Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
watershed management by remote sensing
PPT contains basic remote sensing, need, and objective,concept of watershed management, benefits,application and conclusion.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
Groundwater Potential Zone Identification of Karwi Area, Mandakini River Basi...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
watershed management by remote sensing
PPT contains basic remote sensing, need, and objective,concept of watershed management, benefits,application and conclusion.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
Groundwater Potential Zone Identification of Karwi Area, Mandakini River Basi...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hydrochemical studies for sustainable water resources of semi arid climatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
https://waterpartnership.org.au/hydrogeology-of-the-dry-zone-central-myanmar-published/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/publications/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Hydrogeology-of-the-Dry-Zone-Central-Myanmar-Summary.pdf
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone – Central Myanmar, is a major study by Dr Leonard Drury, prepared with assistance from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI). The study revises and updates hydrogeological surveys and a drilling program begun in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. It represents an understanding of the groundwater resources of the Dry Zone based on decades of experience from hydrogeologists from Myanmar and Dr Drury’s extensive international experience (read full summary).
Download Book: Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar 118mb
Acknowledgements
This report has been prepared by Dr Len Drury, Aqua Rock Konsultants, with assistance from the Groundwater Division, Irrigation
and Water Utilization Management Department (IWUMD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI).
The figures and maps were digitised by International Centre Environmental Management (ICEM). The text was peer reviewed by
the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
The author is grateful to colleagues (active and retired) from the Rural Water Supply Division (RWSD) of the Agricultural
Mechanisation Department (AMD) and IWUMD, other government departments, universities, city and township development
committees, Non-Government Organisations, and consulting companies who readily provided their hydrogeological reports
and databases. Special thanks to Deputy Director General U Tin Maung Aye Htoo, Director U Htay Lwin, and Assistant Director
U Than Zaw (IWUMD) whose professionalism and enthusiasm was outstanding; and U Myint Thein, Hydrogeological Advisor
to the National Water Resources Committee (NWRC) – Advisory Group, who facilitated meetings and gave valuable input.
Research Interests: Hydrogeology, Myanmar, Dry Zone, and central myanmar
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT - INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION, CONCEPTS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT, OBJECTIVES, INTEGRATED AND MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES, CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Assalam U Alikum.
I hope you all fine.
In these slides we shortly discuss watershed management its objectives, principles, advantages, disadvantages and more stuff like this.
Enjoy my these slides & I will share another slides soon.
Jazak Allah Khair.
Assalam U Alikum.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Hydrochemical studies for sustainable water resources of semi arid climatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
https://waterpartnership.org.au/hydrogeology-of-the-dry-zone-central-myanmar-published/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/publications/
https://waterpartnership.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Hydrogeology-of-the-Dry-Zone-Central-Myanmar-Summary.pdf
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar
Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone – Central Myanmar, is a major study by Dr Leonard Drury, prepared with assistance from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI). The study revises and updates hydrogeological surveys and a drilling program begun in the late 1970s to mid-1980s. It represents an understanding of the groundwater resources of the Dry Zone based on decades of experience from hydrogeologists from Myanmar and Dr Drury’s extensive international experience (read full summary).
Download Book: Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone, Central Myanmar 118mb
Acknowledgements
This report has been prepared by Dr Len Drury, Aqua Rock Konsultants, with assistance from the Groundwater Division, Irrigation
and Water Utilization Management Department (IWUMD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI).
The figures and maps were digitised by International Centre Environmental Management (ICEM). The text was peer reviewed by
the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
The author is grateful to colleagues (active and retired) from the Rural Water Supply Division (RWSD) of the Agricultural
Mechanisation Department (AMD) and IWUMD, other government departments, universities, city and township development
committees, Non-Government Organisations, and consulting companies who readily provided their hydrogeological reports
and databases. Special thanks to Deputy Director General U Tin Maung Aye Htoo, Director U Htay Lwin, and Assistant Director
U Than Zaw (IWUMD) whose professionalism and enthusiasm was outstanding; and U Myint Thein, Hydrogeological Advisor
to the National Water Resources Committee (NWRC) – Advisory Group, who facilitated meetings and gave valuable input.
Research Interests: Hydrogeology, Myanmar, Dry Zone, and central myanmar
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT - INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION, CONCEPTS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT, OBJECTIVES, INTEGRATED AND MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES, CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Assalam U Alikum.
