This document analyzes the impact of introducing an alternative sluice method of irrigation in 1999 on groundwater levels in the Parambikulam Aliyar Project area in Tamil Nadu, India. It uses groundwater level data from 17 observation wells from 1971-2010 and rainfall data from 28 stations. The results show that groundwater levels increased in 9 of the wells after 1999, decreased in 3 wells, and remained unchanged in 1 well. Most increases were seen in the Valayar and Aliyar sub-basins, where rainfall also increased somewhat over the same period. The study aims to assess whether the alternative irrigation method has positively impacted groundwater recharge in parts of the project area.
This document discusses the feasibility of sluicing operations to manage sedimentation in run-of-river hydropower schemes in the Himalayan region. It notes that sedimentation is a major problem, reducing reservoir capacity over time. Sluicing involves flushing sediments from near the power intake to maintain water levels for power generation. The document provides an overview of factors affecting sluicing efficiency and results from physical model tests. It analyzes the dimensions of the scour cone formed during sluicing and lists relevant dimensionless parameters. Managing sedimentation through techniques like sluicing is important for the sustainable operation of run-of-river hydropower in sediment-laden Himalayan rivers.
Design of concrete Gravity Dam_Project B.E finalSyed Salman
This document is a certificate from Zakir Hussain College of Engineering & Technology at Aligarh Muslim University certifying that Syed Mohd Salman Naqvi, MD Gulnawaz Khan, Abdul Hannan Khan, Mohd Junaid Khan, and Adil Nishat have completed the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering by completing their project on the "Design of a Concrete Gravity Dam" under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Javed Alam and Prof. Mohd. Athar Alam during the 2014-15 academic session. The certificate is signed by the supervising professors.
The document discusses different types of dams classified by structure and materials, including gravity dams, arch dams, embankment dams, and barrages. Embankment dams, the most common type worldwide, are simple compacted earth structures that rely on their mass to resist forces. The document also describes various embankment dam types such as rock fill dams, concrete-face rock fill dams, and earth fill dams.
This document presents a case study on rooftop rainwater harvesting at the Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering and Technology campus in Asangaon, India. It calculates the annual water demand for the campus based on student and staff population. It also calculates the potential water collection from the rooftops of two buildings based on their catchment area, average rainfall height, and runoff coefficient. The results show that the amount of water that could be collected from rooftop rainwater harvesting would meet and exceed the total annual campus water demand. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is presented as a low-cost and effective solution to meet the college's water needs while conserving water resources.
This document summarizes a reservoir planning study being presented to the Evanston City Council. It provides background on previous structural evaluations that found the 1913, 1934, and 1948 water storage facilities to be in poor condition. The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate Evanston's water storage and treatment needs over the long term to determine the most cost-effective solution. It will analyze repairing the existing structures versus replacing them and consider six alternatives, including replacing or repairing reservoirs at different locations.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document presents a mathematical model for reservoir routing of the spillway for the Wadi Horan Dam in Iraq. It describes collecting topographic data and establishing an elevation-area curve for the reservoir site. Storage capacity is calculated using the prismoidal formula. Outflow is determined using equations for an ogee spillway and sluice gates. An elevation-storage curve is developed from the calculations. The model routes inflows to determine the maximum outflow of 1400 m3/sec and maximum head of 3.4m over the spillway crest. It evaluates selecting a Type II stilling basin based on a Froude number of 5.
This document discusses various topics related to irrigation system planning and management including:
1. Types of canals such as alluvial canals, lined/unlined canals, and perennial/non-perennial canals.
2. Factors considered for canal lining justification such as seepage rates, water savings, and costs.
3. Water allowance which is the discharge required to irrigate 1000 acres, affected by climate, soil, crops and efficiency.
4. Irrigation efficiency accounting for conveyance, field, and application losses.
5. Command area statement, chakbandi, capacity statement, and warabandi which are tools for equitable water distribution.
