The document discusses cooling towers, which are used to transfer heat from cooling water to the atmosphere. There are two main types - natural draft towers which use convection to circulate air, and mechanical draft towers which use fans. Mechanical draft towers can be either counter-flow or cross-flow design. The cooling tower cools water by contacting it with air, allowing evaporation which removes heat from the water so it can be recirculated for cooling processes.
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
The document is a presentation on cooling towers. It discusses the components, types, and assessment of cooling towers. There are two main types - natural draft towers that use convection and mechanical draft towers that use fans. Mechanical draft towers can be forced draft, induced draft cross flow, or induced draft counter flow. The performance of cooling towers is assessed using parameters like range, approach, and effectiveness. Higher range and lower approach indicate better performance.
This document discusses different types of cooling towers. It begins by explaining what a cooling tower is and its purpose. Then it describes the key factors that govern cooling tower operation. It classifies cooling towers based on air draft into atmospheric, natural draft, and mechanical draft towers. Within mechanical draft, it distinguishes between forced draft and induced draft towers, describing counterflow and crossflow designs. It provides details on the design and operation of natural draft, forced draft, induced draft counterflow, and induced draft crossflow cooling towers. Diagrams are included to illustrate a six-cell crossflow tower design and fiber-reinforced plastic fan cylinder.
The document discusses heat pumps, including an overview of heat pump technologies used in Europe. It describes how heat pumps work by transferring heat energy and having a higher coefficient of performance than electric resistance heating. The document also discusses factors to consider for heat pump installation such as indoor air handling, refrigerant charge, outdoor unit placement, and controls. Maintenance recommendations include cleaning filters, coils, fans and inspecting ductwork. A case study examines using a heat pump versus a diesel boiler and air conditioner for a 550 square meter residential building.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
The document provides details of a cooling tower renovation project at a fertilizer plant. Key points:
- The existing cooling tower packing, drift eliminators, and nozzles needed replacement as their working life had expired after 7-10 years.
- Modifications included installing new packing, drift eliminators, dynamic Ecojet nozzles, and a vibration monitoring system.
- The project was completed on time and under budget using mostly local labor. It is expected to improve cooling tower performance and reliability.
- Lessons learned include using local labor for most tasks and marking scaffolding pipes to streamline future work. The renovation reduced circulating water temperature ranges and approach.
The document discusses forced draft cooling towers and their components. It describes the key parts including fans, drift eliminators, fills, nozzles, and basins. It also covers topics like packing materials, water and salt balances, windage losses, heat balances, biocides, chlorine dioxide production, and links to additional resources.
The document discusses cooling towers, which are used to transfer heat from cooling water to the atmosphere. There are two main types - natural draft towers which use convection to circulate air, and mechanical draft towers which use fans. Mechanical draft towers can be either counter-flow or cross-flow design. The cooling tower cools water by contacting it with air, allowing evaporation which removes heat from the water so it can be recirculated for cooling processes.
Cooling water is used to remove heat from machines and can be recycled or used once. Recirculating systems use cooling towers or ponds to remove heat. Industrial cooling towers use water sources like rivers as makeup water to replace evaporated water. They continuously circulate water through heat exchangers where heat is absorbed and rejected to the atmosphere through partial water evaporation. Different types of cooling towers exist like natural draft, induced draft, and forced draft towers which vary based on design and how air is moved through the tower. Key components, performance parameters, and maintenance factors of cooling towers are discussed.
The document is a presentation on cooling towers. It discusses the components, types, and assessment of cooling towers. There are two main types - natural draft towers that use convection and mechanical draft towers that use fans. Mechanical draft towers can be forced draft, induced draft cross flow, or induced draft counter flow. The performance of cooling towers is assessed using parameters like range, approach, and effectiveness. Higher range and lower approach indicate better performance.