I hope you all fine.
In these slides we shortly discuss watershed management its objectives, principles, advantages, disadvantages and more stuff like this.
Enjoy my these slides & I will share another slides soon.
Jazak Allah Khair.
Assalam U Alikum.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones plays a vital role in sustainable management of groundwater resources. The present study is carried out to identify the groundwater potential recharge zones in Multan, Pakistan by using Remote Sensing (RS) & Geographical Information System (GIS) for augmenting groundwater resources. In Multan district (Punjab, Pakistan), the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional ground water resources. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change is an accelerating phenomenon on the surface of earth driven by anthropogenic activities including urban expansion, deforestation, and climatic variations. Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of water table as well as its quality. Better management practices and artificial recharge are needed for the development of sustainable groundwater resources. In order to address these issues Geographic information system (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) are the most efficient methods for the identification and detection of Land Use patterns. All of these techniques are used for mapping and identification of groundwater potential analysis. This groundwater potential information will be useful for the effective identification of appropriate locations for extraction of water. This study should be done to delineate groundwater potential recharge zones by using different thematic layers that were overlaid in ArcGIS. In the overlay analysis, the weights (for various thematic layers) are allocated based on a review of published literature or by expert opinion. The assigned weights are then normalized and modified using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The potential recharge map thus obtained and divided into four zones (poor, moderate, good, and very good) based on their influence to groundwater recharge.
Assesment of groundwater_potential_zones_for_bruhat_bangalore_mahanagara_pali...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
Groundwater is an important natural resource in present day, but of limited use due to frequent failures in monsoon, undependable surface water, and rapid urbanization and industrialization have created a major threat to this valuable resource. The present work is an attempt to integrate RS and GIS based analysis and methodology in groundwater potential zone identification in the BBMP study area with an aerial extent of 715.95 km2. By Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9° 0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339 sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in the Vaippar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine the geological and non-geological source of contamination. An overall hydrogeochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values reveals that most of the groundwater samples collected from the study area are suitable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
Investigation of groundwater flow direction using Geospatial technology: A ca...AI Publications
A geospatial technique was used in some parts of the Port Harcourt metropolis to establish the direction of groundwater movement. This method included the use of twelve carefully selected boreholes and a variety of cutting-edge tools, such as depth meters, handheld GPS, and measuring tape. The static water level in the boreholes and the ground surface elevation in relation to the average sea level of the region were two of the variables that were gathered. High-end software was used to analyze the data in order to create groundwater flow direction maps and 3D visualizations for displaying the whole research region based on the fluctuation in static water levels. This software included Microsoft Excel, ArcGIS 10.4, and ArcScene 10.4. Afterward, the main and minor flow directions were identified. The results showed that groundwater in the area moves from the north to the south, with group 4 having the largest hydraulic gradient and group 1 coming in second. On the other hand, groups 3 and 2 had the lowest hydraulic gradient. The main factors influencing groundwater flow were determined to be gravity and external pressure brought on by pumping. The research region's southern regions are more vulnerable to groundwater pollution, which may result from zones with higher hydraulic heads, according to the flow pattern in the aquifer system. As a result, it is advised that residential boreholes and municipal water wells be located on the study area's northern sides, whereas sanitary landfills and garbage sites should only be located in the southwest.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
STUDY OF GROUND WATER QUALITY OF ARSIKERE TOWN AND SURROUNDING AREAS, HASSAN,...Journal For Research
Water, which occurs below the water table, is referred to as groundwater. Ground water is usually cool, colourless and free from turbidity. Ground water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities all over the world. In the last few decades, there has been tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid growth of population and accelerated pace of industrialization (Devi and Premkumar, 2012) which has resulted in the deterioration of quality of groundwater. Since the quality of public health depends to a greater extent on the quality of drinking water, it is incumbent that detailed information about the quality of water be systematically collected and monitored regularly through research and scientific way for sustainable development. Determination of physico-chemical parameters of water is essential for assessing the suitability of groundwater for various purposes like drinking, domestic, industrial and irrigation. The ground water quality may also vary with seasonal changes and is primarily governed by the extent and composition of dissolved solids. In view of the above aspects, the ground water pollution studies of Arsikere town and its surrounding areas is more important. In addition to the anthropogenic activities, the availability of potable water resources is being deteriorated by agricultural activities and over exploitation. Hence, it needs the study on the status of ground water quality in Arsikere.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
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productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
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Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
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Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
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A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
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Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
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edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
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Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
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(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
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exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
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Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
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along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
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Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
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distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
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paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
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In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 3 (March 2014), PP.55-66
55
Spatial Interpolation Technique For Groundwater Quality
Assessment Of District Anantnag J&K
Muzafar N. Teli1
, Nisar A. Kuchhay1
, Manzoor A. Rather 1
,
Umar Firdous Ahmad2
, Muzaffar A. Malla2
, Mudasir A. Dada 2
1, 2,
State Remote Sensing Centre J&K Government
Abstract:- Groundwater is used for a variety of purposes, including irrigation, industrial, drinking, and
manufacturing. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater is an important because the physical and
chemical characteristics of groundwater determine its suitability for agricultural, industrial and domestic usages.
