The document discusses the constriction of the Yamuna River floodplains in Delhi, India since the 19th century due to urbanization and encroachment. It analyzes changes in the river's course and floodplains over time using historical maps and satellite imagery. Three sections of the river show it shifting up to 1.2 km and losing meanders, with traces of old channels remaining. The floodplains that provide important groundwater recharge have been squeezed, limiting the river's ability to naturally migrate within its plains.
Repair and Maintenance of Heritage StructuresDr K M SONI
This document discusses the repair and maintenance of heritage structures. It begins by defining heritage and discussing the classification of heritage structures in India, including World Heritage sites, ASI protected monuments, and state government grades. It notes that ASI protected monuments receive funds for conservation but may lack expertise, while grades I and IIA structures allow little to no intervention and IIB and III allow more flexibility. The document outlines common causes of heritage structure deterioration like neglect, poor maintenance, damage from visitors, and encroachment. It emphasizes the need to maintain heritage structures according to their original design, materials, and construction methods. The conclusion stresses the importance of education, engineering expertise, and enforcement of regulations to properly conserve heritage structures and
The key elements of a Hindu temple include the Vimana, Sikhara, and Garbhagriha. The Vimana is the sanctuary and consists of an upper Sikhara, which is the tapering tower, and lower Garbhagriha, which is the inner womb chamber housing the deity. Other elements are the Pradakshina patha ambulatory, Mandapa assembly hall, Antarala vestibule, Ardhamandapa front porch, Gopurams tower entrances, Pitha plinth, and Toranas gateways. These architectural components have standard Sanskrit names and their shapes and uses are defined.
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
Site Planning in the Context of Architectural Projects JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Site planning and building design should follow key principles:
1. Thorough site analysis considering location, orientation, topography, vegetation and infrastructure is essential for optimal design.
2. Buildings should be oriented and planned considering sun path, wind direction and climate for energy efficiency.
3. Setbacks, landscaping, and minimizing site disturbance and building footprints are important for sustainability and livability.
The presentation provided an overview of the construction of New York City's High Line park. It summarized the 3 sections of the park from Gansevoort Street to West 30th Street. It then described the steps of park construction, including removing previous materials, preparing the site, and constructing the landscape with concrete planks, tracks, planting, seating, and entrances cut into the steel structure.
Roman towns were planned according to a grid pattern with two main roads, the cardo and decumanus, intersecting at the town center. Public buildings like the forum, basilica, temples, and baths were located in the central area. The forum served as a meeting place while the basilica was used for business and legal matters. Colonies established by Rome helped extend its culture and control. They were often given defensive walls and followed a standardized grid street and land plot pattern.
Repair and Maintenance of Heritage StructuresDr K M SONI
This document discusses the repair and maintenance of heritage structures. It begins by defining heritage and discussing the classification of heritage structures in India, including World Heritage sites, ASI protected monuments, and state government grades. It notes that ASI protected monuments receive funds for conservation but may lack expertise, while grades I and IIA structures allow little to no intervention and IIB and III allow more flexibility. The document outlines common causes of heritage structure deterioration like neglect, poor maintenance, damage from visitors, and encroachment. It emphasizes the need to maintain heritage structures according to their original design, materials, and construction methods. The conclusion stresses the importance of education, engineering expertise, and enforcement of regulations to properly conserve heritage structures and
The key elements of a Hindu temple include the Vimana, Sikhara, and Garbhagriha. The Vimana is the sanctuary and consists of an upper Sikhara, which is the tapering tower, and lower Garbhagriha, which is the inner womb chamber housing the deity. Other elements are the Pradakshina patha ambulatory, Mandapa assembly hall, Antarala vestibule, Ardhamandapa front porch, Gopurams tower entrances, Pitha plinth, and Toranas gateways. These architectural components have standard Sanskrit names and their shapes and uses are defined.
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
Site Planning in the Context of Architectural Projects JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Site planning and building design should follow key principles:
1. Thorough site analysis considering location, orientation, topography, vegetation and infrastructure is essential for optimal design.
2. Buildings should be oriented and planned considering sun path, wind direction and climate for energy efficiency.
3. Setbacks, landscaping, and minimizing site disturbance and building footprints are important for sustainability and livability.
The presentation provided an overview of the construction of New York City's High Line park. It summarized the 3 sections of the park from Gansevoort Street to West 30th Street. It then described the steps of park construction, including removing previous materials, preparing the site, and constructing the landscape with concrete planks, tracks, planting, seating, and entrances cut into the steel structure.
Roman towns were planned according to a grid pattern with two main roads, the cardo and decumanus, intersecting at the town center. Public buildings like the forum, basilica, temples, and baths were located in the central area. The forum served as a meeting place while the basilica was used for business and legal matters. Colonies established by Rome helped extend its culture and control. They were often given defensive walls and followed a standardized grid street and land plot pattern.
The document discusses the restoration of historic palaces in India into heritage hotels. It begins with an introduction and outlines of subsequent chapters, including literature review, details on palaces in India, conservation approaches, case studies of Neemrana Fort Palace and Jag Niwas Mandir. The key aspects covered are the typical design of palaces, elements of Rajasthani architecture, guidelines for adapting palaces as heritage hotels, and standards for restoration in conserving cultural heritage. Case studies provide examples of transforming abandoned palaces respectfully through restoration while enabling new uses. The overall aim is to emphasize sustainable restoration of forts and palaces considering their structural, cultural and economic role.
AN APPROACH TO CONSERVATION OF BUILT HERITAGE - DELHI MASTER PLAN PROVISIONS.Purushottam Uttarwar
Urban Development and Conservation of Built Heritage are two sides of a same coin in a historic city like Delhi.Delhi is an ancient city with rich historical mile stones and heritage. Historically Delhi has been a capital city for many dynasties and rulers. Each ruler and dynasty left its impression and foot prints in the form of monuments, heritage buildings and capital complexes. The rulers have been conscious of Delhi’s past. Their desire to protect the past has influenced protection and conservation of built heritage. Archaeological survey and Public Works Department of British India began this task in the later 19th century and after independence ASI has become protector of India’s heritage. At a later date Master Plan documents attempted to make provisions for protection and conservation of built heritage. Right from the first Master Plan of Delhi 1962 to the Master Plan of Delhi 2021, each document contributed and perfected conceptual frame work, approach and policies for protection and conservation of monuments in Delhi.c. Master Plan for Delhi -2001: In the second Master Plan the aspect of conservation is dealt under a different subheads. Environment is section that talks about the conservation of the walled city. The section on Special Areas also mentions restoring the glory of the Walled City. Urban villages, which are an important component of the heritage are under the section of Shelter, it rightly mentions that heritage development should be a part of the overall development. The Master Plan was in accordance with the conservation thought of the day. Due to scattered scheme of conservation thoughts, implementation was a difficult task.