This document discusses different types of cooling towers. It begins by explaining what a cooling tower is and its purpose. Then it describes the key factors that govern cooling tower operation. It classifies cooling towers based on air draft into atmospheric, natural draft, and mechanical draft towers. Within mechanical draft, it distinguishes between forced draft and induced draft towers, describing counterflow and crossflow designs. It provides details on the design and operation of natural draft, forced draft, induced draft counterflow, and induced draft crossflow cooling towers. Diagrams are included to illustrate a six-cell crossflow tower design and fiber-reinforced plastic fan cylinder.
The document discusses heat pumps, including an overview of heat pump technologies used in Europe. It describes how heat pumps work by transferring heat energy and having a higher coefficient of performance than electric resistance heating. The document also discusses factors to consider for heat pump installation such as indoor air handling, refrigerant charge, outdoor unit placement, and controls. Maintenance recommendations include cleaning filters, coils, fans and inspecting ductwork. A case study examines using a heat pump versus a diesel boiler and air conditioner for a 550 square meter residential building.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
The document provides details of a cooling tower renovation project at a fertilizer plant. Key points:
- The existing cooling tower packing, drift eliminators, and nozzles needed replacement as their working life had expired after 7-10 years.
- Modifications included installing new packing, drift eliminators, dynamic Ecojet nozzles, and a vibration monitoring system.
- The project was completed on time and under budget using mostly local labor. It is expected to improve cooling tower performance and reliability.
- Lessons learned include using local labor for most tasks and marking scaffolding pipes to streamline future work. The renovation reduced circulating water temperature ranges and approach.
The document discusses forced draft cooling towers and their components. It describes the key parts including fans, drift eliminators, fills, nozzles, and basins. It also covers topics like packing materials, water and salt balances, windage losses, heat balances, biocides, chlorine dioxide production, and links to additional resources.
Basics of HVAC - Part 1 (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning)MOHAMMED KHAN
The document provides an overview of the basics of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It was prepared by Mohammed Abdul Mujeeb Khan, a mechanical engineer. The document defines HVAC, describes common HVAC system types like direct expansion and chilled water systems, and covers topics like temperature and humidity control, load calculation, equipment selection, and system design.
The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
Hello,
I am trying to explain about Steam Generator (Boiler) in this session, due to length of said presentation, I am deciding to divide it in three parts.
Part 1 cover the “Introduction & Types of Steam Generator”
Part 2 cover about the “Parts of Steam Generator and Its Accessories & Auxiliaries” and
Part 3 cover the “Efficiency & Performance”
The document provides details about a cooling tower designed by Dev Mehta of FTE MSU. [1] Cooling towers are heat removal devices that transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere using evaporation. [2] This particular cooling tower uses an induced draft system with mechanical fans to draw air through the tower and employs both splash and film fills to increase surface area and contact time between air and water. [3] The cooling tower is constructed of mild steel and has an estimated cost of 2100 rupees.
Shakil Hossain presented on cooling tower and cooling water circuits. The presentation covered different types of cooling systems including open, closed, and mixed systems. It described the components and types of cooling towers such as natural draught, forced draught, and induced draught towers. The presentation also discussed liquid cooling systems including liquid-to-liquid, closed-loop dry, open-loop evaporative, closed-loop evaporative, and chilled water systems. The key advantages and disadvantages of natural draught, forced draught, and induced draught cooling towers were highlighted.
This document provides an overview of pumping systems and opportunities for improving their energy efficiency. It discusses the types of pumps commonly used, including centrifugal and positive displacement pumps. The document explains how to assess pump performance by calculating hydraulic power, shaft power, and efficiency. It also outlines several methods for improving energy efficiency, such as selecting the properly sized pump, controlling flow rates through variable speed drives, using parallel pumps to meet varying demand, and eliminating inefficient flow control valves and bypass lines. The overall aim is to educate about pumping systems and identify opportunities to reduce the significant energy demands of pump operations.