This document discusses the feasibility of sluicing operations to manage sedimentation in run-of-river hydropower schemes in the Himalayan region. It notes that sedimentation is a major problem, reducing reservoir capacity over time. Sluicing involves flushing sediments from near the power intake to maintain water levels for power generation. The document provides an overview of factors affecting sluicing efficiency and results from physical model tests. It analyzes the dimensions of the scour cone formed during sluicing and lists relevant dimensionless parameters. Managing sedimentation through techniques like sluicing is important for the sustainable operation of run-of-river hydropower in sediment-laden Himalayan rivers.
Design of concrete Gravity Dam_Project B.E finalSyed Salman
This document is a certificate from Zakir Hussain College of Engineering & Technology at Aligarh Muslim University certifying that Syed Mohd Salman Naqvi, MD Gulnawaz Khan, Abdul Hannan Khan, Mohd Junaid Khan, and Adil Nishat have completed the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering by completing their project on the "Design of a Concrete Gravity Dam" under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Javed Alam and Prof. Mohd. Athar Alam during the 2014-15 academic session. The certificate is signed by the supervising professors.
The document discusses different types of dams classified by structure and materials, including gravity dams, arch dams, embankment dams, and barrages. Embankment dams, the most common type worldwide, are simple compacted earth structures that rely on their mass to resist forces. The document also describes various embankment dam types such as rock fill dams, concrete-face rock fill dams, and earth fill dams.
This document presents a case study on rooftop rainwater harvesting at the Shivajirao S. Jondhale College of Engineering and Technology campus in Asangaon, India. It calculates the annual water demand for the campus based on student and staff population. It also calculates the potential water collection from the rooftops of two buildings based on their catchment area, average rainfall height, and runoff coefficient. The results show that the amount of water that could be collected from rooftop rainwater harvesting would meet and exceed the total annual campus water demand. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is presented as a low-cost and effective solution to meet the college's water needs while conserving water resources.
This document summarizes a reservoir planning study being presented to the Evanston City Council. It provides background on previous structural evaluations that found the 1913, 1934, and 1948 water storage facilities to be in poor condition. The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate Evanston's water storage and treatment needs over the long term to determine the most cost-effective solution. It will analyze repairing the existing structures versus replacing them and consider six alternatives, including replacing or repairing reservoirs at different locations.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document presents a mathematical model for reservoir routing of the spillway for the Wadi Horan Dam in Iraq. It describes collecting topographic data and establishing an elevation-area curve for the reservoir site. Storage capacity is calculated using the prismoidal formula. Outflow is determined using equations for an ogee spillway and sluice gates. An elevation-storage curve is developed from the calculations. The model routes inflows to determine the maximum outflow of 1400 m3/sec and maximum head of 3.4m over the spillway crest. It evaluates selecting a Type II stilling basin based on a Froude number of 5.
This document discusses various topics related to irrigation system planning and management including:
1. Types of canals such as alluvial canals, lined/unlined canals, and perennial/non-perennial canals.
2. Factors considered for canal lining justification such as seepage rates, water savings, and costs.
3. Water allowance which is the discharge required to irrigate 1000 acres, affected by climate, soil, crops and efficiency.
4. Irrigation efficiency accounting for conveyance, field, and application losses.
5. Command area statement, chakbandi, capacity statement, and warabandi which are tools for equitable water distribution.
The document discusses reservoir planning and provides details about various investigations required for reservoir planning. It outlines the main purposes of reservoirs which include water supply, irrigation, flood control, fish culture, hydropower generation, sedimentation control and navigation. It describes the key investigations needed such as engineering surveys, geological surveys and hydrological surveys to evaluate site selection, storage capacity, soil conditions and water flow. The document provides examples of existing reservoirs in India and references used to gather information.
The document discusses the planning of reservoirs, outlining several key steps:
1) Decision makers must determine the needs and purposes of the reservoir while considering constraints. This includes social and financial factors.
2) All relevant existing information is assembled, such as previous studies, geological and hydrological data, population and demand forecasts.
3) Potential dam and reservoir sites are identified and evaluated based on topographical suitability, available storage, and other factors. Environmental and social impacts are also assessed.