In the 90’s, MCD and NDMC published lists of buildings, which were ‘Protected’. In absence of any legislation or procedures, these monuments remained protected theoretically only.
IGBC Green New Buildings Rating System (Version 3.0).pdfRISHABHJAIN27097
The document provides an overview of the IGBC Green New Buildings rating system developed by the Indian Green Building Council. It discusses the copyright and terms of use of the rating system guide. It also includes a disclaimer stating that the Indian Green Building Council assumes no liability for damages arising from the use of the rating system. The document lists the contact information for the Indian Green Building Council.
influenced by architecture during islamic period in INDIA . the architectural features of islamic period mainly the mughal structures .
the designing pattern of great str like city of fatehpur sikri and more .
The document provides information on various architectural styles and structures from the Islamic period in India. It discusses provincial Islamic architectural styles that developed in various regions including Jaunpur, Bengal, Gujarat, and Bijapur. Specific structures described include the Atala Mosque and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, the Adina Mosque and Ek Lakhi Mausoleum in Bengal, stepwells like Adalaj Ni Vav and Rani Ni Vav in Gujarat, and the Jami Masjid and Ibrahim Rouza in Bijapur. The document includes maps, plans and images of these important Islamic era buildings in India.
Qutub Minar is a 73 meter tall brick minaret located in Delhi, India that dates back to the late 12th century. It is notable as the tallest brick minaret in the world. The tower was started in 1192 by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak and additions were made by subsequent sultans of the Delhi Sultanate. It has suffered damage from lightning and earthquakes over the centuries. In 1981, a deadly stampede in the tower's staircase killed 45 people after an electricity failure. Conservation efforts are focused on protecting the monument from pollution and vibrations from nearby traffic and infrastructure. Steps taken include funding conservation work, establishing heritage trails, and making the area an archaeological park
Presentation on project 6 by architects REX and the master planing of archipelago 21 my Daniel Libeskind. In yongsan business distrcit seouls.
http://www.greenarchworld.com/
The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. British architect Edwin Lutyens was tasked with planning and designing New Delhi. Lutyens designed an expansive garden city with wide avenues and classical buildings. Key elements of the design included the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Secretariat buildings, Parliament House, residential areas, and princely state palaces. However, the rapid growth of Old Delhi was not adequately planned for, leading to overcrowding and deterioration.
The document provides information on King Abdullah Financial District PPA-30 project. The project involves construction of multiple zones, with Zone 1 containing 5 parcels and Zone 2 containing 7 parcels. Each parcel will include office spaces, residential units, retail areas, and other facilities. Construction started in September 2010 and is scheduled to be completed by November 2012, with 40% of the scheduled time already elapsed.
The document outlines an architectural conservation project for the facades of the Royal Palace of Stockholm. It summarizes the multi-step process including a preliminary study to assess damage, a pilot project to test restoration methods, and plans to fully document the facades using laser scanning and photogrammetry. The project team aims to preserve authentic materials while following ICOMOS guidelines through extensive research, testing, and continuous evaluation before finalizing a long-term maintenance plan for the historic palace facades.
I'm engineering student from India, I have done seminar on the museum of future by collecting information from various official websites. It gives introduction and structural details of museum and also revealed what's inside the museum. And it also gives information about why museum of future is a most beautiful building in the world.
This document summarizes the architectural history of colonial buildings in Kolkata, India from the 18th-21st centuries. It describes several iconic buildings like the Writer's Building, Raj Bhavan, Indian Museum, and Victoria Memorial that were constructed in the Neoclassical, Baroque, and Indo-Saracenic styles. It also mentions how the architectural styles evolved over time from English colonial architecture to incorporate more local Indian elements, and emerging Art Deco structures in the early 20th century.
introduction to shading devices, types of shading devices deatiled explanation, uses of shading devices, solar radiation, configuration, design process of shading devices, shadow angle, building examples.
HERITAGE- It is not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
history and traditions.Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
event
Lecture 05: Islamic Architecture in India_Slave DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Slave Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Nanyang Technological University School of Art Design and Media Building Scie...Adila Zaas
Nanyang Technological University's School of Art, Design and Media building utilizes various passive design strategies to create a thermally comfortable environment for occupants. These include a curved green roof that absorbs heat from Singapore's intense sun and helps cool the building, a central courtyard with fountains and cascading water, and high-performance double glazed glass curtain walls that minimize heat transfer. The building's orientation, materials, landscaping and ventilation were carefully designed according to climate analysis to provide natural lighting and thermal comfort without mechanical cooling.
This document provides an overview of different religious beliefs and practices related to deities and places of worship from a global and thematic perspective. It discusses animism, polytheism, pantheism, monotheism, and examples from Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Specific artworks are presented that depict deities from ancient Egypt, Greece, India, and other places. Architecture such as Stonehenge, the Pantheon, and temples are examined in relation to incorporating elements of nature, sacred ceremonies, symbolic geometry, and providing destinations for pilgrimages.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING AROUND RAMTEK AREA (PERTAINING TO DUDHALA LAKE)ijiert bestjournal
Dudhala Lake is situated at a distance of 2 km from Ramtek bus stand in the north east direction. The project work mainly includes to stud y the present situation of Dudhala lake and suggest the feasible measures to increase the s torage capacity of Dudhala lake and give remedial measures so as to fulfill the water d emand in that area. The study of Dudhala Lake revealed the major problem faced by the people regarding the storage of lake as it was not getting filled instead of sufficient rainfa ll in Ramtek.
A study on soil erosion and its impacts on floods and sedimentationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses the restoration of historic palaces in India into heritage hotels. It begins with an introduction and outlines of subsequent chapters, including literature review, details on palaces in India, conservation approaches, case studies of Neemrana Fort Palace and Jag Niwas Mandir. The key aspects covered are the typical design of palaces, elements of Rajasthani architecture, guidelines for adapting palaces as heritage hotels, and standards for restoration in conserving cultural heritage. Case studies provide examples of transforming abandoned palaces respectfully through restoration while enabling new uses. The overall aim is to emphasize sustainable restoration of forts and palaces considering their structural, cultural and economic role.