Heat pumps are devices that move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. There are two main types of heat pumps - vapor compression cycles which use a compressor to move heat and vapor absorption cycles which use a heat source like gas or steam instead of electricity to run the pump. Heat pumps have various applications like space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, industrial processes, and more. They are evaluated based on their coefficient of performance and energy efficiency. While efficient when temperatures are similar, noise from mechanical components and efficiency limits due to thermodynamics present issues.
This document provides information on cooling towers, including types, components, performance parameters for assessment, and opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It discusses the main types of cooling towers as natural draft, mechanical draft (including forced draft, induced draft counter flow and cross flow), and compares fill media options. Key performance parameters covered include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Energy efficiency opportunities discussed include selecting an appropriately sized tower, optimizing fill media, improving water distribution and treatment, upgrading fans and motors, and reducing drift losses.
The document discusses various types of coal and fuel oil burning equipment used in combustion applications. It describes over feed stokers, traveling-grate stokers, under feed stokers, pulverized coal burners, and cyclone furnaces for burning coal at large scale. For fuel oil, it outlines vaporizing burners, rotating cup burners, mechanical atomizing burners, steam/air atomizing burners, and low-pressure air atomizing burners. It also summarizes common gas burners used for cooking and industrial heating.
Global Warming Potential and Ozone Depletion PotentialAndrew Pack
This document discusses the impact that blowing agents used in polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulation manufacturing can have on climate change and ozone depletion. It provides background on ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) metrics used to measure these impacts. Recent testing found that some PIR insulation products manufactured in the UAE still contain banned chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The document recommends using insulation like Kingspan PalDuct Hydro panels that are manufactured using blowing agents with zero ODP and low GWP.
boiler accessories, basics of economizer, types of economizer, air preheater, types of air preheater, reheater, basics of superheater, types of superheater.
The document provides information about chilled water air conditioning systems including:
- They use water as the secondary refrigerant which is chilled by a chiller and circulated through buildings to absorb heat.
- Common applications include large buildings like offices, factories, and some homes.
- The chiller cools water to 40-45°F which is then piped through the building to air handlers that act like evaporator coils.
- Key components of the system include the water chiller, cooling tower, air handlers, fan coil units, and expansion tank.
Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between fluids. They transfer heat from outgoing vapors and liquids to incoming fluids to reduce fuel consumption. Common applications include heating, cooling, power generation, and industrial processes. The main types are double pipe, shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, and spiral heat exchangers. Double pipe exchangers have one pipe inside another but low efficiency. Shell and tube exchangers use bundles of tubes in a shell and are robust for high pressures. Plate exchangers use parallel plates for compactness while spiral exchangers use coiled tubes. Selection depends on parameters like pressure, temperature, and space.
This document discusses HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It begins by providing energy consumption statistics for a lab building and breakdowns of HVAC, heating, cooling, and other mechanical systems. Diagrams and pictures show the basic components and functions of air handling units, boilers, chillers, VAV boxes, and other equipment. It explains how different parts of the HVAC system work together to heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, filter, and circulate air to maintain temperature and indoor air quality. The document concludes by summarizing what was covered regarding the mechanical equipment and processes used to ensure thermal comfort.
Design options for hvac distribution systemsJASON KEMBOI
This document discusses design options for HVAC distribution systems. It describes centralized HVAC systems which have four main components: an energy supply, service generators, distribution components like ducts, and delivery components like diffusers. The document focuses on air distribution design options, which include all-air, all-water, and air-water systems. All-air systems deliver heated or cooled air through ducts, all-water uses water and terminal units, and air-water uses a combination. The best design considers architectural, financial, and performance constraints.
The document discusses steam condensers and cooling towers. It explains Dalton's law of partial pressures which states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. It then describes different types of steam condensers, including surface condensers, and discusses factors that affect condenser efficiency like air leakage. Finally, it briefly introduces cooling towers and their uses in power plants to cool circulating water, listing different types like natural draft, forced draft, and induced draft towers.
