Why Digital Control?
Advantages of Digital Control System
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL
The structure of a digital control system
Examples of digital control systems
Closed-loop drug delivery system
Computer control of an aircraft turbojet engine
It gives how states are representing in various canonical forms and how it it is different from transfer function approach. and finally test the system controllability and observability by kalman's test
It gives how states are representing in various canonical forms and how it it is different from transfer function approach. and finally test the system controllability and observability by kalman's test
This presentation gives the information about introduction to control systems
Subject: Control Engineering as per VTU Syllabus of Aeronautical Engineering.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Disclaimer:
The contents used in this presentation are taken from the text books mentioned in the references. I do not hold any copyrights for the contents. It has been prepared to use in the class lectures, not for commercial purpose.
Introduction, Feature of Control System, Requirement of Good Control System, Types of Control System, Open-loop control system, Closed-loop control system, Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System, Signal flow graph, Conversion of Block Diagrams into Signal Flow Graphs, and Questions.
This presentation gives the information about introduction to control systems
Subject: Control Engineering as per VTU Syllabus of Aeronautical Engineering.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Disclaimer:
The contents used in this presentation are taken from the text books mentioned in the references. I do not hold any copyrights for the contents. It has been prepared to use in the class lectures, not for commercial purpose.
Introduction, Feature of Control System, Requirement of Good Control System, Types of Control System, Open-loop control system, Closed-loop control system, Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System, Signal flow graph, Conversion of Block Diagrams into Signal Flow Graphs, and Questions.
A software based gain scheduling of pid controllerijics
In this paper, a scheduled-gain SG-PID controller using LabVIEW-based scheduling technique, which
consists of a set of virtual instruments, has been designed and experimentally tested for heating process.
Gain scheduling is realized by automatic setting of the controller parameters using three sets of
programmed parameters, depending on the relative error between actual process temperature and setpoint
(desired temperature). Experimental results show that the proposed controller, compared with conventional
C-PID controller, responds faster to the changes in the setpoint temperature, reduces the overshoots in
temperature during transient period and makes the system more stable. It was noticed that the dynamic and
steady-state errors in the system have been reduced.
IoT Device Intelligence & Real Time Anomaly DetectionBraja Krishna Das
-- Real Time Anomaly Detection
-- IoT Device Intelligence
-- Uni Variate and Multi Variate Anomaly Detection
-- Unsupervised Learning Classification from Anomaly Detection
Lab view based self tuning fuzzy logic controller for sterilizing equipments ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Detection system design of subsea tree controllerIJCSES Journal
To meet the requirements of the detection system of underwater controller of subsea tree, this paper adopts
the data acquisition and control mode of “HMI+ SIEMENS PLC+SQL ".Using the configuration software,
completed the development and design of production tree detection system to monitor, control and data
communication. The monitoring function has realized the process simulation of oil tree, the control
function has realized the remote control of oil tree, and database SQL has realized the management and
analysis of data in oil well, achieving real-time tracking, rapid response, improve speed , quality and
reporting level of oil production engineering design .At the same time the design center can make full use
of the database to complete the design of required query, statistical analysis and the output function of
related form .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL PID CONTROLLER AND FUZZY CONTROLLER WIT...IJITCA Journal
All the real systems exhibits non-linear nature,conventional controllers are not always able to provide good and accurate results. Fuzzy Logic Control is used to obtain better response. A model for simulation is designed and all the assumptions are made before the development of the model. An attempt has been made to analyze the efficiency of a fuzzy controller over a conventional PID controller for a three tank level control system using fuzzification & defuzzification methods and their responses are compared. Analysis is done through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox. This study shows that the application of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) gives the best response with triangular membership function and centroid defuzzification method.
Hybrid controller design using gain scheduling approach for compressor systemsIJECEIAES
The automatic control system plays a crucial role in industries for controlling the process operations. The automatic control system provides a safe and proper controlling mechanism to avoid environmental and quality problems. The control system controls pressure flow, mass flow, speed control, and other process metrics and solves robustness and stability issues. In this manuscript, The Hybrid controller approach like proportional integral (PI) and proportional derivative (PD) based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using with and without gain scheduling approach is modeled for the compressor to improve the robustness and error response control mechanism. The PI/PD-based FLC system includes step input function, the PI/PD controller, FLC with a closed-loop mechanism, and gain scheduler. The error signals and control response outputs are analyzed in detail for PI/PD-based FLC’s and compared with conventional PD/PID controllers. The PD-based FLC with the Gain scheduling approach consumes less overshoot time of 74% than the PD-based FLC without gain scheduling approach. The PD-based FLC with the gain scheduling approach produces less error response in terms of 7.9% in integral time absolute error (ITAE), 7.4% in integral absolute error (IAE), and 16% in integral square error (ISE) than PD based FLC without gain scheduling approach.
