This document discusses challenges to deepening democracy through increased citizen participation and proposes an initiative to address these challenges. It identifies three main challenges: 1) lack of leadership champions for participatory initiatives, 2) lack of agreement on the role of non-electoral citizen participation, and 3) initiatives that are trivial in scope. The proposed initiative aims to increase citizen engagement, government transparency and legitimacy, and policy outcomes. It will use a non-profit partner and information and communication technologies to facilitate engagement and will evaluate success using various indicators to measure inputs, outputs, processes, outcomes and impacts.
Promoting social participation through Digital Governance: identifying barrie...dgovs_pucrs
This article aims to identify barriers for the adoption of strategic goals related to social participation in the Brazilian Public Administration present in the recently launched Brazilian Digital Governance Policy.
Inclusive process, rigourous methodology and policy uptake are the key issues raised in this power point presentation by Paul van Hoof, senior advisor on local governance with IDASA, at the Cairo workshop on assessing governance in sectors, June 2009.
Promoting social participation through Digital Governance: identifying barrie...dgovs_pucrs
This article aims to identify barriers for the adoption of strategic goals related to social participation in the Brazilian Public Administration present in the recently launched Brazilian Digital Governance Policy.
Inclusive process, rigourous methodology and policy uptake are the key issues raised in this power point presentation by Paul van Hoof, senior advisor on local governance with IDASA, at the Cairo workshop on assessing governance in sectors, June 2009.
Using Social Media to Enhance Civic Engagement in U.S. Federal AgenciesYasmin Fodil
This report was created by Yasmin Fodil and Anna York for their Harvard Kennedy School masters thesis, and looks at the use of social media to enhance civic participation in the United States and the United Kingdom in order to make recommendations to U.S. federal agencies on how to move forward.
E-consultations: New tools for civic engagement or facades for political corr...ePractice.eu
Author: Jordanka Tomkova.
Since the 1990s, public institutions have been increasingly reaching into democracy's toolbox for new tools with which to better engage citizens in politics.
It is a summarized document explaining the role of technology in assisting Kenyan youths in combating corruption through accountability. The presentation outlines various channels such as budget planning, community score cards and other process in which the youth can use ICT to combat this vice. The presentation also gives examples of the issues so far raised by youths on social media.
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
Important Political Accountability and Citizen Building effort of IDEG GHANAAmos Anyimadu
Operation of the Institute of Democratic Governance, Ghana. www.ideg.org https://www.facebook.com/IDEGGhana https://twitter.com/IDEGGhana
Led by Commonwelath Eminent Person Dr. Emmanuel Akwetey.
CITIZEN-CENTRED SERVICE DELIVERY-Collaboration among federal, state, and local governments for enhancing citizen and business satisfaction with government services
D. BRIAN MARSON
APO International Technical Expert
Co-Founder and Senior Fellow, Institute for Citizen Centred Service
(www,iccs-isac.org)
Colombo, June 2015
In the failure of the formal accountability channels, social accountability is slowly becoming an effective response to governance deficit. Understanding good governance is a prerequisite to understand social accountability. Social Accountability is an approach towards enforcing & building accountability that relies on civic engagement in which citizens participate directly or indirectly in demanding accountability from service providers and public officials.
Accountability is no longer between the state only and citizens. Non state, national and transnational actors are now, heavily involved in all stages of the production of public goods.
The influence of corporate interests in the provision of public goods and services, as well as the entry of several unregulated providers poses a big threat to accountability and inclusion.
The strategies below represent the practical ways in which CSOs have applied the notion of social accountability to the context and issues of concern to their members, constituents and beneficiaries.
Strategic Litigation
Participatory Budgeting
Mobilisation and Networking
Social Audit, Monitoring and Evaluation
Information Communication Technology
Participatory Planning and Decision-making
Consultations and Stakeholder Participation
Accountability Reporting/Investigative Journalism
Participatory Procurement and Financial Management
Social Accountability is a journey.
The work of social accountability is not a sprint but marathon.
This slide share outlines the basic social and economic problems facing the United Kingdom regions, the responsibility of successive governments for those problems and the tough challenges facing Government if it is to to redress the discrimination against places and people by implementing change. The presentation questions whether the Government has the capacity to realise the vision given the collective effort, timescale and political risk-taking required - indeed the vision may already be out of reach.
Using Social Media to Enhance Civic Engagement in U.S. Federal AgenciesYasmin Fodil
This report was created by Yasmin Fodil and Anna York for their Harvard Kennedy School masters thesis, and looks at the use of social media to enhance civic participation in the United States and the United Kingdom in order to make recommendations to U.S. federal agencies on how to move forward.
E-consultations: New tools for civic engagement or facades for political corr...ePractice.eu
Author: Jordanka Tomkova.