Basics of HVAC - Part 1 (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning)MOHAMMED KHAN
The document provides an overview of the basics of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It was prepared by Mohammed Abdul Mujeeb Khan, a mechanical engineer. The document defines HVAC, describes common HVAC system types like direct expansion and chilled water systems, and covers topics like temperature and humidity control, load calculation, equipment selection, and system design.
The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
Hello,
I am trying to explain about Steam Generator (Boiler) in this session, due to length of said presentation, I am deciding to divide it in three parts.
Part 1 cover the “Introduction & Types of Steam Generator”
Part 2 cover about the “Parts of Steam Generator and Its Accessories & Auxiliaries” and
Part 3 cover the “Efficiency & Performance”
The document provides details about a cooling tower designed by Dev Mehta of FTE MSU. [1] Cooling towers are heat removal devices that transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere using evaporation. [2] This particular cooling tower uses an induced draft system with mechanical fans to draw air through the tower and employs both splash and film fills to increase surface area and contact time between air and water. [3] The cooling tower is constructed of mild steel and has an estimated cost of 2100 rupees.
Shakil Hossain presented on cooling tower and cooling water circuits. The presentation covered different types of cooling systems including open, closed, and mixed systems. It described the components and types of cooling towers such as natural draught, forced draught, and induced draught towers. The presentation also discussed liquid cooling systems including liquid-to-liquid, closed-loop dry, open-loop evaporative, closed-loop evaporative, and chilled water systems. The key advantages and disadvantages of natural draught, forced draught, and induced draught cooling towers were highlighted.
This document provides an overview of pumping systems and opportunities for improving their energy efficiency. It discusses the types of pumps commonly used, including centrifugal and positive displacement pumps. The document explains how to assess pump performance by calculating hydraulic power, shaft power, and efficiency. It also outlines several methods for improving energy efficiency, such as selecting the properly sized pump, controlling flow rates through variable speed drives, using parallel pumps to meet varying demand, and eliminating inefficient flow control valves and bypass lines. The overall aim is to educate about pumping systems and identify opportunities to reduce the significant energy demands of pump operations.
Heat pumps are devices that move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. There are two main types of heat pumps - vapor compression cycles which use a compressor to move heat and vapor absorption cycles which use a heat source like gas or steam instead of electricity to run the pump. Heat pumps have various applications like space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, industrial processes, and more. They are evaluated based on their coefficient of performance and energy efficiency. While efficient when temperatures are similar, noise from mechanical components and efficiency limits due to thermodynamics present issues.
This document provides information on cooling towers, including types, components, performance parameters for assessment, and opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It discusses the main types of cooling towers as natural draft, mechanical draft (including forced draft, induced draft counter flow and cross flow), and compares fill media options. Key performance parameters covered include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Energy efficiency opportunities discussed include selecting an appropriately sized tower, optimizing fill media, improving water distribution and treatment, upgrading fans and motors, and reducing drift losses.
The document discusses various types of coal and fuel oil burning equipment used in combustion applications. It describes over feed stokers, traveling-grate stokers, under feed stokers, pulverized coal burners, and cyclone furnaces for burning coal at large scale. For fuel oil, it outlines vaporizing burners, rotating cup burners, mechanical atomizing burners, steam/air atomizing burners, and low-pressure air atomizing burners. It also summarizes common gas burners used for cooking and industrial heating.
Global Warming Potential and Ozone Depletion PotentialAndrew Pack
This document discusses the impact that blowing agents used in polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulation manufacturing can have on climate change and ozone depletion. It provides background on ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) metrics used to measure these impacts. Recent testing found that some PIR insulation products manufactured in the UAE still contain banned chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The document recommends using insulation like Kingspan PalDuct Hydro panels that are manufactured using blowing agents with zero ODP and low GWP.
boiler accessories, basics of economizer, types of economizer, air preheater, types of air preheater, reheater, basics of superheater, types of superheater.
The document provides information about chilled water air conditioning systems including:
- They use water as the secondary refrigerant which is chilled by a chiller and circulated through buildings to absorb heat.