Hydrologic Design of a Percolation TankC. P. Kumar
The document discusses the design of percolation tanks for artificial groundwater recharge. It provides details on:
1. The basic requirements for an effective percolation tank design, including the availability of surface water runoff and suitable hydrogeological conditions.
2. The steps involved in hydrologic design of a percolation tank, which include calculating the tank capacity based on catchment area and rainfall, designing the embankment dimensions, and checking for stability.
3. Design considerations like embankment slopes, spillway sizing, and locating the saturation line for stability. An example design calculation is also provided.
Conventional Method For Ground Water Augmentation Of Panamaruthupatti Block, ...IJMER
Artificial groundwater recharge is a process by which the groundwater reservoir is
augmented at a rate exceeding the augmentation rate under natural conditions of replenishment. In
some parts of India, due to over-exploitation of groundwater, decline in groundwater levels
resulting in shortage of supply of water, and intrusion of saline water in coastal areas have been
observed. In such areas, there is need for artificial recharge of groundwater by augmenting the
natural infiltration of precipitation or surface-water into underground formations by methods such
as water spreading, recharge through pits, shafts, wells et cetera The choice of a particular method
is governed by local topographical, geological and soil conditions; the quantity and quality of
water available for recharge; and the technological-economic viability and social acceptability of
such schemes. In our project our study area is mainly comprised of hilly terrain with the maximum
elevation at 1184m at Bodamalai(melur). With other hillocks and hills are Jarugu malai,
Bodamalai, Jalluthumalai and Perumal malai, etc. In the north west of the study area, a lake is
situated namely Panamaruthupatti Lake. It is a natural lake surrounded by hills by which it
receives sources of water. Panamaruthupatti lake is about 3500 acres in area which provides water
to Salem town before the supply of Cauvery water from Mettur. Now this source of water is used to
meet the requirements in some parts of southern suburbs of Salem city and Northern part of
Namakkal District upto Rasipuram Town. This source of water will support to enhance the over all
augmentation of sub surface water in the study area. Now a days the supply of Cauvery water is not
fulfilling the needs of people and its sub urban because of increase in population. Any improvement
in ground water condition of study area will have the chance of additional supply of drinking water
and also the possibility of increase in agricultural activity in and around the said village. Hence we
plan to do research and propose the ideas for recharging the water to Panamarathupatti Block by
using conventional method.
This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
This document provides an overview of reservoir operation and scheduling. It discusses how reservoirs are used to regulate natural stream flow by storing surplus water in wet seasons and releasing it in dry seasons. This equalizes the natural stream flow and changes the temporal and spatial availability of water. Reservoirs are commonly built for conservation and flood control purposes. The operation of reservoirs involves resolving conflicts between storage needs for conservation versus empty space needs for flood control. Reservoir operation policies specify water release amounts based on the reservoir state, demands, and expected inflows. The document also discusses irrigation scheduling and literature on optimizing reservoir operation for multiple purposes.
The document provides information on diversion head works and their components. It can be summarized as:
1) Diversion head works are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal and ensure a regulated supply of silt-free water with a minimum head.
2) Key components of diversion head works include under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, silt exclusion devices, guide banks, and head regulators. Under sluices control silt entry and water levels. Divide walls separate flows. Fish ladders allow fish passage.