AN APPROACH TO CONSERVATION OF BUILT HERITAGE - DELHI MASTER PLAN PROVISIONS.Purushottam Uttarwar
Urban Development and Conservation of Built Heritage are two sides of a same coin in a historic city like Delhi.Delhi is an ancient city with rich historical mile stones and heritage. Historically Delhi has been a capital city for many dynasties and rulers. Each ruler and dynasty left its impression and foot prints in the form of monuments, heritage buildings and capital complexes. The rulers have been conscious of Delhi’s past. Their desire to protect the past has influenced protection and conservation of built heritage. Archaeological survey and Public Works Department of British India began this task in the later 19th century and after independence ASI has become protector of India’s heritage. At a later date Master Plan documents attempted to make provisions for protection and conservation of built heritage. Right from the first Master Plan of Delhi 1962 to the Master Plan of Delhi 2021, each document contributed and perfected conceptual frame work, approach and policies for protection and conservation of monuments in Delhi.c. Master Plan for Delhi -2001: In the second Master Plan the aspect of conservation is dealt under a different subheads. Environment is section that talks about the conservation of the walled city. The section on Special Areas also mentions restoring the glory of the Walled City. Urban villages, which are an important component of the heritage are under the section of Shelter, it rightly mentions that heritage development should be a part of the overall development. The Master Plan was in accordance with the conservation thought of the day. Due to scattered scheme of conservation thoughts, implementation was a difficult task.
In the 90’s, MCD and NDMC published lists of buildings, which were ‘Protected’. In absence of any legislation or procedures, these monuments remained protected theoretically only.
IGBC Green New Buildings Rating System (Version 3.0).pdfRISHABHJAIN27097
The document provides an overview of the IGBC Green New Buildings rating system developed by the Indian Green Building Council. It discusses the copyright and terms of use of the rating system guide. It also includes a disclaimer stating that the Indian Green Building Council assumes no liability for damages arising from the use of the rating system. The document lists the contact information for the Indian Green Building Council.
influenced by architecture during islamic period in INDIA . the architectural features of islamic period mainly the mughal structures .
the designing pattern of great str like city of fatehpur sikri and more .
The document provides information on various architectural styles and structures from the Islamic period in India. It discusses provincial Islamic architectural styles that developed in various regions including Jaunpur, Bengal, Gujarat, and Bijapur. Specific structures described include the Atala Mosque and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, the Adina Mosque and Ek Lakhi Mausoleum in Bengal, stepwells like Adalaj Ni Vav and Rani Ni Vav in Gujarat, and the Jami Masjid and Ibrahim Rouza in Bijapur. The document includes maps, plans and images of these important Islamic era buildings in India.
Qutub Minar is a 73 meter tall brick minaret located in Delhi, India that dates back to the late 12th century. It is notable as the tallest brick minaret in the world. The tower was started in 1192 by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak and additions were made by subsequent sultans of the Delhi Sultanate. It has suffered damage from lightning and earthquakes over the centuries. In 1981, a deadly stampede in the tower's staircase killed 45 people after an electricity failure. Conservation efforts are focused on protecting the monument from pollution and vibrations from nearby traffic and infrastructure. Steps taken include funding conservation work, establishing heritage trails, and making the area an archaeological park
Presentation on project 6 by architects REX and the master planing of archipelago 21 my Daniel Libeskind. In yongsan business distrcit seouls.
http://www.greenarchworld.com/
The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. British architect Edwin Lutyens was tasked with planning and designing New Delhi. Lutyens designed an expansive garden city with wide avenues and classical buildings. Key elements of the design included the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Secretariat buildings, Parliament House, residential areas, and princely state palaces. However, the rapid growth of Old Delhi was not adequately planned for, leading to overcrowding and deterioration.
The document provides information on King Abdullah Financial District PPA-30 project. The project involves construction of multiple zones, with Zone 1 containing 5 parcels and Zone 2 containing 7 parcels. Each parcel will include office spaces, residential units, retail areas, and other facilities. Construction started in September 2010 and is scheduled to be completed by November 2012, with 40% of the scheduled time already elapsed.
The document outlines an architectural conservation project for the facades of the Royal Palace of Stockholm. It summarizes the multi-step process including a preliminary study to assess damage, a pilot project to test restoration methods, and plans to fully document the facades using laser scanning and photogrammetry. The project team aims to preserve authentic materials while following ICOMOS guidelines through extensive research, testing, and continuous evaluation before finalizing a long-term maintenance plan for the historic palace facades.
I'm engineering student from India, I have done seminar on the museum of future by collecting information from various official websites. It gives introduction and structural details of museum and also revealed what's inside the museum. And it also gives information about why museum of future is a most beautiful building in the world.
This document summarizes the architectural history of colonial buildings in Kolkata, India from the 18th-21st centuries. It describes several iconic buildings like the Writer's Building, Raj Bhavan, Indian Museum, and Victoria Memorial that were constructed in the Neoclassical, Baroque, and Indo-Saracenic styles. It also mentions how the architectural styles evolved over time from English colonial architecture to incorporate more local Indian elements, and emerging Art Deco structures in the early 20th century.
introduction to shading devices, types of shading devices deatiled explanation, uses of shading devices, solar radiation, configuration, design process of shading devices, shadow angle, building examples.
HERITAGE- It is not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
history and traditions.Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
event
Lecture 05: Islamic Architecture in India_Slave DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Slave Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Nanyang Technological University School of Art Design and Media Building Scie...Adila Zaas
Nanyang Technological University's School of Art, Design and Media building utilizes various passive design strategies to create a thermally comfortable environment for occupants. These include a curved green roof that absorbs heat from Singapore's intense sun and helps cool the building, a central courtyard with fountains and cascading water, and high-performance double glazed glass curtain walls that minimize heat transfer. The building's orientation, materials, landscaping and ventilation were carefully designed according to climate analysis to provide natural lighting and thermal comfort without mechanical cooling.
