This document discusses citizen participation in the policy-making process in Indonesia and proposes two strategies to increase participation. It notes that citizen participation through official channels is limited and proposes tele-democracy using technology and correspondence to involve citizens, especially in rural areas. However, tele-democracy requires capable government, advanced technology, and transparency. The second strategy involves using interest groups like associations, scientists, activists and NGOs who have useful information and perspectives to contribute. The document analyzes challenges to citizen participation in Indonesia's complex population and proposes these strategies to catalyze recent public management reforms toward greater inclusion.

1. THE CONTINUING SEARCH
FOR CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN
POLICY MAKING PROCESS
DEDDY S. BRATAKUSUMAH
AND
ERNA IRAWATI

2. PROBLEMS
1. There are fewer participants in the
policy-making process
2. The official channel for
participation is more restricted

3. MECHANISM ON PARTICIPATION
(PETERS 1996)
1. Citizen have the right to complaint for
improper services from government;
2. Bottom-up process is the mechanism in
public management decision;
3. Public decision have to constructed through
a dialogical process; and finally
4. Allowing citizens to make more consumer
choices and giving them more direct control
over programs.

4. ASSUMPTIONS
1. The population was small;
2. Public activities were limited;
3. Well educated people;
4. Homogenous,
5. Unemployed citizen.

5. INDONESIAN SITUATION
Indonesia deals with huge number of
population, which lead to complex
activities and heterogeneities.
The number of unemployment is rising
over time but these are un-educated
unemployment.

6. 1st
STRATEGY:
TELE-DEMOCRACY
In the city, this tele-democracy is
translated by using telephone, email and
letter to gain people participation.
In rural area, which generally still faces
problems on telephone and email
facilities, the correspondence could be
implemented.

7. TELE-DEMOCRACY REQUIRES
capable government to make priorities
and detailed project strategies;
advance technologies;
accountability & transparency.

8. The recent public management
reform in Indonesia can be used as
catalyzation.
THE STEPS

9. 2nd STRATEGY:
USING THE INTEREST GROUPS
Professional associations,
Scientists,
Activists,
NGOs
All of whom have much useful
information and have something to say.

10. Thank You