Geographic information system (GIS) is an efficient and effective tool in solving problems where spatial data
are important. Geographical Information System (GIS) can be an effective and powerful tool for mapping,
monitoring, modelling and assessing water quality, detecting environmental change, determining water
availability, preventing flooding and managing water re-sources on a local or regional scale. In the present study
an attempt has been made to study the Spatial variations in ground water quality in the four tehsils namely
Anantnag, Bijbehara, Dooru and Kulgam of Anantnag district of South Kashmir. For achieving this spatial
interpolation technique namely Inverse Distance Weighed (IDW) has been put to use to estimate the spatial
distribution of the ground water quality parameters. In the present study, water samples were collected from 92
locations. The water samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameters like pH, TH, Ca, Mg, Fe, F, SO4,
NO3, K, Cl and Na using standard techniques in the laboratory by the Department of Public Health Engineering
Srinagar (PHE) and Central Groundwater Board Jammu (CGWB) and compared with the standards. The ground
water quality information maps of the entire study area have been prepared using GIS spatial interpolation
techniques for all the above parameters. The results obtained in the study and the spatial database established in
GIS will be helpful for monitoring and managing ground water pollution in the study area. Mapping was coded
for Potable with Desirable Limits, Potable with Permissible Limits and Non-potable in terms of water quality as
per the BIS standards for water quality. The study holds significance keeping in view the pollution in ground
water sources of the study area and will be helpful in pin-pointing the areas were this pollution has reached to
the level which is not only harmful for living humans but as well as for animals.
Keywords:- IDW, Interpolation, Groundwater, GIS
I. INTRODUCTION
The continuous circulation of water between ocean, atmosphere, and land is called the hydrologic cycle.
The hydrologic cycle can be viewed as a major machine on the planet, controlling distribution of water on the
earth. Groundwater is one of the major links in the hydrologic cycle. Groundwater forms the invisible,
subsurface part of natural hydrological cycle. Inflow to the hydrologic system arrives as precipitation, in the
form of rainfall or snowmelt. Outflow takes place as stream flow or runoff and as evapo-transpiration, a
combination of evaporation from bodies of water, evaporation from soil surfaces, and transpiration is delivered
to streams both on the land surface, as overland flow tributary channels; and by subsurface flow routes, as inter
flow and base flow following infiltration into the soil (Freeze & Cherry, 1979).
Excluding the freshwater that is locked up in the form of polar ice caps and glaciers, about 97 percent
of the world‘s freshwater exist in aquifers. Although humans have long known that much water is contained
underground, but it is only in the recent decades that scientists and engineers have learned to estimate how much
groundwater is stored underground and its vast potential (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], 1999). In India, most
of the population is dependent on groundwater as the only source of drinking water supply (NIUA, 2005;
Mahmood and Kundu, 2005; Phansalkar et al., 2005). Groundwater is water that is found under-ground in the
cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. Groundwater is stored in--and moves slowly through layers of soil,
sand and rocks called aquifers. Aquifers typically consist of gravel, sand, sandstone, or fractured rock, like
limestone. These materials are permeable because they have large connected spaces that allow water to flow
through. The depth of the water table below the surface varies depending on topography and climate. In humid
or semiarid areas, the water table is usually anywhere from 0 to 50 feet below ground surface. In some desert
environments, the water table may be hundreds of feet below the surface
The present study has been carried out in district Anantnag. Using the available physio-chemical data
of 92 locations (Fig.2) of the various tehsils of district anantnag, in additions to this data ancillary data was
collected from respected field departments and agencies. The ancillary data which was collected from the field
2. Spatial Interpolation Technique For Groundwater Quality Assessment Of District Anantnag J&K
56
agencies were assigned GPS coordinates in the excel. Further analysis of the data was done using the various
spatial interpolation techniques viz: IDW interpolation in GIS environment using the Arc Map software. The
results gave the detailed water quality map of the district as well as analysed the various physio-chemical
properties and their influence on the ground water of the district. The study holds significance keeping in view
the continuing deteriorating state of water quality in the district.