Comparative Analysis of Pso-Pid and Hu-PidIJERA Editor
PID control is an important ingredient of a distributed control system. The controllers are also embedded in many special purpose control systems. PID control is often combined with logic, sequential functions, selectors, and simple function blocks to build the complicated automation systems used for energy production, transportation, and manufacturing. Many sophisticated control strategies, such as model predictive control, are also organized hierarchically. PID control is used at the lowest level; the multivariable controller gives the set points to the controllers at the lower level. The PID controller can thus be said to be the “bread and butter‟ of power system engineering. It is an important component in every control engineer‟s tool box. PID controllers have survived many changes in technology, from mechanics and pneumatics to microprocessors via electronic tubes, transistors, integrated circuits. The microprocessor has had a dramatic influence on the PID controller
1 Introduction
2 General measurement and diagnostic system
3 Biomedical Signal Analysis - Computer-Aided Diagnosis
4 Concurrent, coupled, and correlated processes - illustration with case studies
5 Questions
Total slides: 73
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART)
Introduction to Serial Communication
Types of Transmission
Simplex Communication
Duplex Communication
Half Duplex Communication
Full Duplex Communication
Methods of Serial data Transmission
Synchronous serial data transfer
Asynchronous serial data transfer
Differences Synchronous Asynchronous
Data Transfer Rate
Calculation of Baud Rate
SCON Register
SBUF Register
Writing to the Serial port
Reading the Serial port
PCON Register
Programming of transmission byte serially
Programming of reception of byte serially
Examples
Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) 8255
Features of 8255
Block Diagram of 8255 PPI
3 Modes of operation of 8255 PPI
BSR Mode of 8255 PPI
Parallel IO of 8255 PPI
IC 8155/8156
Features of 8155/8156
Block Diagram of 8155/8156
Chip Enable Logic & Port Addresses (Peripheral I/O Addressing
Scheme
Control Word Register of 8155
Timers of 8155/8156
Modes of Timers of 8155
IC 8355/8755
Block Diagram of 8155/8156
Basics of Microprocessor 8085
Architecture of 8085
Registers of 8085
Arithmetic Logic Unit of 8085
Instruction Decoder
Address buffer
Address/data buffer
Increment / decrement address latch
Interrupt control
Serial input / output control
Timing and control circuitry
Pin configuration of Microprocessor 8085
Addressing Modes of 8051
Symbol or nomenclature used for data or memory
Instruction sets of 8051
Assembler and Assembler Directives
Delay Calculation
Examples on Delay Calculation
The Microcontroller 8051 Family
Features of 8051 Microcontroller
Pin Configuration of 8051 Microcontroller
Ports of 8051 Microcontroller
Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller
Registers of 8051
Special Function Registers (SFR's)
Bit addressable RAM
Register Bank and Stack of 8051
Semiconductor Memory Fundamentals
Memory Types
Memory Structure and its requirements
Memory Decoding
Examples
Input - Output Interfacing
Types of Parallel Data Transfer or I/O Techniques
Introduction to Interrupts
What happens when the interrupt is occurs
Interrupt Vs Polling
Classfication of Interrupts
Hardware Interrupts of 8085
Software Interrupts of 8085
Maskable Interrupts of Microprocessor 8085
Non - Maskable Interrupts of Microprocessor 8085
Vectored Interrupts of Microprocessor 8085
Non - Vectored Interrupts of Microprocessor 8085
8085 Microprocessor Interrupt Structure
Interrupt Structure of Microprocessor 8085
SIM Instruction
Non - Vectored Interrupt
Pending Interrupts
What is Interrupt
Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller Interrupts
Interrupts of 8051 Microcontroller
Interrupt Vs Polling
IE register
IP register
What happens when an interrupt occurs?
What happens when an interrupt Ends?