Since the 1990s, public institutions have been increasingly reaching into democracy's toolbox for new tools with which to better engage citizens in politics.
It is a summarized document explaining the role of technology in assisting Kenyan youths in combating corruption through accountability. The presentation outlines various channels such as budget planning, community score cards and other process in which the youth can use ICT to combat this vice. The presentation also gives examples of the issues so far raised by youths on social media.
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
Important Political Accountability and Citizen Building effort of IDEG GHANAAmos Anyimadu
Operation of the Institute of Democratic Governance, Ghana. www.ideg.org https://www.facebook.com/IDEGGhana https://twitter.com/IDEGGhana
Led by Commonwelath Eminent Person Dr. Emmanuel Akwetey.
CITIZEN-CENTRED SERVICE DELIVERY-Collaboration among federal, state, and local governments for enhancing citizen and business satisfaction with government services
D. BRIAN MARSON
APO International Technical Expert
Co-Founder and Senior Fellow, Institute for Citizen Centred Service
(www,iccs-isac.org)
Colombo, June 2015
In the failure of the formal accountability channels, social accountability is slowly becoming an effective response to governance deficit. Understanding good governance is a prerequisite to understand social accountability. Social Accountability is an approach towards enforcing & building accountability that relies on civic engagement in which citizens participate directly or indirectly in demanding accountability from service providers and public officials.
Accountability is no longer between the state only and citizens. Non state, national and transnational actors are now, heavily involved in all stages of the production of public goods.
The influence of corporate interests in the provision of public goods and services, as well as the entry of several unregulated providers poses a big threat to accountability and inclusion.
The strategies below represent the practical ways in which CSOs have applied the notion of social accountability to the context and issues of concern to their members, constituents and beneficiaries.
Strategic Litigation
Participatory Budgeting
Mobilisation and Networking
Social Audit, Monitoring and Evaluation
Information Communication Technology
Participatory Planning and Decision-making
Consultations and Stakeholder Participation
Accountability Reporting/Investigative Journalism
Participatory Procurement and Financial Management
Social Accountability is a journey.
The work of social accountability is not a sprint but marathon.
This slide share outlines the basic social and economic problems facing the United Kingdom regions, the responsibility of successive governments for those problems and the tough challenges facing Government if it is to to redress the discrimination against places and people by implementing change. The presentation questions whether the Government has the capacity to realise the vision given the collective effort, timescale and political risk-taking required - indeed the vision may already be out of reach.
Acutesoft provides Online training on Webdynpro ABAP Consultant develop high quality code as per functional specification. The person would be involved in designing solutions and giving inputs for achieving efficient solution.
2Running Head THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR.docxrhetttrevannion
2
Running Head: THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
2
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Name
Institution Affiliations
Abstract
Social media include blogs, microblogs and even electronic social networks. They are generally believed to have transformed the manner in which individuals relate with each other. This applied research assessment which therefore explore on the influence of social media in the public sector. Within the public sector, there are prevalent evidences which justify the impact of the social media in the public sector. There have been numerous cases in which individuals have a norm to communications within the noticeable one-way fashion for several decades. This applied research will explore various aspects on how social media has influenced the public sector. Besides, it will navigate how social media has entirely contributed to the growth of the public sector both in negative and positive effects. This will include the review of the literature of what other researchers have done on the topic. Comment by Tiffany H: This applied research assessment explores the influence of social media in the public sector. Comment by Tiffany H: And will navigate through how social media Comment by Tiffany H: Should this start with besides?
Table of Contents
· Problem or Issue Statement.
· Introduction.
· Review of Literature.
· Research Methodology.
· Findings.
· Analysis.
· Recommendations.
· References.
Problem or Issue Statement
Government agencies have gradually but progressively adopted social technologies to execute their tasks better. Such social technologies can accumulatively reengineer the old model of the public sector. This is due to the fact they facilitate substantial chances to accelerating the transparency as well as prevalence within the government agencies and its departments. It besides can increase the trustworthy in government from its respective citizens. Through social media, there can be creation of new forms of participation of citizens as well as the engagement in public issues. Besides, social media has enhanced both intra-organizational and inter-organizational collaboration. There is therefore an essential need to look into various ways that the social media have really enhanced an achievement of such empirical formalities within the government structure hence developing the citizen-government relationship. Comment by Tiffany H: Accelerate the transparency of what? Comment by Tiffany H: Remove Comment by Tiffany H: has
From a contextual perspective, it is evident to state that the relationship and collaboration between the government and the citizen have been greatly altered, advanced by the use of social media. In addition, this has heightened the participation of the citizens in most of the government projects which have been overseen and controlled by the government offices. The .