- Common applications include large buildings like offices, factories, and some homes.
- The chiller cools water to 40-45°F which is then piped through the building to air handlers that act like evaporator coils.
- Key components of the system include the water chiller, cooling tower, air handlers, fan coil units, and expansion tank.
Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between fluids. They transfer heat from outgoing vapors and liquids to incoming fluids to reduce fuel consumption. Common applications include heating, cooling, power generation, and industrial processes. The main types are double pipe, shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, and spiral heat exchangers. Double pipe exchangers have one pipe inside another but low efficiency. Shell and tube exchangers use bundles of tubes in a shell and are robust for high pressures. Plate exchangers use parallel plates for compactness while spiral exchangers use coiled tubes. Selection depends on parameters like pressure, temperature, and space.
This document discusses HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. It begins by providing energy consumption statistics for a lab building and breakdowns of HVAC, heating, cooling, and other mechanical systems. Diagrams and pictures show the basic components and functions of air handling units, boilers, chillers, VAV boxes, and other equipment. It explains how different parts of the HVAC system work together to heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, filter, and circulate air to maintain temperature and indoor air quality. The document concludes by summarizing what was covered regarding the mechanical equipment and processes used to ensure thermal comfort.
Design options for hvac distribution systemsJASON KEMBOI
This document discusses design options for HVAC distribution systems. It describes centralized HVAC systems which have four main components: an energy supply, service generators, distribution components like ducts, and delivery components like diffusers. The document focuses on air distribution design options, which include all-air, all-water, and air-water systems. All-air systems deliver heated or cooled air through ducts, all-water uses water and terminal units, and air-water uses a combination. The best design considers architectural, financial, and performance constraints.
The document discusses steam condensers and cooling towers. It explains Dalton's law of partial pressures which states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. It then describes different types of steam condensers, including surface condensers, and discusses factors that affect condenser efficiency like air leakage. Finally, it briefly introduces cooling towers and their uses in power plants to cool circulating water, listing different types like natural draft, forced draft, and induced draft towers.
This document discusses different types of condensers and cooling towers used in power plants. It describes steam condensers, which condense steam using water as the cooling media. Surface condensers are also discussed, which use indirect contact between steam and cooling water through tubes. Jet condensers use direct contact between steam and cooling water. The document also covers different types of cooling towers, including natural draft towers which use density differences to circulate air, and mechanical draft towers which use fans to increase air flow and improve evaporation.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers including:
- A brief history noting the development of condensers for steam engines in the 19th century leading to early cooling towers on rooftops or as free-standing structures.
- An explanation of the two main types of cooling towers - natural draft towers which rely on natural airflow and mechanical draft towers which use induced fans. Counter-flow and cross-flow arrangements within each type are also described.
- Key terminology used in cooling towers is defined, such as drift, blow-out, plume, draw-off, make-up, range, fill types, and common structural materials.
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
This document discusses evaporative cooling, providing information on types, examples, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes two main types: direct evaporative cooling, which lowers air temperature and increases humidity by evaporating liquid water; and indirect evaporative cooling, which cools air temperature without increasing humidity by exchanging heat between two air streams. Direct evaporative cooling uses less energy and is less expensive but provides less cooling than refrigerated air conditioning. It requires clean water and maintenance to prevent microbial growth issues. Indirect evaporative cooling maintains constant humidity while lowering temperature but is more complex and costly.
In this presentation, we delve into the fundamentals of condensers, exploring their various types and the principles governing their operation. From basic definitions to complex numerical analyses, this slide deck offers a comprehensive overview for students, engineers, and enthusiasts alike.
This document discusses the basics of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. It describes the components and processes of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and their subsystems. Heating is the process of distributing hot air through ducts and radiators. Ventilation involves exchanging indoor air to improve quality. Air conditioning removes heat and moisture from indoor spaces. Key components of HVAC systems include chillers, compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion valves. Air handling units, fan coil units, ductwork and diffusers are also summarized.