Programming Timer Interrupt
Serial Interrupt
External Hardware Interrupt
Examples
Introduction
Embedded Operating Systems
Applications of Embedded Systems
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Architecture of Real Embedded Systems
Embedded Operating System
Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
Total slides: 102
Depletion Layer in PN Junction
Barrier Potential in a PN junction
Energy Diagram of PN Junction
Biasing The PN Junction
V-I Characteristics of P-N junction Diode
Applications of Diode - Rectiers
Photodiode
Light Emitting Diodes - LED
Zener Diode
Total slides: 75
What is Transducers
Selection Criteria of the Transducers
Basic Requirements of a Transducers
Strain Gauge
Inductive Transducer - LVDT
Load Cell
Temperature Transducers
Photoelectric Transducer
LDR
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
Introduction
How a transistor works - the basics
Summary of transistor junction bias scenarios
Bipolar Transistor Configurations
Bipolar Transistor Summary
NPN Transistor
PNP Transistor
Output Characteristics Curves of a BJT
Application of BJT - as a Switch
Cut-off Regio
Saturation Region
Total slides: 109
Light Emitting Diodes
Seven Segment LED
LCD Interfacing
Stepper Motor Interfacing
Digital to Analog Converter
ADC Interfacing
Keyboard Interfacing
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. Control System
Digital Control System
Nilesh Bhaskarrao Bahadure
Ph.D, ME, BE
nbahadure@gmail.com
https://www.sites.google.com/site/nileshbbahadure/home
July 8, 2021
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2. Overview I
1 Why Digital Control?
2 Advantages of Digital Control System
3 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL
4 The structure of a digital control system
5 Examples of digital control systems
Closed-loop drug delivery system
Computer control of an aircraft turbojet engine
6 Thank You
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4. Why Digital Control?
1 Easy to implement complicated control algorithms
2 Easy to modify the controller
4 / 53
5. Why Digital Control?
1 Easy to implement complicated control algorithms
2 Easy to modify the controller
3 Controller parameters unchanged with variations in environment
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6. Why Digital Control?
1 Easy to implement complicated control algorithms
2 Easy to modify the controller
3 Controller parameters unchanged with variations in environment
4 Low cost, low weight, and low power dissipation
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7. Why Digital Control?
1 Easy to implement complicated control algorithms
2 Easy to modify the controller
3 Controller parameters unchanged with variations in environment
4 Low cost, low weight, and low power dissipation
5 High noise tolerance
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8. Advantages of Digital Control System
Accuracy. Digital signals are represented in terms of zeros and ones
with typically 12 bits or more to represent a single number. This
involves a very small error as compared to analog signals, where noise
and power supply drift are always present.
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9. Advantages of Digital Control System
Accuracy. Digital signals are represented in terms of zeros and ones
with typically 12 bits or more to represent a single number. This
involves a very small error as compared to analog signals, where noise
and power supply drift are always present.
Implementation errors. Digital processing of control signals involves
addition and multiplication by stored numerical values. The errors
that result from digital representation and arithmetic are negligible.
By contrast, the processing of analog signals is performed using
components such as resistors and capacitors with actual values that
vary significantly from the nominal design values.
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10. Advantages of Digital Control System
Flexibility. An analog controller is difficult to modify or redesign
once implemented in hardware. A digital controller is implemented in
firmware or software and its modification is possible without a
complete replacement of the original controller. Furthermore, the
structure of the digital controller need not follow one of the simple
forms that are typically used in analog control. More complex
controller structures involve a few extra arithmetic operations and are
easily realizable.
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11. Advantages of Digital Control System
Speed. The speed of computer hardware has increased exponentially
since the 1980s. This increase in processing speed has made it
possible to sample and process control signals at very high speeds.
Because the interval between samples, the sampling period, can be
made very small, digital controllers achieve performance that is
essentially the same as that based on continuous monitoring of the
controlled variable.
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12. Advantages of Digital Control System
Cost. Although the prices of most goods and services have steadily
increased, the cost of digital circuitry continues to decrease.
Advances in very large-scale integration (VLSI) technology have made
it possible to manufacture better, faster, and more reliable integrated
circuits and to offer them to the consumer at a lower price. This has
made the use of digital controllers more economical even for small,
low-cost applications.
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14. Figure : A typical closed loop continuous time control system
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL
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15. Figure : A typical closed loop continuous time control system
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL
A digital control system model can be viewed from different perspectives
including control algorithm, computer program, conversion between analog
and digital domains, system performance etc. One of the most important
aspects is the sampling process level.
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16. Figure : A typical closed loop continuous time control system
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL
A digital control system model can be viewed from different perspectives
including control algorithm, computer program, conversion between analog
and digital domains, system performance etc. One of the most important
aspects is the sampling process level.
