily indicate the onsite
wastewater treatment and disposal arrangements and water reuse infrastructure including the plumbing plans etc.
 All apartments or group housing complexes with more than 20 tenements and commercial, institutional and industrial
complexes with an area of more than 2000 sq.m should make plumbing and infrastructure provision for enabling localized
sewage treatment, use of recycled water for flushing, washing and for watering gardens.
 Separate conveying system should be provided for sewage and sullage to facilitate reuse of sullage water for gardening and
washing purposes. This may require suitable storage facilities that are to be indicated on the building plans.
 Location of treatment and disposal facilities for treating the wastewater should be indicated in the plans.

Case studies
1. National
2. International

CHENNAI
1890: surface drains in the City were connected to Pumping Stations and the wastewater conveyed
for disposal away from inhabitation
1907: The proposal for comprehensive drainage scheme to cater to the needs of a topographically flat,
fast growing city was formulated; works were initiated in 1910 and completed during 1914 in stages.
Planned to serve 6.5 lakhs in 1961 at 114 lt per capita water supply
1956: A fundamental change to this system was made by laying a force main to divert part
of the sewage discharged from the Purasaiwalkam Pumping Station to Kodungaiyur where
the sewage farm was started.
1978: The Master Plan for Wastewater Management (Sewerage) was formulated to serve the
population expected in 2008. Extension of sewer systems to the newly developed Areas and
improvements to the existing system were carried out based on this Master Plan.
1991: The Master Plan was updated to cater to the needs of population expected in 2021 and
the proposal envisages improvement to (a) sewage collection and conveyance system in the
City (b) the sewage treatment & disposal.

Waste water management in Chennai
 The Detailed design and Engineering for sewage collection & conveyance and for the sewage treatment &
disposal were finalized through independent consultants during 1995–1998 for expanding the capacity of
sewage collection, conveyance system and treatment & disposal arrangements to meet the requirement for
the population expected in 2021 and due to increase in the availability of water under Krishna Water Supply
Scheme.
 The total estimated cost of the proposal was about Rs.1,300.00 crore. Based on this detailed design and
engineering, project proposals were formulated for implementation under Chennai City River Conservation
Project in the year 2000 at the estimated cost of Rs.720.00 crore as first phase for 2011 sewage flow.
 The proposal consists of laying of interceptors 59.2 km. improvements to 28 nos. of pumping stations,
construction of 3 nos. of new pumping stations and laying of sewage pumping mains 28.85 km. gravity
conveying main 17.3 km. and expansion of sewage treatment capacity for 264 MLD. These works were
commenced in January 2001 and completed in August 2006.

 Due to the enhancement of capacity of the 28 sewage pumping stations and construction of 3 new pumping stations, the
pumping capacity has been increased from 440 MLD to 575 MLD. The capacity of the sewerage treatment plants has been
increased from 222 MLD to 486 MLD and the sewage overflow and untreated sewage entering the waterways have been
reduced.
 In the sewage treatment process, bio-gas is produced and is being used to produce power to run the plants. This incidentally
reduces the discharge of Green House Gas into the atmosphere and provides for Carbon Trading. CMWSS Board has
adopted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which leads to savings in energy cost to a turn of Rs.43.05 lakhs per month.
 The sewage from Purasaiwalkam Pumping Station is being treated and the treated water is reused for industrial purposes
successfully.
Details 1978 March 2010
Area covered 74% 100%
No. of dwellings with sewer
connections
1,14,000 5,98,249
Length of sewer mains 1,223 km. 2,677 km.
No. of pumping stations 58 196
Treatment Plants 3 nos. 5 nos.
Treatment capacity 57 MLD 486 MLD