This document provides an overview of different religious beliefs and practices related to deities and places of worship from a global and thematic perspective. It discusses animism, polytheism, pantheism, monotheism, and examples from Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Specific artworks are presented that depict deities from ancient Egypt, Greece, India, and other places. Architecture such as Stonehenge, the Pantheon, and temples are examined in relation to incorporating elements of nature, sacred ceremonies, symbolic geometry, and providing destinations for pilgrimages.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING AROUND RAMTEK AREA (PERTAINING TO DUDHALA LAKE)ijiert bestjournal
Dudhala Lake is situated at a distance of 2 km from Ramtek bus stand in the north east direction. The project work mainly includes to stud y the present situation of Dudhala lake and suggest the feasible measures to increase the s torage capacity of Dudhala lake and give remedial measures so as to fulfill the water d emand in that area. The study of Dudhala Lake revealed the major problem faced by the people regarding the storage of lake as it was not getting filled instead of sufficient rainfa ll in Ramtek.
A study on soil erosion and its impacts on floods and sedimentationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Assessment of Reservoir Sedimentation using RS and GIS Techniques - A ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess sedimentation in the Kabini Reservoir in Karnataka, India over a 40-year period from 1974 to 2014. Digital image processing was used to delineate the water surface and develop elevation-area curves from satellite imagery. The reservoir's original capacity in 1974 was compared to its revised capacity in 2014, finding a 5.2% reduction in total storage, equivalent to a sedimentation rate of 0.718 cubic meters per year. Remote sensing allows evaluating sedimentation over time in a cost-effective manner compared to traditional surveying techniques.
Hard water regimes during pre monsoonal period in rajnagar block, odisha, ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From the hydrochemical analysis of 53 representative groundwater samples along coastal Kendrapara district, Odisha, the current research establishes widespread occurrences of moderately hard to hard groundwater within the subsurface water bearing horizons. There exists a distinct belt of moderately hard ground water in the Rajnagar block of the district whereas soft water occurrence is practically absent in the study area. The analysis also points to no specific interrelationship between the hardness of groundwater to that of the physical parameters including pH and electrical conductance.
Keywords: Aquifer, Total Hardness, SRTM, GIS
Assessment, analysis and study of encroachments and change in natural water f...eSAT Journals
Abstract Advancements in study and assessment of changing land use patterns using modern techniques like use of satellite data is inevitable today owing to high accuracy and ease of its accessibility to researchers. In this study, satellite images of over last ten years have been precisely used to analyze the changes in natural water flow and geographic characteristics of world famous Dal Lake in state of Jammu & Kashmir arising due uncontrolled human expansion and destruction of natural lake topography. The lake currently in advanced stages of eutrophication has been rapidly shrinking in its area at an alarming rate over last five decades. Major contributors to such changes are the direct or indirect discharge of untreated wastes from Srinagar city into water body through numerous sewer lines and uncontrolled land filling by local inhabitants in interiors of lake to meet their growing needs of urbanization and need for more agricultural land. Nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen derived from growth of vegetation within the lake and sewage have drastically altered water quality parameters and dramatically disrupted the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of lake from years; making the water obtained from lake unfit for any kind of consumption or aquatic life. Uncontrolled pollution and wide encroachments laden with exponential increase of sewage discharges have led to severe changes in land use pattern in interiors of the lake which is the main source of destruction of natural physiognomies of lake and gradual choking up of its water sources. All this has compounded into complete breakdown of drainage mechanism of the Lake with a threat of floods in Lake Catchment unavoidable in coming time. Keywords: Sewage, Eutrophication, Catchment, Topography, Ecology
IRJET- Analysis, Modelling and Simulation of Subsurface Dams and their Role i...IRJET Journal
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a research paper on analyzing, modeling, and simulating subsurface dams and their role in potable water supply. Some key points:
- Subsurface dams are underground structures that intercept groundwater flow and provide underground water storage. MODFLOW software is used to simulate groundwater flow and model the impacts of subsurface dams.
- A mixture of 20% bentonite, 75% sand, and 5% cement was found to be ideal for constructing a subsurface dam, with a permeability of 2.98x10-6 cm/s. Modeling indicated the subsurface dam increased potential water extraction by 20 times.
- The study area is located in Chikballapur District,
IRJET- Hydrological Modeling of Penganga Sub-Basin using Arc-SWATIRJET Journal
This document discusses hydrological modeling of the Penganga sub-basin in India using the ArcSWAT model. It provides background on the hydrological cycle and importance of hydrological modeling. The study aims to simulate stream flow in the Penganga river to help water resource managers. Input data on soil, climate and land use were generated from GIS. The basin was delineated and hydrological response units were defined in ArcSWAT. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated, with results found to satisfactorily represent the hydrological regime of the sub-basin. The calibrated model can be used to inform future water resource management in the area.
This document analyzes the impact of introducing an alternative sluice method of irrigation in 1999 on groundwater levels in the Parambikulam Aliyar Project area in Tamil Nadu, India. It uses groundwater level data from 17 observation wells from 1971-2010 and rainfall data from 28 stations. The results show that groundwater levels increased in 9 of the wells after 1999, decreased in 3 wells, and remained unchanged in 1 well. Most increases were seen in the Valayar and Aliyar sub-basins, where rainfall also increased somewhat over the same period. The study aims to assess whether the alternative irrigation method has positively impacted groundwater recharge in parts of the project area.
Water availability assessment in shipra rivereSAT Journals
Abstract Water availability analysis was carried out in Ujjain Basin part of Shipra Basin located in Madhya Pradesh state, at various probabilities for different dependable flow volumes. The flow regime was analyzed in this study using Flow Duration curve technique and the model was developed using MIKE BASIN software. Through MIKE model was developed for the whole Shipra Basin, a diversion canal in the name of KHAN Diversion and Narmada-Shipra link is added. In this study the flow at Ujjain city is mainly influenced by Khan diversion which is developed in the model and Narmada-Shipra link. Three scenarios were developed and net flow to Ujjain city were studied and analyzed for Khumb Mela that is to be held in 2016. The water availability analysis was performed for the individual months. In the present study the availability of dependable flow volumes were calculated month wise at 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% probability of exceedance. Key Words: water availability, flow duration curve, MIKE BASIN model, Khan Diversion, Narmada-Shipra link.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Keeping Urban and Rural Set up Safe - The Prime Responsibility of a StateAI Publications
One of the prime responsibilities of a State, which in most cases should be tackled in a collective manner along with the neighbouring provinces with active participation, cooperation, coordination, financial support, as well as, directive from the Centre. Each year owing to incessant rains advancing especially at the peak of the rainy season, severe floods causing relentless sufferings to millions of hapless peoples from several Indian states have become an expected annual calamity. This year too the disaster struck in a unsurprising manner affecting millions in populated states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh as well as in Tamil Nadu and in the deep south in Kerala where the severity was maximum. Even the capital New Delhi and relatively dry states like Rajasthan and Gujarat were also affected by the calamity. For reducing the severe condition faced by millions of people from several Indian States, a plan must be chalked out by the Government in association with the planners, scientists, engineers, technologists involving management of land and water. The author, based on his earlier communication on the subject, suggests certain essential measures aiming to alleviate the severe condition faced by the nation.