In continuous time control systems, all the system variables are continuous
signals. Whether the system is linear or nonlinear, all variables are
continuously present and therefore known (available) at all times. A
typical continuous time control system is shown in Figure 1.
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18. INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL..
In a digital control system, the control algorithm is implemented in a
digital computer. The error signal is discretized and fed to the computer
by using an A/D (analog to digital) converter. The controller output is
again a discrete signal which is applied to the plant after using a D/A
(digital to analog) converter. General block diagram of a digital control
system is shown in Figure 2.
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22. INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL..
e(t) is sampled at intervals of T. In the context of control and
communication, sampling is a process by which a continuous time signal is
converted into a sequence of numbers at discrete time intervals. It is a
fundamental property of digital control systems because of the discrete
nature of operation of digital computer.
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23. INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CONTROL..
e(t) is sampled at intervals of T. In the context of control and
communication, sampling is a process by which a continuous time signal is
converted into a sequence of numbers at discrete time intervals. It is a
fundamental property of digital control systems because of the discrete
nature of operation of digital computer.
Figure 3 shows the structure and operation of a finite pulse width sampler,
where (a) represents the basic block diagram and (b) illustrates the
function of the same. T is the sampling period and p is the sample
duration.
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27. The structure of a digital control system
To control a physical system or process using a digital controller, the
controller must receive measurements from the system, process them, and
then send control signals to the actuator that effects the control action.
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28. The structure of a digital control system
To control a physical system or process using a digital controller, the
controller must receive measurements from the system, process them, and
then send control signals to the actuator that effects the control action. In
almost all applications, both the plant and the actuator are analog
systems. This is a situation where the controller and the controlled do not
“speak the same language,” and some form of translation is required. The
translation from controller language (digital) to physical process language
(analog) is performed by a digital-to-analog converter, or DAC.
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30. The structure of a digital control system
The translation from process language to digital controller language is
performed by an analog-to-digital converter, or ADC. A sensor is needed
to monitor the controlled variable for feedback control.
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31. The structure of a digital control system
The translation from process language to digital controller language is
performed by an analog-to-digital converter, or ADC. A sensor is needed
to monitor the controlled variable for feedback control. The combination
of the elements discussed here in a control loop is shown in Figure 4.
Variations on this control configuration are possible.
31 / 53
32. The structure of a digital control system
The translation from process language to digital controller language is
performed by an analog-to-digital converter, or ADC. A sensor is needed
to monitor the controlled variable for feedback control. The combination
of the elements discussed here in a control loop is shown in Figure 4.
Variations on this control configuration are possible. For example, the
system could have several reference inputs and controlled variables, each
with a loop similar to that of Figure 4. The system could also include an
inner loop with digital or analog control.
32 / 53
37. Closed-loop drug delivery system
Several chronic diseases require the regulation of the patient’s blood levels
of a specific drug or hormone. For example, some diseases involve the
failure of the body’s natural closed-loop control of blood levels of nutrients.
Most prominent among these is the disease diabetes, where the production
of the hormone insulin that controls blood glucose levels is impaired.
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39. Closed-loop drug delivery system...
To design a closed-loop drug delivery system, a sensor is utilized to
measure the levels of the regulated drug or nutrient in the blood. This
measurement is converted to digital form and fed to the control computer,
which drives a pump that injects the drug into the patient’s blood. A
block diagram of the drug delivery system is shown in Figure 5 and 6.
39 / 53
45. Computer control of an aircraft turbojet engine
To achieve the high performance required for todays aircraft, turbojet
engines employ sophisticated computer control strategies. A simplified
block diagram for turbojet computer control is shown in Figure 7 and 8.
The control requires feedback of the engine state (speed, temperature, and
pressure),
45 / 53
46. Computer control of an aircraft turbojet engine
To achieve the high performance required for todays aircraft, turbojet
engines employ sophisticated computer control strategies. A simplified
block diagram for turbojet computer control is shown in Figure 7 and 8.
The control requires feedback of the engine state (speed, temperature, and
pressure), measurements of the aircraft state (speed and direction), and
46 / 53
47. Computer control of an aircraft turbojet engine
To achieve the high performance required for todays aircraft, turbojet
engines employ sophisticated computer control strategies. A simplified
block diagram for turbojet computer control is shown in Figure 7 and 8.
The control requires feedback of the engine state (speed, temperature, and
pressure), measurements of the aircraft state (speed and direction), and
pilot command.
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