SINGAPORE
• Singapore - small and densely populated country of about 28.3 million people
– Tropical Climate - diseases spread easily
– Shortage of fresh water sources – conservation required
• To prevent pollution of water courses and spread of diseases, proper collection, treatment and disposal of
sewage necessary
• Late 1800s
– public health and sanitation problems
• Before 1910
– most common method of sewage disposal was the private collection of “night soil” in buckets
– direct discharge of sewage into open monsoon drains was common
• First Sewage scheme in Singapore
– Started off for the city area in the 1910s; Pumping stations at Park Road & River Valley Road; Alexandra Sewage Disposal Works; A trickling filter treatment
system; Albert Street and Kampong Bahru Pumping Stations; were subsequently constructed

Sewerage development programme
 Intensive sewerage development programme began in the 1960s and accelerated in the 70s and 80s:
 To meet demand of rapid housing and industrialization programme
 To prevent pollution of watercourses
 Singapore’s sewerage system consists of:
 3,100 km of sewers; 220 km of pumping mains; 132 pumping installations; 30 km of effluent pipe
 Wastewater is collected and conveyed to 6 Water Reclamation Plants
Singapore Waste water treatment system
Other waste water treatment systems

NEWater
 NEWater an advance wastewater reclamation, is
used in Singapore where roughly half of all water
must be imported from Malaysia which is being
bottled & sold in global market.
 It is treated wastewater (sewage) that has been
purified using dual-membrane (via microfiltration
and reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet technologies, in
addition to conventional water treatment processes.
 The water is potable and is consumed by humans,
but is mostly used for industry requiring high purity
water. The quality of NEWater consistently exceeds
the requirements set by USEPA and WHO
guidelines.
Apart from producing NEWater, Singapore has adopted FOUR TAP
STRATEGY , which makes Singapore self – reliant in water by 2060
The first year (2005) cost of desalinated water at Singapore's first
desalination plant was78 cents per cubic metre. Has been decreased to 45
cents per cubic metre by the year 2013.

1) Setting-up an Energy Fund: In the Union Budget 2010-11, the government
announced the setting up of the NCEF for all funding research and innovative
projects within clean technologies.
2) Initiating Waste Management Programs: Government has set up JNNURM
program to fund cities for developing urban infrastructure and services. These
reforms has to be effectively followed
3) Budget Expansion: Plan outlay for the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
has increased by 61%, from € 99M in 2009-10 to € 160M in 2010-11
4) Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships: Through economic incentives, both
the central and state governments are promoting PPPs for the development of
infrastructure for environmental services
Government initiatives in INDIA

Waste water management is relatively low in India compared to other countries. But it is
necessary to adopt this approach of REUSE, RECYCLE & DISCHARGE to decrease
environmental pollution and to reach the water demands.
It is also essential for all of us as urban planners to notice that, it is not possible to always
adopt the same technologies & strategies in all scenarios, as their exists different
constraints. But we all should have the knowledge of different methods in order to achieve
sustainable development.

• (SPAN), N. W. (2009). Malaysia Sewerage Industry Guidelines Volume IV: Sewage Treatment Plants. Third edition.
• Bhardwaj, J. K. (2011). Indian Infrastructure Report (Municipal Waste water management in India).
• Bhardwaj, R. M. (2005). Status of Wastewater Generation.
• Blue, G. (2011, April 04). NEWater in Singapore. Retrieved June 2014, from Growing Blue: http://growingblue.com/case-
studies/newater-in-singapore
• Centre, E. B. (2012). Snapshot on Water & Waste water in INDIA.
• Chennai Metro Waters. (2011). Retrieved june 29, 2014, from http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in
• Department of Environment (DOE), M. (2011). Malaysia Environmental Quality Report. Misas Advertising Sdn. Bhd.
• JnNURM. BYE LAWS FOR REUSE OF WASTEWATER (Operational reforms under JnNURM).
• NEWater. (2014, july 16). Retrieved from Wikipedia.
• PUB. (2013, September 30). Water Pricing in Singapore. Retrieved July 2014, from PUB singapore's water agency:
http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Pages/WaterTariff.aspx
Works Cited

Waste water management

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