II. STUDY AREA
Anantnag district is southernmost district of Kashmir valley separated from the Jammu Province by the
mighty Pir- Panjal Range & connects both the regions by the famous Jawahar Tunnel. The district with its
headquarters at Anantnag forms the southern part of Kashmir valley and is located between 33o
17'20'' and
34o
15'30'' North latitude and between 74o
30'15'' and 74o
35'00'' East longitude.
The district is also famous for Holy Amarnath Cave situated in Pahalgam tehsil where Lacs of pilgrims
visit every year from all over the country. A Kashmiri Muslim family discovered the cave.
The district has a total geographical area of 3,984 sq km, comprising of 605 villages (605 inhabited).
Administratively, the district is divided into 05 tehsils (Anantnag, Kulgam, Bijbehra, Pahalgam & Dooru) and
12 blocks (Achabal, Breng, Dachnipora, D. H. Pora, Kulgam, Khovripora, Qazigund, Qaimoh, Shahabad,
Shangus, Devsar & Pahloo).
As per 2001 census, the district has a population of 11,70,013 persons with density of population 294
persons per sq. km. The male and female population in the district is 6,08,640 and 5,61,373 respectively with a
male/female sex ratio of 922.
The main source of irrigation is canals and an area of 73,582 hectares is brought under irrigation by
various sources like canals, tanks, wells and other sources. A sizeable part of the cultivated area of the district is
not having the assured irrigation facilities and the agriculturists have to depend on the vagaries of weather.
Central Ground Water Board has carried out extensive hydro geological studies both by conventional and non-
conventional methods in the district. Under Ground Water Exploration, 15 exploratory wells have been drilled
ranging in depth from 19.50 m to 300.29 m. CGWB monitored 10 NHS, which were regularly monitored up to
the year 1989 where ground water levels, fluctuations and quality were monitored.
The climate of the district is Temperate cum Mediterranean type. In the higher reaches the temperature
remains cold throughout the year. Average minimum and maximum temperature varies from –11°C to 33°C.
The district forms part of the Jhelum sub basin of Indus basin. River Jhelum is the major river, originating at the
place Verinag, with its tributaries viz., Lidder, Vishav, and Sandarn Rivers drains the area. Soil is poor in hilly
areas and fertile in plain areas. Productivity in higher ranges is poor while in central regions is fertile. The rock
formations underlying the district range in age from Cambrian to Quaternary
Hydro-geologically, the district is divided into two distinct and well-defined aquifer systems, viz., hard
rock or fissured aquifer constituted mainly by semi-consolidated to consolidated rock units and soft sedimentary
or porous aquifer constituted mainly by unconsolidated sediments. The fissured formation includes the semi-
consolidated to consolidated rock formations exposed in the district are igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
origin. These forms low and high hill ranges throughout the district. Fractured and jointed igneous, metamorphic
rocks and the scree/talus deposits in the foothills form low to moderate potential aquifers with poor to moderate
yields. Occurrence and movement of the ground water is mainly controlled by secondary porosity originated due
to fracturing and faulting and related tectonic disturbances and weathering. Ground water oozes in the form of
springs, seepages in the hilly areas and is utilizing for domestic purposes. There are numerous springs in the
district generally concentrated along the contact zones and also in the hilly area. At some places shallow hand
pumps and tube wells are constructed for ground water development. The yield of the shallow tube wells and
hand pumps constructed along these secondary porous zones varies from 0.5 to 3.0 lps. The study area is shown
in Fig.1.