3) Site selection factors for diversion head works include suitable foundations, positioning the weir at a right angle to river flow, space for
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharging techniques. It defines groundwater recharging as the hydrological process where surface water moves downward into groundwater. There are several methods for artificially recharging groundwater, including basin spreading, ditch and furrows, and recharge wells. Recharge wells can be either injection wells, where water is pumped into the aquifer, or recharge wells where water flows into the aquifer via gravity. The benefits of artificial groundwater recharging schemes include maximizing long-term water storage, improving water quality, preventing saline water intrusion and land subsidence, and maintaining declining groundwater levels.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Reservoirs are created by retaining excess water from periods of high flow to be used during low flow periods. Their purposes include irrigation, hydroelectric power, and water supply. Planning a reservoir involves engineering surveys to determine storage capacity and area, geological investigations to evaluate the foundation and basin, and hydrological investigations to study runoff patterns and floods. Key considerations in reservoir site selection include suitable dam location, minimum submerged land, avoiding high sediment rivers, and maximizing storage capacity. Reservoirs have zones like normal pool level, minimum pool level, and maximum pool level. Yield depends on inflow and storage changes. Mass and demand curves help determine required reservoir capacity and safe yield.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING AROUND RAMTEK AREA (PERTAINING TO DUDHALA LAKE)ijiert bestjournal
Dudhala Lake is situated at a distance of 2 km from Ramtek bus stand in the north east direction. The project work mainly includes to stud y the present situation of Dudhala lake and suggest the feasible measures to increase the s torage capacity of Dudhala lake and give remedial measures so as to fulfill the water d emand in that area. The study of Dudhala Lake revealed the major problem faced by the people regarding the storage of lake as it was not getting filled instead of sufficient rainfa ll in Ramtek.
This document discusses various methods for artificially recharging groundwater. It begins by defining artificial recharge as augmenting natural groundwater recharge through human methods. The appropriate recharge method depends on local conditions. Direct surface methods include percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, ditches/furrows, and contour bunds. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts. Indirect methods are induced recharge, where pumping creates infiltration, and aquifer modification to increase storage/flow.
This document provides an overview of irrigation water management concepts including irrigation efficiency, scheduling, and conveyance efficiency. It includes definitions of key terms like irrigation efficiency (Ei), which is the ratio of water used for crop needs to total water diverted. Overall system efficiency considers storage, conveyance, and application losses. Conveyance efficiency (Ec) is the ratio of water delivered to fields to the amount diverted. It is affected by losses from evaporation, seepage, leakage and unwanted vegetation. The document also provides examples of calculating irrigation requirements, soil moisture content, and efficiencies for different irrigation systems and crops.
The document summarizes an environmental impact assessment report for the proposed construction of a ring road around Jammu city in India. Key details include that the 58.25 km ring road project aims to reduce traffic congestion in Jammu city by providing an alternative route. The assessment found the project would have negative impacts like loss of agricultural land and trees but positive impacts like reduced travel times, emissions, and accidents. Mitigation efforts like compensatory tree planting were recommended to offset environmental impacts.
Lake Restoration Projects Being Undertaken by BDA_Bangalore Development Autho...Ekonnect
The document discusses lake restoration projects being undertaken by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). It provides background on BDA's aims, jurisdiction, and environmental conservation initiatives including lake restoration. It then summarizes the current state of Bangalore's lakes, which are largely encroached, polluted, and in need of restoration. The methodology for BDA's lake restoration projects is described, including removing encroachments, desilting, constructing wetlands and sewage diversion channels. Status updates and challenges to progress are also summarized, such as pending encroachment clearances and need for improved sewage networks and rehabilitation efforts.
This document discusses the design and construction of grassed waterways. It begins by defining grassed waterways as natural or man-made channels with vegetation cover used to safely transport runoff from fields. It then discusses the purposes of grassed waterways, which include preventing erosion and sedimentation while transporting water. The document provides details on the design process, including calculating dimensions based on watershed characteristics and expected runoff. It recommends shapes, grades, and flow velocities for effective design. Construction and maintenance are also outlined, emphasizing establishing vegetation cover and conducting repairs to ensure proper functioning of grassed waterways over time.
The document discusses various groundwater improvement techniques, including both direct and indirect artificial recharge methods. Direct surface methods like percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, and ditch/furrow systems enhance groundwater infiltration. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts that allow direct recharge. Indirect methods are induced recharge, which uses pumping to induce surface water infiltration, and aquifer modification methods that alter characteristics to improve storage and flow. The techniques described can help maximize storage, improve water quality, and replenish overexploited aquifers.