Innovating Public Service Delivery Through Crowdsourcing: What Role for The T...CSCJournals
The purpose of this paper is to study the involvement of the “crowd” in designing innovative public policies, and the possibility for the Third Sector to play a role in this process. To do so, we want to answer the following research question: what is the extent to which crowdsourcing is adopted in financing and delivering public services within New Public Governance arenas? In order to answer it, we employ the following approach. First of all, we will set public innovation into the context of New Public Governance; secondly, we will analyse definitions for crowdsourcing, and thirdly, we will provide an overview and crisis of crowdsourcing examples to demonstrate their significance as novel forms of public service finance and delivery. This approach evidences the potential and the outcomes of applying crowdsourcing in the public sector, and indicates the role of the actors involved: the adoption of a leadership role by the Third Sector could facilitate crowdsourcing processes. The outcome of the application of crowdsourcing in the public sector is a greater involvement of the civil society in its relationship with the State.
ICT-driven initiatives, the majority of which stem from civil society, play an increasing role in governance. There are numerous opportunities for development agencies to fund related projects and programs.
Chapter 13
Politics and New Media
Objectives
To understand:
How the shift towards narrowcasting and digital media might change the nature of political participation
How online media are creating a new space and a new set of challenges for the conduct of political debate
How the shift towards a greater degree of social and political surveillance may alter the broader political landscape
How myths of the digital sublime shape our views of electronic democracy
How media and new media tools are central to advancing social and political economic change
Web 2.0 Structuration and the
End of Politics
Argument for democratic emancipatory potential of the Internet
In reality, there is a shrinking of a public sphere
Within the capitalist market economy, there is a contradiction between the formal equality of political participation and the inequalities of income and opportunity that define the relationships of the market
Web 2.0 Structuration and the
End of Politics, cont’d
Media’s relationship with political power—an unofficial watchdog role, acting as a series of checks and balances on those who exercise power
Political economy analysis suggests “democracy” is tolerated by big business as long as real control is off-limits to popular deliberation
Leaps in Logic?
An idealized view of the democratizing power of the Internet is a hopeful prediction; however, this requires leaps in logic:
Internet is no less susceptible to being manipulated by political parties and sectional interest groups than the current system
Issues under consideration in politics online are still determined by those in power positions and do not necessarily address key issues for a broader community
The control of sites by those who wish to promote their own interests will greatly diminish the credibility of the polling results within political circles
Leaps in Logic? cont’d
E-democracy
People make their own history, just not within conditions of their choosing
Structuration: structures may be formal (laws, policies, regulations), formalized (in institutions or organizations), or relatively informal (class, gender or race)
Degree of agency that one can exercise is dependent on these structures, but the human ability to exercise this agency means that they can be changed
New media are contemporary tools used in this process
The Internet as an Election Campaign Tool
Beginning of twenty-first century: politicians in Canada began to embrace the significance and power of using the Internet to reach constituents
The Internet has become an increasingly necessary tool
Cost efficiency
Relative lack of regulation control
Production simplicity
Swift narrowcasting via active interaction with the individual
New technologies in election campaigns are not always used to expand the voter base; sometimes they are used to suppress it
Online Politics and the
Reportorial Community
Digital media convergence is shifting the borders of the reportorial community
B ...
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Enhancing transparency and accountability mechanisms that directly empower citizens to better participate in decision-making processes of government and international donors is an imperative to achieving better and more sustainable development results on the ground. This paper analyzes the emerging Open Development Paradigm and investigates to what extent such a new approach towards citizen-centered development can make development programs more effective, responsive and inclusive. It provides concrete case studies of open governance programs that enhance the transparency and accountability of development agencies and foster the collaboration among all development actors in order to achieve better development outcomes and enhance the well-being of the poor.
Writing Sample 2 -Bridging the Divide: Enhancing Public Engagement in Urban D...Rahsaan L. Browne
Bridging the Divide: Enhancing Public Engagement in Urban Development
This paper delves into the critical role of public engagement in urban development, emphasizing the need for community involvement to create sustainable and inclusive urban spaces. It discusses the motivations behind public participation, the challenges faced in engaging diverse communities, and the strategies for overcoming these barriers. The paper also highlights successful case studies and explores the use of technology and effective communication to facilitate broader and more meaningful engagement. By examining these elements, the paper underscores the importance of bridging the gap between planners and residents to ensure urban development reflects the collective vision and needs of the community.
Important Political Accountability and Citizen Building effort of IDEG GHANAIDEGGhana
Operation of the Institute of Democratic Governance, Ghana. www.ideg.org https://www.facebook.com/IDEGGhana https://twitter.com/IDEGGhana
Led by Commonwelath Eminent Person Dr. Emmanuel Akwetey.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
1. Hassan Adamu Danguguwa Engaging Citizen Final Project
The societal problem: Although initiatives in participatory governance have proliferated in
many domains in recent years, many challenges to deepening democracy through increased
citizen participation remain. Consider briefly three of these. The first is leadership. It is almost
tautological to observe that every significant participatory innovation has a champion, or set of
champions, in government or civil society that has the creativity to adapt some participatory
design to particular needs and circumstances, the political savvy to identify and organize allies in
this endeavor, and the perseverance to see the enterprise through. Leadership in participatory
innovation has been fickle because its sources have been opportunistic and, for the most part,
unsystematic.