Fig. 1: Location of the study area
3. Spatial Interpolation Technique For Groundwater Quality Assessment Of District Anantnag J&K
57
Fig.2: Distribution of Ground water points
III. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
In order to carry out the research the groundwater ancillary data containing various water quality
parameters such as pH, and other physio-chemical parameters like concentration of Na, Fe, SO4, NO3 etc were
collected from the department of the Public Health Engineering Srinagar and central groundwater board Jammu.
Later field work to various locations was organised to collect the co-ordinates (lat/long) of the locations of the
ancillary data, with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) pertaining to the water quality parameters
collected from the two respective departments.
The further step was to digitized groundwater ancillary data using the MS Excel and assigning of GPS
locations to each points which was otherwise without locations for the creation of the database Then the
groundwater ancillary data and the spatial data (co-ordinates) which were collected with the help of GPS were
joined in the ArcGIS 9.2 software After linking the spatial and non-spatial data the groundwater quality point
layer was generated for further analysis. Later on the other analysis was carried out using the IDW (Inverse
Distance Weighted) Interpolation in Geographic information system environment using the Arc Map soft-ware.
Interpolation creates a continuous (or prediction) surface from sampled point values. The continuous surface
representation of a raster dataset represents height, concentration, or magnitude—for example, elevation,
pollution, or noise. Interpolation makes predictions from sample measurements for all locations in a raster
dataset whether or not a measurement has been taken at the location. In the present data analysis we used IDW
(Inverse distance weighted) interpolation technique. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) is a method of
interpolation that estimates cell values by averaging the values of sample data points in the neighbourhood of
each processing cell. The closer a point is to the center of the cell being estimated, the more influence, or weight;
it has in the averaging process, the overall methodology adopted is shown in Fig.3 below.
Fig.3: Methodology
4. Spatial Interpolation Technique For Groundwater Quality Assessment Of District Anantnag J&K
58
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The interpolation technique viz; IDW, was chosen for studying the influence of each and every physio-
chemical property of the ground water in the district Anantnag and accordingly the maps generated shows the
amount of these parameters present in the ground water, and the results showed the allowable limits of these
parameters as per the BIS (bureau of Indian standards) the maps of the following physio-chemical properties
were generated using these interpolation techniques:
1. pH.
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+]. Every aqueous solution can be
measured to determine its pH value. This value ranges from 0 to 14 pH. Values below 7 pH exhibit acidic
properties. Values above 7 pH exhibit basic (also known as caustic or alkaline) properties. Since 7 pH is the
center of the measurement Scale, it is neither acidic nor basic and is, therefore, called "neutral."
In the study area the pH ranges from 6.2 to 8.9. When inverse distance weighted interpolation technique was
applied to generate the map of pH, it was found that Sond village of Anantnag tehsil has the highest pH with
8.3pH, which as per BIS standards the water exceeds the permissible limits. The generated map is show in Fig.4
below.
2. TH
Total Hardness of water is primarily the amount of calcium and magnesium, and to a lesser extent, iron
in the water. Water hardness is measured by adding up the concentrations of calcium, magnesium and
converting this value to an equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in milligrams per litre (mg/L)
of water. Water hardness in most groundwater is naturally occurring from weathering of limestone, sedimentary
rock and calcium bearing minerals. Hardness can also occur locally in groundwater from chemical and mining
industry effluent or excessive application of lime to the soil in agricultural areas.
In the study area the total hardness was found ranging from 14 to 610. The following map Fig.5 generated from
IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation) results show that the total hardness ranges from 14 to 610 .The
highest value of total hardness 610 was found at the Katriteng in the Bijbehara tehsil. As per the BIS water
quality standards the value exceeds the permissible limits.
Fig. 4: pH Map
Fig. 5: Total Hardness Map
5. Spatial Interpolation Technique For Groundwater Quality Assessment Of District Anantnag J&K
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3. Sulphates
Sulphates (SO4) can be found in almost all natural water. The origin of most sulphate compounds is the
oxidation of sulfite ores, the presence of shales, or the industrial wastes. The Principle source of sulphates in
groundwater is from evoporite minerals, gypsum and anhydrite. In the present study area the Sulphates
concentration ranges from the 0.01 to 104. Interpolation results for sulphates Fig.6.