Effects of different mole spacings on the yield of summer groundnuteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study that investigated modifying polystyrene (PS) with nanoclay to improve its mechanical properties. PS nanocomposites were prepared with different types of nanoclays using in-situ polymerization. The mechanical properties were highest with 2% vinyl clay, due to better interaction between vinyl groups on the clay and styrene monomer. A central composite design was used to optimize the clay and latex content. The model equations derived showed good fitting to experimental data. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the nanoclay was well dispersed improving mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated the composites had increased thermal stability compared to pure PS.
The document discusses reservoir planning and provides details about various investigations required for reservoir planning. It outlines the main purposes of reservoirs which include water supply, irrigation, flood control, fish culture, hydropower generation, sedimentation control and navigation. It describes the key investigations needed such as engineering surveys, geological surveys and hydrological surveys to evaluate site selection, storage capacity, soil conditions and water flow. The document provides examples of existing reservoirs in India and references used to gather information.
The document discusses the planning of reservoirs, outlining several key steps:
1) Decision makers must determine the needs and purposes of the reservoir while considering constraints. This includes social and financial factors.
2) All relevant existing information is assembled, such as previous studies, geological and hydrological data, population and demand forecasts.
3) Potential dam and reservoir sites are identified and evaluated based on topographical suitability, available storage, and other factors. Environmental and social impacts are also assessed.
Hydrologic Design of a Percolation TankC. P. Kumar
The document discusses the design of percolation tanks for artificial groundwater recharge. It provides details on:
1. The basic requirements for an effective percolation tank design, including the availability of surface water runoff and suitable hydrogeological conditions.
2. The steps involved in hydrologic design of a percolation tank, which include calculating the tank capacity based on catchment area and rainfall, designing the embankment dimensions, and checking for stability.
3. Design considerations like embankment slopes, spillway sizing, and locating the saturation line for stability. An example design calculation is also provided.
Conventional Method For Ground Water Augmentation Of Panamaruthupatti Block, ...IJMER
Artificial groundwater recharge is a process by which the groundwater reservoir is
augmented at a rate exceeding the augmentation rate under natural conditions of replenishment. In
some parts of India, due to over-exploitation of groundwater, decline in groundwater levels
resulting in shortage of supply of water, and intrusion of saline water in coastal areas have been
observed. In such areas, there is need for artificial recharge of groundwater by augmenting the
natural infiltration of precipitation or surface-water into underground formations by methods such
as water spreading, recharge through pits, shafts, wells et cetera The choice of a particular method
is governed by local topographical, geological and soil conditions; the quantity and quality of
water available for recharge; and the technological-economic viability and social acceptability of
such schemes. In our project our study area is mainly comprised of hilly terrain with the maximum
elevation at 1184m at Bodamalai(melur). With other hillocks and hills are Jarugu malai,
Bodamalai, Jalluthumalai and Perumal malai, etc. In the north west of the study area, a lake is
situated namely Panamaruthupatti Lake. It is a natural lake surrounded by hills by which it
receives sources of water. Panamaruthupatti lake is about 3500 acres in area which provides water
to Salem town before the supply of Cauvery water from Mettur. Now this source of water is used to
meet the requirements in some parts of southern suburbs of Salem city and Northern part of
Namakkal District upto Rasipuram Town. This source of water will support to enhance the over all
augmentation of sub surface water in the study area. Now a days the supply of Cauvery water is not
fulfilling the needs of people and its sub urban because of increase in population. Any improvement
in ground water condition of study area will have the chance of additional supply of drinking water
and also the possibility of increase in agricultural activity in and around the said village. Hence we
plan to do research and propose the ideas for recharging the water to Panamarathupatti Block by
using conventional method.
This document provides an overview of reservoir planning and surveys. It discusses the different types of reservoirs and surveys conducted in reservoir planning, including reconnaissance, preliminary, and detailed surveys. Key steps in reservoir planning include engineering, hydrological, and geological surveys to identify suitable dam sites and storage capacity. Control levels like top bund level, high flood level, and full tank level are also discussed. Factors affecting silting and methods to control silting are outlined. The document provides details on various stages of reservoir planning and development.