A second problem, related to the first, is the lack of a broad popular articulation and
agreement on the role of non-electoral public participation in contemporary democratic
institutions. While there are disagreements on the edges of representative democracy, there is
broad understanding and agreement on core institutions and practices such as equal universal
suffrage and regular competitive elections.
A third problem, related to the prior two, is triviality. Although the number of
participatory governance innovations seems to have proliferated in recent years, the reach of
many of those innovations is quite limited, even to the point of rendering them trivial. This is the
park bench problem.
Citizen participation is also sometimes seen as a solution to a quite different problem:
shoring up the democratic legitimacy of governance processes. Representative democratic
governance now faces several critical legitimating problems
The Objectives are:
To understand the theoretical underpinnings of citizen engagement and why it is a critical
component of good governance.
To evaluate current citizen engagement initiatives for development around the world.
Increase transparency and citizen trust in government
Enhance government legitimacy
Improve outcomes of macro-economic policies, and
Raise the frequency and quality of government responsiveness
The initiative will lead to a positive change because:
Citizen engagement require transparent and effective mechanism by government for
responding to citizen voice.
Citizen engagement is high embedded in the nature of the political and government context
and in exiting power relations.
Citizen engagement is the ultimate client of government or development institutions and
private sector interventions in a country.
2. Hassan Adamu Danguguwa Engaging Citizen Final Project
It explores underlying theories and concepts of citizen engagement, examines the role it can
play in improving policymaking and public service delivery, and investigates the impact of
new technologies, particularly in developing countries. Participants can contribute their own
insights and connect with others through online forums.
The key players are Government and the Citizens
1. Government are the spearheading of this initiative, they are in the best place to do
because government are the policy makers and the rulers of the citizens
2. The target audience are the community
3. Yes, there is a need to partner with an Organisation such as NGO`s
3. Hassan Adamu Danguguwa Engaging Citizen Final Project
Civic mobilization is most often facilitated by intermediaries such as NGOs to spur
citizens into action and support their demands vis-a-vis the state. But State officials also
need to be mobilized. Therefore, an interface is necessary to allow both citizens and state
actors, or coalitions that cut across these two types of actors, to interact.
1. The tools that I’m going to use to reach my objective are to use a non-profit
organization. Example like The National Democratic Institute
(NDI) which is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization working to support and
strengthen democratic institutions worldwide through citizen participation,
openness and accountability in government. And Information and
Communication Technology (ICT)
2. Information and communication technologies (ICT) bring a lot of changes in
different aspects of our lives. The implementation of ICT in different
environments brings different kinds of transformation to the environment.
These transformations are observed in mailing systems, transportation,
4. Hassan Adamu Danguguwa Engaging Citizen Final Project
teaching and learning, communication, etc. Among these, ICT changed
urban life not only technically but also philosophically and systematically.
Some examples are e-participation, e-government and e-democracy
3. My initiative will work because nowadays ICT is a premier resource for
sharing and expanding knowledge on appropriate information and
communication technologies (ICT) and the implementation processes that
can make them sustainable in rural and underserved communities across the
developing world.
The challenges my initiatives might face and how to overcome them are:
I. How to ensure an accurate representation of a variety of interests in society
II. Start at local level (with small rural communities)
III. Multichannel consultation methodology.
IV. Increase role of Social Media
V. Cross-selling. Use of already existent communication
VI. Partner with Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
VII. Partner with Mass Media organizations
The indicators I will use to evaluate success are
I. Input indicators
II. Output Indicators
III. Process Indicator
IV. Outcome Indicator
V. Impact Indicator
The reason why these are the most important indicators are:
5. Hassan Adamu Danguguwa Engaging Citizen Final Project
It is important to specify the ICT inputs amount, type, and location of ICT resources
when determining the role that ICT played in citizen’s knowledge, skills and attitudes. These
need to be identified and described whether or not an increase in the number of these resources is
an explicit part of the ICT-supported program. Output indicators report on the results of
program efforts (inputs and processes/activities) at the program level, Process indicators reflect
whether a program is being carried out as planned and how well program activities are being
carried out, Outcome indicators measure the program’s level of success in improving service
accessibility, utilization or quality. These types of indicators are often reported as percentages or
rates, such as the percentage of the population with knowledge of ICT, Impact
indicators measure the long-term, cumulative effects of programs over time on the larger social
system
FINALY