PRINCIPAL OF COOLING TOWER
TYPES OF COOLING TOWER
DIFFERENT TERMS USED IN COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATION
AIR PROPERTIES AND
SIZING OF COOLING TOWER HEIGHT
TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FORMAT / DATASHEET
The condenser transfers heat from the refrigerant vapor to the air or water. It removes heat from the refrigerant vapor leaving the compressor, causing the refrigerant to condense from a vapor to a liquid. This liquid refrigerant can then provide cooling in the evaporator. Common types of condensers include air-cooled condensers, which use natural convection or forced convection of air across finned tubes to remove heat, and water-cooled condensers.
The document summarizes the key components and processes of a GBU air conditioning system. The main equipment includes chillers, compressors, cooling towers, and air handling units. The refrigeration cycle uses compressors, condensers, expansion valves, and chillers to transfer heat from chilled water to condenser water. Condenser water is then cooled in cooling towers and circulated back to condensers. Chilled water absorbs heat from air and is cooled in chillers before recirculating through air handling units. Conditioned air is distributed throughout rooms and returns to complete the air cycle.
Steam condensers condense exhaust steam from turbines or engines using cooling water. They increase efficiency by reducing steam pressure below atmospheric pressure. There are two main types - jet condensers where steam directly contacts cooling water, and surface condensers where steam condenses on the outer surface of tubes through which cooling water flows. Surface condensers produce higher vacuums and reuse condensate as boiler feedwater. Both require air pumps to remove non-condensable gases from the condenser to maintain vacuum, and circulating pumps to supply cooling water. Proper condenser operation recovers latent heat and increases power plant output and efficiency.
Condensers and cooling towers are used to condense steam from turbines and cool the condensate. There are two main types of condensers - jet condensers, where cooling water and steam are in direct contact, and surface condensers, where they are not. Surface condensers can achieve higher vacuums up to 760 mm Hg and are more suitable for high capacity plants. Leakage of air into condensers reduces vacuum and efficiency. Various methods like air pumps and deaerated feedwater are used to maintain vacuum. Cooling towers and ponds are used to cool condenser water and transfer heat to the atmosphere, with towers being more efficient but with higher costs than ponds.
The document discusses condensers, which are components in refrigeration systems that remove heat from refrigerant vapor. The condenser causes the refrigerant to condense from a gas to a liquid. This allows the refrigerant to absorb heat in the evaporator and achieve the cooling effect. There are different types of condensers, including air-cooled and water-cooled, with air-cooled being the most common type used in small commercial and domestic refrigeration units. The condenser is a crucial part that transfers heat out of the system and allows the refrigerant to cycle back to the evaporator.
This document discusses condensers in refrigeration systems. It describes the purpose of condensers to reject heat from the refrigerant. Water-cooled and air-cooled condensers are described. Water-cooled condensers can be tube within a tube, shell and coil, or shell and tube designs. Recirculating water systems use cooling towers to cool the water, while wastewater systems discharge used water. Air-cooled condensers rely on ambient air to remove heat. Controls are needed for low ambient operation to maintain proper system pressures.
This document provides information on ventilation and air conditioning systems for buildings. It discusses the importance of ventilation to remove stale air and introduce fresh air. Natural ventilation relies on wind and stack effects, while mechanical ventilation uses fans. Central air conditioning systems condition air at a central plant and distribute via ducts, while split systems have indoor and outdoor components. Proper selection of heating, cooling, and ventilation equipment requires balancing multiple factors like energy efficiency and indoor air quality.
This document provides an overview of condensers and cooling towers used in steam power plants. It discusses the different types of condensers including jet condensers, surface condensers, and evaporative condensers. It also covers sources of air leakage in condensers, methods to obtain maximum vacuum, and the impact of air on condenser efficiency. The document then discusses cooling towers and ponds, including types, advantages and disadvantages of natural, forced, and induced draught cooling towers. It also defines key terms related to cooling towers like fill, drift, approach and cooling range.