This document provides an overview of reservoir operation and scheduling. It discusses how reservoirs are used to regulate natural stream flow by storing surplus water in wet seasons and releasing it in dry seasons. This equalizes the natural stream flow and changes the temporal and spatial availability of water. Reservoirs are commonly built for conservation and flood control purposes. The operation of reservoirs involves resolving conflicts between storage needs for conservation versus empty space needs for flood control. Reservoir operation policies specify water release amounts based on the reservoir state, demands, and expected inflows. The document also discusses irrigation scheduling and literature on optimizing reservoir operation for multiple purposes.
The document provides information on diversion head works and their components. It can be summarized as:
1) Diversion head works are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal and ensure a regulated supply of silt-free water with a minimum head.
2) Key components of diversion head works include under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, silt exclusion devices, guide banks, and head regulators. Under sluices control silt entry and water levels. Divide walls separate flows. Fish ladders allow fish passage.
3) Site selection factors for diversion head works include suitable foundations, positioning the weir at a right angle to river flow, space for
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharging techniques. It defines groundwater recharging as the hydrological process where surface water moves downward into groundwater. There are several methods for artificially recharging groundwater, including basin spreading, ditch and furrows, and recharge wells. Recharge wells can be either injection wells, where water is pumped into the aquifer, or recharge wells where water flows into the aquifer via gravity. The benefits of artificial groundwater recharging schemes include maximizing long-term water storage, improving water quality, preventing saline water intrusion and land subsidence, and maintaining declining groundwater levels.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Reservoirs are created by retaining excess water from periods of high flow to be used during low flow periods. Their purposes include irrigation, hydroelectric power, and water supply. Planning a reservoir involves engineering surveys to determine storage capacity and area, geological investigations to evaluate the foundation and basin, and hydrological investigations to study runoff patterns and floods. Key considerations in reservoir site selection include suitable dam location, minimum submerged land, avoiding high sediment rivers, and maximizing storage capacity. Reservoirs have zones like normal pool level, minimum pool level, and maximum pool level. Yield depends on inflow and storage changes. Mass and demand curves help determine required reservoir capacity and safe yield.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING AROUND RAMTEK AREA (PERTAINING TO DUDHALA LAKE)ijiert bestjournal
Dudhala Lake is situated at a distance of 2 km from Ramtek bus stand in the north east direction. The project work mainly includes to stud y the present situation of Dudhala lake and suggest the feasible measures to increase the s torage capacity of Dudhala lake and give remedial measures so as to fulfill the water d emand in that area. The study of Dudhala Lake revealed the major problem faced by the people regarding the storage of lake as it was not getting filled instead of sufficient rainfa ll in Ramtek.
This document discusses various methods for artificially recharging groundwater. It begins by defining artificial recharge as augmenting natural groundwater recharge through human methods. The appropriate recharge method depends on local conditions. Direct surface methods include percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, ditches/furrows, and contour bunds. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts. Indirect methods are induced recharge, where pumping creates infiltration, and aquifer modification to increase storage/flow.
This document provides an overview of irrigation water management concepts including irrigation efficiency, scheduling, and conveyance efficiency. It includes definitions of key terms like irrigation efficiency (Ei), which is the ratio of water used for crop needs to total water diverted. Overall system efficiency considers storage, conveyance, and application losses. Conveyance efficiency (Ec) is the ratio of water delivered to fields to the amount diverted. It is affected by losses from evaporation, seepage, leakage and unwanted vegetation. The document also provides examples of calculating irrigation requirements, soil moisture content, and efficiencies for different irrigation systems and crops.
The document summarizes an environmental impact assessment report for the proposed construction of a ring road around Jammu city in India. Key details include that the 58.25 km ring road project aims to reduce traffic congestion in Jammu city by providing an alternative route. The assessment found the project would have negative impacts like loss of agricultural land and trees but positive impacts like reduced travel times, emissions, and accidents. Mitigation efforts like compensatory tree planting were recommended to offset environmental impacts.