The result shows that the Sulphates range from 0.01 to 102. The highest value 102 was found at the Bota
Tachloo in the Kulgam Tehsil. The concentration was under desirable limits. As per the BIS standards the
sulphates the sulphates range is under desirable limits.
4. Nitrates
Nitrate is a chemical compound of one part nitrogen and three parts oxygen (NO3). It is the most
common form of nitrogen found in water. Nitrate is usually introduced into groundwater through widespread or
diffuse sources, commonly called non-point sources, which can be hard to detect. These sources can include
leaching of chemical fertilizers leaching of animal manure, Groundwater pollution from septic and sewage
discharges. Though nitrate is considered relatively non-toxic, a high nitrate concentration in drinking water is an
environmental health concern because it can harm infants by reducing the ability of blood to transport oxygen.
In babies, especially those under six months old, methemoglobinemia, commonly called ―blue-baby syndrome‖
can result from oxygen deprivation caused by drinking water high in nitrate. Death can occur in extreme cases.
In the present study area the Nitrates ranges from the 0.1 to 20 Fig.7.
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Technique. The results show that the Nitrates range from the
0.1 to 20.As per the BIS standards the range is under desirable limits for the whole study area.
Fig.6: Total Sulphates Map
Fig. 7: Nitrates Distribution Map
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60
5. Iron.
Iron is a common constituent in soils and groundwater. It readily participates in subsurface redox
reactions and under some conditions can cause problems with groundwater remediation systems. Iron is
generally derived from minerals contained within the underlying bedrock. Limestone, shale, and coal which
often contain the iron-rich mineral pyrite, are large contributors of iron. Acidic rainwater releases iron ions into
solution. Iron-bearing groundwater is often noticeably orange in colour, causing discoloration of laundry, and
has an unpleasant taste, which is apparent in drinking and food preparation.
In the present study area the iron ranges from the 0.0001 to 7 Fig.8.
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Technique: The results show that total iron value ranges from the
0.0001 to 7. As per the BIS standards the iron has exceeded the Permissible limits in the following areas 7 in the
Damhal in the Dooru tehsil , 1.3 in Naushaher , 1.2 in Katriteng , 1.37 in the Thokerpora in the Bijbehara tehsil,
1.3, 1.6, and 3 in Lalan, Khandipher and Pushur in the Anantnag Tehsil.
6. Fluorides.
Fluoride is a chemical that occurs naturally within many types of rock. Fluoride is a naturally occurring
toxic mineral present in drinking water and causes yellowing of teeth, tooth problems etc. Fluoride can also
come from Runoff and infiltration of chemical fertilizers in agricultural areas, Septic and sewage treatment
system discharge in communities with fluoridated water supplies, Liquid waste from industrial sources.
In the present study area the Fluorides Ranges from 0.002 to 2.5 Fig.9.
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Technique. The results show that fluoride ranges from the
0.002 to 2.5. The highest value 2.5 was found at the Thokerpora in the Bijbehara tehsil. The rest of the study
area has the con-centration under the desirable limits.
Fig. 8: Iron Distribution Map
Fig.9: Fluorides Distribution Map
7. Spatial Interpolation Technique For Groundwater Quality Assessment Of District Anantnag J&K
61
7. Calcium.
Calcium the most natural substance of natural water is calcium, being dominant in most of the minerals.
Calcium is the fifth most abundant natural element, and magnesium the eighth. Both elements are present in all
natural waters. In natural waters its concentration ranges from 10- 100 mg/l depending upon the rock type.
Disposal of sewage and industrial wastes are important sources of calcium. At lower pH, calcium occurs as
soluble Ca(HCO3)2. Calcium may block the absorption of heavy metals in the body and is thought to increase
bone mass and prevent certain types of cancer. Very high concentrations of calcium may adversely affect the
absorption of other essential minerals in the body.
In the present study area the calcium ranges from the 0.1 to 127 Fig.10.
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Technique. The results show that calcium ranges from the 0.1 to 127.
The highest value 127 was found at the Rambelpur in the Anantnag tehsil. The whole study area has the
concentration of calcium under the desirable limits as per the BIS standards.
8. Chlorides.
Chloride (Cl) is one of the major inorganic anions in water and wastewater. The Cl content normally
increases as the mineral content increases. It is generally in the form of sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. In
many areas, the level of chlorides in natural waters is an important consideration in the selection of supplies for
domestic, industrial, agricultural use. Chloride‗s source in groundwater may be seawater, evaporates,
precipitation and atmosphere.