The document discusses different measures for river channel management including realignment, re-sectioning, bank protection, and vegetation planting. It compares the effectiveness of each measure, noting their benefits in increasing water flow but also negative impacts like flooding downstream, destruction of ecosystems, and sedimentation reducing capacity over time. An ideal approach combines measures to maximize flood prevention while minimizing environmental effects.
Assessment of groundwater potentials of the crystalline aquifers using hydra...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the groundwater potentials of crystalline aquifers in Gidanwaya Town and its environs in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. Pumping test data from 25 boreholes was used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of the aquifers derived from crystalline basement rocks in the area. Transmissivity values ranged from 1.16x10-1 to 9.76x10-3 m2/s, indicating high to very high groundwater potentials. Hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 1.12x10-2 to 9.24x10-3 m/s. Specific capacity values ranged from 1.00x10-1 to 9.95x10-
The document discusses floodplain management in Pakistan and provides options for diverting flood waters from heavily impacted areas to Ramsar sites. It summarizes that the 2010 Pakistan floods caused the greatest damage despite having a similar extent to prior major floods. It then analyzes three Ramsar sites in Sindh - the Indus Dolphin Reserve, Drigh Lake, and Deh Akro-II Desert Wetland Complex - and determines that Deh Akro-II would be the best option for diverting flood waters since it is located near severely impacted districts but away from major settlements and could help restore the wildlife sanctuary. Satellite imagery was used to map the 2010 flood extent and land use in the region.
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Industrial spills and waste disposal: industrial dumping in open areas and rivers.
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Constriction of the yamuna river floodplains within delhi region since 19 th century a serious concern
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 430
CONSTRICTION OF THE YAMUNA RIVER FLOODPLAINS WITHIN DELHI REGION SINCE 19TH CENTURY: A SERIOUS CONCERN Afzal Khan1, Vishwa Nath Bajpai2 1Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP, India 2Professor (Late), Department of Geology (Centre for Advanced Studies), University of Delhi, Delhi, India Abstract India’s capital Delhi has been encompassed serious problems due to scarcity of groundwater. The recharge zones are very limited and that too not having any effective enriching source except the annual rainfall and the Yamuna River. The most valuable recharge zone is the floodplain of the Yamuna River but unfortunately it has been extensively used for the settlements/ urbanization and thus squeezed up leaving a paltrier area for recharging groundwater reservoirs. Since 19th century, continuous encroachment over the floodplains of the Yamuna River has resulted into the constriction of the most suitable recharge zone of the capital. The water level in the Yamuna River remains usually low throughout the year except in the rainy season due to which the recovery periods for the groundwater aquifers are very long in comparison to a high pumping (discharge) rate. As a consequence, Over-exploitation (Over-pumping) of groundwater especially over the occupied floodplains caused the compaction of the underlying sediments that has been resulted into ground subsidence at many places due to collapse of the groundwater reservoirs or aquifer disposition. The present study provides a hydrogeological evaluation by delineating the floodplain of the Yamuna River that can further direct towards the sustainable groundwater augmentation and management practices in the area. Keywords: Yamuna River, Floodplain, Groundwater, Aquifers, Recharge Zones, Urbanization.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION Delhi region has no suitable groundwater resources in the current scenario. Aquifers are limited and generally contain saline water, except for the few areas in northern and eastern parts. The situation worsens further in the southwestern part of the region, where the subsurface strata mostly consists of clay and kankar, containing saline water. In last ten years, the heavy exploitation in the rocky tracts and upland areas has completely depleted the groundwater. Only expectation is the floodplain [1, 12]. At present, the water supply to Delhi region is through canals and reservoirs from neighboring states. Through last decade, heavy exploitation of the shallow aquifers through the tube wells constructed by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) within the Yamuna floodplain has given a high relief to fresh water supply. This resort to shallow aquifers within the floodplain is feasible because of availability of the fresh groundwater and its annual recharge during monsoon and periodic flooding. Even in the floodplain, the aquifers beyond the depth of 50m contain brackish to saline water. Beyond the floodplain the shallow aquifers have permanently depleted almost a decade back [7].
Fast and unending urbanization has limited the flow of rainwater down the drain instead of recharging the aquifers through floodplain. Farmers cry for flood, however devastating, as the flood is only left as an alternative for reviving lost groundwater reservoirs. The Sahibi River can be used effectively for water supply, so called the Najafgarh jheel in South Delhi at present filled with black clay, which can be excavated for heavy storage of water. Still so far the supply and requirement of water in Delhi is far off [7].
In view of groundwater being dependable only in the shallow aquifers, it has become imperative, to find out measures of retaining the same. Such measures would basically involve the delineation of the active floodplain of the Yamuna River and its palaeochannels, which were earlier known for their heavy groundwater storage. It is also imperative to determine the migration path of the course of the Yamuna River through different years in the past. Also this is important for the delineation and distinction of the older floodplain from the present. This would properly facilitate in mapping of land use with the present urbanization. The present work has been undertaken as an attempt of the same. 2. STUDY AREA Yamuna River is the largest tributary of the River Ganga. The main stream of the river Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri glacier in the Mussourie range of the lower Himalayas at an elevation of about 6320 meter above mean sea level in the district Uttarkashi [5]. The river stretch of 22km within Delhi region is the maximum polluted amongst all where the stretch between Wazirabad barrage and Chambal river confluence is critically polluted (Figure 1).