Lake Restoration Projects Being Undertaken by BDA_Bangalore Development Autho...Ekonnect
The document discusses lake restoration projects being undertaken by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). It provides background on BDA's aims, jurisdiction, and environmental conservation initiatives including lake restoration. It then summarizes the current state of Bangalore's lakes, which are largely encroached, polluted, and in need of restoration. The methodology for BDA's lake restoration projects is described, including removing encroachments, desilting, constructing wetlands and sewage diversion channels. Status updates and challenges to progress are also summarized, such as pending encroachment clearances and need for improved sewage networks and rehabilitation efforts.
This document discusses the design and construction of grassed waterways. It begins by defining grassed waterways as natural or man-made channels with vegetation cover used to safely transport runoff from fields. It then discusses the purposes of grassed waterways, which include preventing erosion and sedimentation while transporting water. The document provides details on the design process, including calculating dimensions based on watershed characteristics and expected runoff. It recommends shapes, grades, and flow velocities for effective design. Construction and maintenance are also outlined, emphasizing establishing vegetation cover and conducting repairs to ensure proper functioning of grassed waterways over time.
The document discusses various groundwater improvement techniques, including both direct and indirect artificial recharge methods. Direct surface methods like percolation tanks, flooding, stream augmentation, and ditch/furrow systems enhance groundwater infiltration. Direct subsurface methods include recharge wells, dug wells, and pits/shafts that allow direct recharge. Indirect methods are induced recharge, which uses pumping to induce surface water infiltration, and aquifer modification methods that alter characteristics to improve storage and flow. The techniques described can help maximize storage, improve water quality, and replenish overexploited aquifers.
Effects of different mole spacings on the yield of summer groundnuteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study that investigated modifying polystyrene (PS) with nanoclay to improve its mechanical properties. PS nanocomposites were prepared with different types of nanoclays using in-situ polymerization. The mechanical properties were highest with 2% vinyl clay, due to better interaction between vinyl groups on the clay and styrene monomer. A central composite design was used to optimize the clay and latex content. The model equations derived showed good fitting to experimental data. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the nanoclay was well dispersed improving mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated the composites had increased thermal stability compared to pure PS.
This document discusses using a fuzzy logic system to maximize spectrum access in cognitive radio. It proposes controlling spectrum access through a fuzzy logic system to minimize call blocking and interference. The fuzzy logic system will use three descriptors as inputs: the secondary user's spectrum utilization efficiency, degree of mobility, and distance to the primary user. The spectrum chosen for access will be based on the maximum possibility of better utilization while avoiding interference to primary users.
1) The document presents a half bridge converter topology for battery charging applications.
2) A single stage half bridge converter is proposed that provides DC voltage regulation and power factor correction with only one controller.
3) The converter operation depends on whether the inductor is operating in discontinuous or continuous conduction mode, with discontinuous mode avoiding high voltage stress at light loads.
The document proposes a method for image enhancement through noise suppression using a Nonlinear Parameterized Adaptive Recursive (PAR) model in the spatial domain. The PAR model uses an intentional median filter that performs filtering only on noisy pixels, adaptively varying the window size and number of iterations. Experimental results on images corrupted with salt and pepper noise show the PAR model achieves better noise suppression than traditional, recursive, and adaptive median filters as measured by higher peak signal-to-noise ratios and shorter computational times. The PAR model is thus useful for interactive image processing by providing a family of possible denoised images.
This document proposes and evaluates a classification system for automatically classifying apples based on images using a nearest neighbor classifier. The system divides apple images into windows, extracts statistical features from each window, eliminates unnecessary windows, and classifies the apple as defected or non-defected based on the features. It aims to discriminate stem ends and calyxes, which are natural parts of apples, from defects. The results show the proposed window-based approach is effective and more efficient than existing techniques at classifying apples and distinguishing stem ends/calyxes from defects.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a synthesizable AMBA AXI protocol checker to verify communication properties in a system-on-chip (SoC) design. It contains 44 rules to check the AMBA AXI protocol and provides verification of the AXI master, slave, and default slave protocols. The protocol checker uses a rule-based methodology and model simulation to thoroughly verify chip-level behaviors and help debug issues, improving design quality and reducing verification time and costs.