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Fundamentals of Cooling Tower, Types, Applications, Performance, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation & Service Maintenance
A water cooling tower uses evaporative cooling to extract waste heat from a water stream and release it into the atmosphere. There are three main types of cooling towers defined by water and air flow: crossflow towers have perpendicular water and air flow; counterflow towers have opposite water and air flow; and hyperbolic towers accelerate upward air flow to improve efficiency. Cooling towers can also be classified by their air and water flow methods, heat transfer techniques, construction, usage, and other factors.
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2. • A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the
atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower
temperature.
• Applications include
a. HVAC systems
b. Thermal power plants
c. Oil refineries
d. Chemical plants
e. Electric power generation
INTRODUCTION
3. CLASSIFICATIONS
• Based on Heat Transfer method
• Base on Air flow generation
• Based on Air to Water flow
4. HEAT TRANSFER METHOD
Based on heat transfer mechanism
cooling towers are classified as
• Dry cooling towers:Uses
convection to transfer heat . Heat
is transferred through a surface
that separates the water from
ambient air. Used when cooling
water is less
5. • Wet cooling tower: Uses evaporation to transfer heat.
Water can be cooled to a temperature lower than the
ambient air “dry-bulb” temperature. Most commonly
used type.
6. AIR FLOW GENERATION
NATURAL DRAFT
• Natural draft utilizes buoyancy via a tall chimney.
• Warm air inside the tower becomes less dense
compared to air outside
• This induces buoyancy forces.
• Due to this the denser air outside replaces the
less denser air inside.
• Natural draft towers are typically about 120 m
high, depending on the differential pressure
between the cold outside air and the hot humid
air on the inside of the tower as the driving force.
7.
8. Mechanical draft tower
Uses power driven fans to draw air through the
tower.
They are of 2 types
1. Induced Draft : A mechanical draft tower with a
fan at the discharge (at the top) which pulls air up
through the tower.
2. Forced Draft : A mechanical draft tower with a
blower type fan at the intake. The fan forces air
into the tower
9. Induced draft
•A fan mounted on the top of the cooling
towers sucks the air in by creating a
negative pressure gradient
•Smaller compared to natural draught
towers
•Both counter and cross flow
configurations are used.
10. Forced draft
•Uses a blower fan to force air into the
tower
•Requires lesser power compared to
induced , bcoz cool air is being pumped
11. Air to Water Flow
•Cross flow is a design in which the air
flow is directed perpendicular to the
water flow.
•Air flow enters one or more vertical
faces of the cooling tower to meet the
fill material. Water flows (perpendicular
to the air) through the fill by gravity.
12. • In a counter flow design the air flow is
directly opposite of the water flow.
• Air flow first enters an open area
beneath the fill media and is then drawn
up vertically. The water is sprayed
through pressurized nozzles and flows
downward through the fill, opposite to
the air flow.
13. Performance parameters
• Approach : Difference between the exit
temperature and WBT of water. This
represents a loss in cooling effect. Usual
range is 6 – 8 oC
• Range : Difference between Inlet and exit
temperatures of water. Usual range is 6 –
10 oC.
• Cooling efficiency : Ratio of actual
cooling to the maximum possible cooling
possible.
14. Water Losses
• Evaporation : water that evaporates and leaves along with air. Usually
around 1 -1.5% of water.
• Drift : Fine water droplets entrained and carried away by air. Drift
eliminators are installed to eliminate that.
• Blow down : To maintain a certain solid concentration, some amount
of water is removed from cold water basin. Around 1- 1.5 % of the
amount.
• Makeup water is supplied to makeup for these losses.
15. Parts of Cooling tower
• Frame : Most towers have structural frames that support the exterior
enclosures (casings), motors, fans, and other components.
• Fill : Most towers employ fills (made of plastic or wood) to facilitate
heat transfer by maximizing water and air contact.
• Drift eliminators: They capture water droplets entrapped in the air
stream by causing an abrupt change in flow direction of outlet air.