Delhi sprawls over 1483-sq km between latitude 280 34’ N and a longitude of 770 07’ E having an elevation of 233 m above the mean sea level [6] (Figure 1). It also experiences heavy rains primarily during monsoon. The temperature ranges between 18.70C (mean minimum) and 40.300C
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(mean maximum). The normal annual average rainfall is 72 cm. The average annual evaporation is about 254 cm in Delhi. The mean relative humidity is 66% [6]. Our study area covers the periphery of the available floodplain of the Yamuna River within Delhi region. Fig -1: Index Map of the study area within Delhi Region showing three windows (1, 2, 3). Orange dotted borders mark the area of interest in which three windows are taken for detailed studies on the river courses and floodplains. 2.1 Hydrogeological Setting The hydrogeological settings within Delhi region are mainly characterized by alluvial formations and hard rocks such as quartzite. The following distinct physiographic units show direct influence on the ground water occurrences: (a) Older Alluvial Plain on the eastern and western side of the ridge, (b) Yamuna Floodplain deposits, (c) Isolated and nearly closed Chattarpur alluvial basin and (d) NNE-SSW trending Quartzite Ridge [1]. Out of which the abandoned and the active floodplains have the largest reservoirs of the fresh groundwater.
Lithology of Delhi region shows diversified geological formations consisting of unconsolidated Newer and Older alluvium and Quartzites of Delhi Super Group. Southern regions are mainly comprised of quartzite rocks where groundwater sources are confined to fracture planes and the weathered zone. The older alluvium in the Chattarpur basin consists of predominantly sand with subordinate silt, clay and kankar however thickness of alluvium is highly variable due to underlying subsurface ridges and faults in the South district [1]. The alluvial deposits within the region belong to Quaternary age, where the newer alluvium deposited in the form of floodplains of Yamuna River shows the sediments ranging in texture from clay/silt mixed with tiny mica flakes to medium/coarse sand and gravel. On the other hand, older alluvium comprises the sediments that deposited during past cycles of sedimentation of Pleistocene age and spread extensively in the alluvial plains of the territory. Sediments of older alluvium are predominantly comprised of clay in form of inter bedded, lenticular and inter-fingering deposits, silt and sand ranging in size from very fine to very coarse with occasional gravels in major parts of territory except the nearly closed alluvial basin of Chattarpur where the alluvial formation is derived from the weathered quartzites rocks [1]. Major sources of fresh groundwater in the region are mainly concentrated within the quaternary alluvial formations (Yamuna river floodplains) in the form of hydrogeological reservoirs (silty-sandy sediments). The permeability varies from 0.5 to 8m/day and transmissivity from 10 to 100 m2/ day. The hydraulic gradient is approximately 1.3 Km/m to 2.0 Km/m [4, 5]. 3. METHODOLOGY A three stage approach was adopted to meet the goals of the present work. In the first stage, major geomorphic features, river courses and palaeochannels were mapped by using toposheets and IRS 1C LISS III digital imageries. The river courses for years 1807, 1952 and 1980 were digitized from the toposheets compiled from Survey of India while same for years 1990, 2007 and 2014 were performed over IRS 1C LISS III imageries and Google Earth images. At the second stage, the identification of the river migration plains, migration paths and shifting directions were mapped for years 1990 and 2007 to understand river dynamics and degree of freedom for sprawling of the river in the current and future scenario. The reason behind making the comparison upto year 2007 is that henceforth there started a rapid encroachment over the Yamuna River floodplains leaving no space for river to migrate naturally towards its levees. This was achieved by superimposing the toposheets of years 1990 and 2007 with the satellite images of the same to avoid erroneous mapping. Finally at the third stage, the encroachment of the urbanization over the floodplains or boundaries of floodplains were mapped through digitization techniques on IRS 1C LISS III imageries and Google Earth images, which has marked the distinction between the older and the active floodplains. 4. TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE COURSES AND DELINEATION OF THE FLOODPLAINS OF YAMUNA RIVER
In the natural domain, rivers have tendency to migrate along their floodplains under favorable conditions, i.e., high discharge, availability of free space, regional slope, eroding agents, natural levees, extensive floodplains and a thick alluvium. In river growing stages whenever the natural boundary conditions are violated, rivers start to behave unpredictably in terms of maintaining discharge, sediment load, course shifting, flowing conditions and seasonal flooding. Here we present a similar example of the Yamuna River stretch within Delhi region, where this river has been continuously barricaded from flowing naturally. Yamuna
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River enters into Delhi State near Palla Village on the northern-most end where it traverses a straight distance of about 41 Kms upto its exit near Badarpur at the southern- most end. The river water maintains a reasonably good quality from its origin point upto Wazirabad in Delhi (a stretch of about 396 kms). However 80 percent of the pollution in Yamuna's 1375 kms stretches is equivalent to that of its 22 kms stretch (1.6 percent stretch) from Wazirabad barrage and the Okhla barrage. Thus, in its 22 kms stretch through Delhi, discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater through 16 drains between the Wazirabad barrage and the Okhla barrage, renders the mighty and sacred river into a sewage drain [7, 9]. The detailed observations of the satellite images and toposheets have been carried out to determine the relative shift of the channel and meander loops in terms of distance and direction in general to understand the dynamic behavior of the Yamuna River. Morphology of Yamuna River has changed through the last few decades due to onset of the rapidly growing land use / land cover of the region. Due to commence of heavy urbanization within Delhi in last few decades, floodplain areas have been extensively used for the settlements. The Yamuna River has shown temporal variations both in channel position and geometry since the onset of 19th century. Fig -2: Geomorphic Map of Delhi Region with main emphasis on the areas along the Yamuna River floodplains, prepared by superimposing toposheets and satellite images. Map shows only major geomorphic features in the region and Yamuna River course and the floodplains represent the 2007-2008 scenario.
4.1 Window-1 (Temporal Changes 1990 – 2007)
Window-1 shows wide migration of about 1.2 Km of river towards eastern side before entering into Delhi State which has ultimately reshaped its prominent meander into a straight course. On crossing the borderline, river regained a shallow meander through bending its course towards Palla on the western side. River also performed the channel cutting along its meanders as shown by the dotted black curved lines within the channel. On descending towards Abdulpur, river remains more or less within its previous course however developed a sharp meander from a shallow meander through narrowing its course. Also in this section, river performed the channel cutting along its meanders as shown by the dotted black curved lines within and outside the channel that generally results in the palaeochannels after the shifting of river. On moving below near Muhammadpur, river has shown omission of a sharp meander and formation of the straight course through migrating about 0.3 Kms towards eastern side; however it has ultimately given rise to a large meander in its lower reaches. Towards the end of this meander near Nawada, river has shifted the notch of its next meander about 0.2 Km in the south-east direction. Along the point bar of this meander, a palaeochannel indicated by the dotted black line has formed due to river migration towards the eastern side. At the bottom-most part of this window, river has shifted about 0.5 Km towards Sabhaypur on the eastern side borderline (Figure 2 & 3). Fig -3: Window-1 showing the upper one-third part of the Yamuna River basin. Comparative scenario of river courses, migration plains, migration path and directions during 1990 to 2007 is mapped using satellite images and toposheets. Shaded area shows river migration plain in the current scenario.