In the present study area the chlorides range from 0.03 to 184.3 Fig.11.
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Technique. The results show that chlorides range from the 0.03 to
184.3. The highest value 184.3 was found at the Soput in the Kulgam tehsil. As per the BIS Standards the whole
study area has the concentration of chlorides under the desirable limits.
Fig.10: Calcium Distribution Map
Fig.11: Chlorides Distribution Map
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9. Magnesium
All waters contain magnesium but in lesser concentration than calcium, sewage and industrial wastes
are important contributors of magnesium. Natural softening of water occurs during percolation through soil by
exchange with sodium ions. Like calcium, magnesium is also important element for human metabolism.
Magnesium is an essential element in cardiac and vascular functions, but in drinking water may have a laxative
effect, particularly with magnesium sulphate concentrations above 700 mg/l. However, the human body tends to
adapt to this laxative effect with time.
In the present study area the magnesium ranges from 0.1 to 75 Fig.12.
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Technique. The results show that magnesium ranges from the 0.1 to 75.
The highest value 75 was found at the Wopazan in the Bijbehara tehsil and Bota Tachloo having the value 36.6.
As per the BIS standards the range exceeds the desirable limits and is under permissible limits. The rest of the
study area has the concentration of magnesium under desirable limits.
10. Sodium
It is also important naturally occurring cation in all waters but having lesser concentration than
magnesium and calcium, its major source is silicate weathering from various rocks. Sodium is the sixth most
abundant element on Earth and is widely distributed in soils, plants, water and foods. Most of the world has
significant deposits of sodium-containing minerals, most notably sodium chloride (salt). Sodium is an essential
nutrient and adequate levels of sodium are required for good health. However, too much sodium is one risk
factor for hypertension (high blood pressure). Other risk factors for hypertension include family history and
being overweight.
In the study area the sodium ranges from 0.001 to 53.6 Fig.13.
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Technique. The results show that the sodium ranges from the
0.001 to 53.6 .the highest value 53.6 was found in the Maliknag in the Anantnag tehsil. As per the BIS
standards the sodium range exceeds that the desirable limits. The rest of the study area has the concentration of
sodium under the desirable limits.
Fig.12: Magnesium Distribution Map
Fig.13: Sodium Distribution Map
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63
11. Potassium
Potassium is slightly less abundant than sodium and similar in behaviour to sodium. Potassium is an
important naturally occurring cation in all waters; it is added to the groundwater mainly by fertilizers and other
agricultural wastes. Potassium occurs in various minerals, from which it may be dissolved through weathering
processes. Examples are feldspars (orthoclase and microcline), which are however not very significant for
potassium compounds production, and chlorine minerals carnalite and sylvite, which are most favourable for
production purposes. Some clay minerals contain potassium. It ends up in seawater through natural processes,
where it mainly settles in sediments.
In the present study area the potassium ranges from the 0.0015 to 6.8 Fig.14.
Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Technique results show that potassium ranges from the 0.0015
to 6.8 .the highest values 6.8 was found at the Maliknag in the Anantnag tehsil. As per the BIS standards the
study area has the potassium range is under desirable limits.
By analysing and interpreting the above mentioned water quality parameters the results for the whole
study area were classified as per BIS standards into Portable water with desirable limits, Portable water with
Permissible limits and Non-Portable water, using the Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation
Fig.14: Potassium Distribution Map
Fig.15: Water Quality Map
The groundwater Quality maps prepared based on GIS inverse Distance Weighted technique is shown in the
Fig.15. The Quality zones are represented in terms of following zones:
• Potable with Desirable Limits
• Potable with permissible Limits
• Non- Potable
10. Spatial Interpolation Technique For Groundwater Quality Assessment Of District Anantnag J&K
64
V. CONCLUSIONS
Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural re-sources, which supports human health, economic
development and ecological diversity. Groundwater is a valuable dynamic and replenishable natural resource in
present day and limited in extent. GIS is one of the most important tools for integrating and analysing spatial
information from different sources or disciplines. It helps to integrate, analyse and represent spatial information
and database of any resource, which could be easily used for planning of resource development, environmental
protection and scientific researches and investigations. Although its importance is widely known and
implemented in many countries in the world, in India especially in our Jammu & Kashmir State except some
applications for specific projects it is not well implemented for planning, resource management and
environmental protection at a national or regional levels.