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4.2 Window-2 (Temporal Changes 1990 – 2007) Window-2 starts with the mid-point of the meanders last marked in the Window-1, where it shows the similar trend of migration on the eastern side. However the river section between Jagatpur, Wazirpur and Sonia Vihar shows the juxtaposed meanders of similar patterns developed during 1990 and 2007. Previously existing straight course near Wazirpur has curved down into a meander by shifting about 0.2 Km towards Sonia Vihar. Along this portion, a few palaeochannels have resulted due to shifting of the river. This meander passes through Wazirpur Barrage and at the bottom of the meander; Nagloi and Najafgarh drains join the Yamuna River above Majnu ka Tila. River doesn’t mark any noticeable change except a slight lateral displacement in its course from Majnu ka Tila upto the lower reaches of Seelampur. Towards Raj Ghat area, river has deflected to originate a minor channel through cutting the meander which deciphers the traces of the western flank of the river course however it should not necessarily be subjected to the migration of river. Formation of a sharp meander can take place towards Shastri Nagar on the eastern side in the near future at this part. At the bottom-most part of this window both the courses seem to flow congruently (Figure 2 & 4). Fig -4: Window-2 showing the middle one-third part of the Yamuna River basin. Comparative scenario of river courses, migration plains, migration path and directions during 1990 to 2007 is mapped using satellite images and toposheets. Shaded area shows river migration plain in the current scenario.
4.3 Window-3 (Temporal Changes 1990 – 2007)
Window-3 starts with the congruently flowing courses last marked in the Window-2 forming a large meander and flowing through Indraprastha upto the lower reaches of Trilokpuri area. These congruent courses do not mark significant changes within its migration plain but contains traces of the palaeochannels. This window covers the remaining part of an important stretch of the Yamuna River, i.e. from Wazirabad barrage to Okhla barrage which is the most polluted amongst all due to being drained from the heavily urbanized area. Especially in this window river finds itself completely trapped on both the flanks, therefore the river has lost its effective migration plain and forcefully maintaining its straight course. After 1990 a rapid increase in the urbanization in and around Okhla area has affected the western meanders of the river due to which its course has constricted to flow straight at a distance of 0.3 Kms. Traces of the channel cut-offs, meander cut-offs and palaeochannels are left out along this section. In the lower parts of this window, river course passes along Jasaula, Sarita Vihar and Badarpur where it favors to flow congruently with the previous courses, however satellite images show that it is gradually migrating towards Badarpur on the western side (Figure 2 & 5). Fig -5: Window-3 showing the lower one-third part of the Yamuna River basin. Comparative scenario of river courses, migration plains, migration path and directions during 1990 to 2007 is mapped using satellite images and toposheets. Shaded area shows river migration plain in the current scenario.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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4.4 Encroachment over Yamuna River Floodplain (1807 – 2014) In the beginning of 19th century, Yamuna river used to flow just on the eastern side of Narela and Wazirabad that is witnessed by the prominent palaeochannels, meander cut offs, terrace markers, older floodplains and river migration/shifting plains. The floodplains marked by the black dotted line corresponding to 1807 river course is on the basis of a probabilistic approach for the periods of peak seasonal flooding. Therefore the floodplain boundaries marked in these figures are actually the maximum possible extents of floodplain corresponding to a particular course and period. Similarly red and green dotted lines represent the extent of the floodplains for 1952 and 1980 river courses respectively. By superimposing the river courses during this period their temporal and spatial variations are well justified (Figure 6). The period from 1807 – 1980 shows a gradual rate of encroachment over the Yamuna river floodplain when compared to period from 1980 – 2014, which shows a rapid incursion of the urbanization over the floodplains. Fig -6: Map showing the temporal changes in the river courses and maximum possible extents of the associated floodplains for years 1807, 1952 and 1980; digitized from the toposheets compiled from Survey of India. River courses from year 1807 - 1980 are adopted from reference [8]. Fig -7: Map showing the temporal changes in the Yamuna river courses for years 1990, 2007, 2014 and maximum possible/ visible extents of the associated floodplains for years 1807, 1952, 1980, 1990, 2007 and 2014; digitized from the toposheets compiled from Survey of India, IRS 1C LISS III imageries and Google Earth images. The topographic maps and the satellite images of Delhi region from 1980 to 2014 indicate temporal variation in channel geometry and the position of the Yamuna River, which have been well explained with reference to river migration plains in the previous sections. In figure 7, the temporal and spatial variations of the river courses and their corresponding floodplain boundaries are well illustrated. Encroachment over the floodplains or in other terms the available active floodplains during the years 1990, 2007 and 2014 are marked by the brown, pink and blue dotted lines respectively. Here it is easily observable that after 1980 the remaining floodplain areas were rapidly occupied by the settlements, civic structures, roads, bridges, flyovers, playgrounds and metro stations upto the present time. Due to non availability of the floodplain in the present scenario, the excess discharge in the river during seasonal rainfall or by other means would not be able to spill over the levees and get wasted by flowing downstream through its channel. Thus the largest reservoir of the fresh groundwater underneath the floodplains would not be recharged through infiltration during the period of flooding, as flooding is the most efficient natural process for recharging the aquifers. Unplanned land-use and increasing urbanization in the periphery of the Yamuna River floodplains is a curse for Delhi region because of two major reasons (a) Delhi doesn’t have any better options for obtaining groundwater except the floodplain areas (b) Due to increased urbanization, aquifer neither can be recharged through the floodplains during the flooding nor through run-off during the rainy seasons.
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Under such circumstances, people shall remain totally dependent on the remaining aquifer resources until unless it starts providing saline water. Over-exploitation (over- pumping) to fulfill such a huge requirement of Delhi region will further worsen the conditions. Groundwater table has been already depleted upto a greater extent in most of the districts of Delhi. According to a comparative study on groundwater levels in Delhi, the southern regions show effective depletions; water level which was at 20 to 30m below ground level in 1960 has gone down to 30 to 45 meters below ground water level in 2002 [1, 13]. As a consequence, south and south west districts of Delhi have acquired continuously dropping deeper water levels. As per CGWB data, nearly 50% wells of south district shows depth to water level more than 40 meters below ground level and nearly 35% wells show depth to water level in the range of 20 to 40 meters below ground level [2, 3, 5]. Decadal pre- monsoon water level data has suggested that nearly 95% monitoring stations shows decline in water level in the range of 0.08 to more than 20 meters as compared with 10 year mean of May water level. Thus water level studies from all the major blocks concludes that the maximum fall has taken place in the South and South-West districts, where the decline of more than 20 m has been observed in Mehrauli block [5, 6, 7, 11]. A serious concern to the capital is that the groundwater level is depleting continuously in all the regions except along the Yamuna river basin. Groundwater level is depleting with rates varying between 1 to 4m per annum. In few pockets in the district, the rate of decline has been recorded to be 3 to 4m per annum, which is really an alarming condition for Delhi [1]. 5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS
India’s capital Delhi has been encompassed serious problems due to scarcity of groundwater. The recharge zones are very limited and that too not having any effective enriching source except the annual rainfall and the Yamuna River. The most valuable recharge zone is the floodplain of the Yamuna River but unfortunately it has been extensively used for the settlements/ urbanization and thus squeezed up leaving a paltrier area for recharging groundwater reservoirs. Since 19th century, continuous encroachment over the floodplains of the Yamuna River has resulted into the constriction of the most suitable recharge zone of the capital. The water level in the Yamuna River remains usually low throughout the year except in the rainy season due to which the recovery periods for the groundwater aquifers are very long in comparison to a high pumping (discharge) rate. As a consequence, Over-exploitation (Over-pumping) of groundwater especially over the occupied floodplains caused the compaction of the underlying sediments that has been resulted into ground subsidence at many places due to collapse of the groundwater reservoirs or aquifer disposition. Aquifers have already exhausted in terms of water storage. In spite of depletion known to everybody, no remedial measures to increase groundwater storage are taken, rather many parks and open lands have become sites of concretization. Thus the overall sequence in hydrologic cycle has failed, which is really a calamity. We are dependent on the water supply from the neighboring states in Delhi and this supply depends upon give and take relationships. Geomorphologically the floodplain is the only expectation for the present needs of groundwater for Delhi region. Floodplain is the resort for the fresh groundwater within the shallow aquifers.
Scope of fresh water availability left only with the shallow aquifers has already drastically reduced due to over- exploitation. An unplanned installation of numerous tube wells has also resulted in the heavy overdraft and overdeveloped shallow groundwater resources. Fast urbanization and developing agricultural practices have further led stress on deeper aquifers with brackish water. Availability of fresh water can only be expected in shallow water aquifers gets recharge over a vast area during occasional floods. Farmers in the area pray for the flood in the Yamuna River for accentuating the groundwater situation in the region for several years. All these situations warrant a careful hydrogeological study of the area in order to delineate and exploit the fresh groundwater aquifers. Since the area comes under the catchment of Yamuna River, identifying and delineating features such as older and active floodplain, palaeochannels and meandering channels etc. are essential in terms of hydrogeological evaluation. No systematic study is available on relation of Yamuna drainage system to the disposition of shallow fresh water aquifers in the area. Further there has not been substantial thinking on the lines of finding remedial measures to the water depleting situation. Thus the present study provides a better hydrogeologic picture by delineating the floodplains of the Yamuna River since 19th century, that can further direct towards the sustainable groundwater augmentation and management practices in the area. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my deepest sense of gratitude to my supervisor (Late) Prof. V.N.Bajpai for providing me excellent guidance in accomplishing the present work. I extend my sincere thanks to his wife Ila Bajpai for helping me in preparation of this work. I am also grateful to Dr. L.K. Sinha of DTRL, Delhi for providing me the satellite data for my study and training on Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. REFERENCES [1]. CGWB (2002).Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Ground Water in India, CGWB, p.115. [2]. CGWB (2006) Ground water resources of National Capital Territory, Delhi. Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi. [3]. CGWB (2006) Hydrogeological framework and ground water management plan of NCT Delhi. Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi. [4]. CGWB (2008) Ground Water Potential of the Yamuna Flood Plain, NCT, Delhi, Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi. [5]. NTPC (2010) Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Badarpur Combined Cycle Power Project, Document No.: 1530/999/GEG/S/001.
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[6]. CGWB (2012) Ground Water Year Book, National Capital Territory, Delhi, Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi. [7]. Bajpai, V.N. and Prabhakar, C.P. (1993) Overexploitation of aquifers in the vicinity of the river Yamuna:A case study from a part of Delhi region. Nat. Sem. Hydrological Hazards Prevention & Mitigation, Roorkee (India), pp.8.11-8.18. [8]. Kaul B.L. and Pandit M.K., (2004) Morphotectonic Evaluation of the Delhi Region in Northern India, and its Significance in Environmental Management, Environmental Geology 46, pp.1118-1122 Nat. Sci. Acad. 77(1) 31–49. [9] Ruzbeh N. Bharucha, A Book on "Yamuna Gently Weeps". [10]. Bajpai, V. N., Saha Roy, T. K. and Tandon, S. K. (2001) Hydro-geomorphic mapping on satellite images for decipher ingregional aquifer distribution: case study from Luni riverbasin, Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India; Proceedings - Inter-national Conference on regional aquifer systems in aridzones - managing non-renewable resources. Tripoli, Libya, 20-24 November 1999, pp. 45-58. [11]. Bajpai, V.N. and Mahanta, C. (2003) Hydrogeomorphic classification of the terrain in relation to the aquifer disposition: a case study from Gurgaon-Sohna region, Haryana. Jour.Geol.Soc.India, Vol. 67; pp. 127-152 [12]. Bajpai (2011) Hydrogeological studies in the National Capital Territory of Delhi with reference to land use pattern and effective groundwater management. [13]. CGWB (2013) Ground Water Level Scenario in India (Pre Monsoon -2013), Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi. BIOGRAPHIES
Afzal Khan, I have done M.Sc in Hydrogeology and Remote Sensing under the guidance of (Late) Prof. V N Bajpai at Department of Geology, University of Delhi. Then I completed M.Tech and now pursuing Ph.D from IIT Kanpur. Due to sudden demise of Prof. V N Bajpai, I completed this work to make it available for publication.
(Late) Prof. V N Bajpai, Prof. Bajpai was a Professor of Hydrogeology and Remote Sensing at Department of Geology, North
Campus, University of Delhi. He has published number of quality papers in his field. His work has been recognized and appreciated at the international levels. He has left us in 2014.