GIS can be used as an effective tool for water quality mapping and land cover mapping essential for
monitoring, modelling and environmental change detection. Monitoring of pollution patterns and its trends with
respect to urbanization is an important task for achieving sustainable management of groundwater. The spatial
distribution analysis of groundwater quality in the study area indicated that many of the samples collected are
not satisfying the drinking water quality standards prescribed by the BIS. The overall results obtained from
Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation technique showed that in the study area, most area falls under the
Potable with Desirable Limits followed by the Potable with Permissible Limits and Non-Potable as per the BIS
standards for water quality because in this technique the results are not greater than the highest and less than the
lowest input value. The Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation technique is based on the principle of linear
combination of known points, weighted inversely by distance. One of the advantages of this technique it is easy
to use and works well with noisy data but the disadvantage of this technique is that spatial arrangement of
samples does not affect weights. The best suited scenario for this technique is moderately dense sampling with
regard to local variation.
The results obtained gave the necessity of making the public, local administrator and the government to
be aware on the crisis of poor groundwater quality prevailing in the area. The government needs to make a
scientific and feasible planning for identifying an effective ground-water quality management system and for its
implementation. For this, public awareness on the present quality crisis and their involvement and cooperation
in the actions of local administrators are very important. Since, in future the groundwater will have the major
share of water supply schemes, plans for the protection of groundwater quality is needed. Present status of
groundwater necessitates for the continuous monitoring and necessary groundwater quality improvement
methodologies implementation.
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
Following recommendations are proposed in light of the present study on the ground water resources,
and needs to be taken for preventing futher deterioration and strategy for there protection for future generations.
1. In valley areas, in addition to the traditional ground water structures like dug wells and springs, shallow
to medium depth tube wells can be constructed for developing the ground water resources. Ground
water resources can also be developed by constructing infiltration galleries (Percolation wells).
2. In hilly terrain, springs and perennial nallahs are the major sources of water. Medium to shallow bore
holes and hand pumps are useful ground water structures for meeting the domestic needs.
3. Monitoring of water levels and chemical quality at representative areas is required to keep a watch on
any ad-verse effect that ground water development may have in future.
4. Traditional resources like springs need to be revived, developed & protected on scientific lines for
various use. The discharge of such springs can be sustained by construction of small check dams or
subsurface dykes across the nallahs/tributaries in the downstream at favourable locations.
5. Small ponds/tanks can be utilized for recharging ground water. These structures can be constructed for
harvesting water and utilized for both recharging and meeting the domestic needs.
6. Roof top rainwater harvesting practices must be adopted in hilly areas since the district receives
precipitation in the form of snow and rain programme.
8. Quantifying the domestic sewage that enters into the different water bodies located in the city, will help
in planning for effective sewage treatment plant and minimizing groundwater pollution by sewage.
9. Identification of groundwater recharging locations and structures. For this purpose, Geographical
Information System (GIS) with the required spatial and non-spatial data can be used very well as the
tool. Designing recharging structures is to be done.
10. Groundwater recharging structures are to be formed at different parts of the city. Formation of storm
water drains leading to groundwater recharging structures, to increase their recharging potentials.
11. Continuous monitoring of groundwater table level along with quality study will minimize the chances
of further deterioration.
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65
The role of the Geographic Information Science in this part of the world is still in its infancy stage. For
the proper resource management, although its importance is widely known and implemented in many countries
in the world, in India especially in our Jammu & Kashmir State except some applications for specific projects it
is not well implemented for planning, resource management and environmental protection at national or regional
levels. Taking into consideration the wealth of the water resources of our Kashmir valley we have plenty of
water resources so the proper planning and management is the utmost concern for everyone, because when we
are talking about water resources every one is a stakeholder.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Authors likes to thank Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir for their incredible
support during the course of this work, Special thanks are due to Teaching & Non-Teaching staff Department of
Earth sciences, University of Kashmir. The Author also likes to thank Scientists of State Remote sensing Centre
Government of Jammu & Kashmir for incalculating sprit of research and Development in us. Special thanks are
also to Tufeel Suliman (Wipro InfoTech).
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