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1. R.Rani, K Elangovan/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1056-1067
Impact Of Irrigation Delivery On Groundwater Case Study:
Parabikulam Aliyar Project In Tamilnadu,India.
2
1
K Elangovan
R.Rani, Assistant Professor(RD)
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering
Anna University, Coimbatore.641018 PSG College of Technology
Tamilnadu,India (Govt. Aided Autonomous Institution)
Coimbatore 641 004 Tamilnadu,India
ABSTRACT
The Parambikulam Aliyar Project is a unique project groundwater is very dependable even though its exploitation
showing the symbol of interstate cooperation by sharing requires technology and energy. Accurate estimation of
water. This project interlinks 8 Reservoirs in various ground water recharge is extremely important for proper
altitudes located in four sub basins. This study is carried out management of ground water systems. Continuous increased
to assess the impact on the groundwater due to introduction withdrawals from a ground water reservoir in excess of
of Alternative Sluice Method of Irrigation in this Project replenishable recharge may result in lowering the water table
area during the year 1999 is carried out using the (Kumar 2008). For sustainable development of water
groundwater level fluctuation and the rainfall in this area. resources, it is imperative to make a quantitative estimation
The groundwater level of 17 observation wells and the of available water resources. The water table fluctuation
monthly rainfall of 28 rain gauge stations from 1971-2010 method may be the most widely used technique for
are used for analysis and hydrographs are prepared. The sub estimating recharge (RichardW.Healy.Peter G.HooK
basin wise analysis is carried out, for the period 1971-1999 2002).In this paper also the water table fluctuation method is
before introducing Alternate Sluice method of Irrigation and used for analysis of Ground water assessment in the project
from 2000-2010, after introduction of Alternate Sluice area of Parambikulam Aliyar Project. The groundwater
Method of irrigation. The results indicate that there is an position of the Parambikulam Aliyar Project area is analysed
increase in the ground water level in the 50% of the by comparing the the groundwater position in two different
observation wells located in the area even though the rainfall periods from 1971-1999 (before introduction of Alternate
in this area is reduced in some parts. sluice method of Irrigation) and 2000-2010 (After
introduction of Alternate sluice method of Irrigation).
Key words : Ground water fluctuations- -Rainfall-Alternate
Sluice Method of irrigation 2.STUDY AREA :
2.1 Physiography
1.INTRODUCTION The Parambikulam Alyar Project is an Interstate
Tamil Nadu being an agrarian State, its economy is water Resources Development Project carried out jointly by
based on agriculture. Agriculture production depends upon Tamilnadu and Kerala. The objective of the development is
the availability of water resources. Since, the available harnessing the waters of the Bharathapuzha,the Chalakudi
surface water resources are fully harnessed, groundwater is and the Periyar basins for irrigation and power production in
the only alternative source for agricultural development. The both States. Planned originally to irrigate 1,00,230ha during
occurrence of groundwater is mainly depends on geological one season(135 days) each year ,the service area was
and physiographical setting as well as on climatic conditions. increased by nearly 71% to 1,71,050 ha without, increasing
Further, the degree of structural deformation and weathering available water resources. Consequently the PAP is able to
of the geological formation control the distribution of irrigate only part of the enlarged command area. At this time
groundwater both in vertical and lateral directions. ,the PAP delivers water from its reservoirs during two 135-
days seasons each year irrigating two of four zones each
Due to increased development of groundwater in about ¼ th of the total command during one season. The PAP
Tamil Nadu the following problems are identified Since (Fig 1) is the unique Project showing the symbol of interstate
groundwater has become a major source for irrigation, the cooperation & unity by sharing the water. This Project is
groundwater scenario of the basin should be monitored and located in the Parambikulam Aliyar river basin which has
timely action has to be taken for ground water regulation undulating topography with maximum contour elevation in
,management, conservation and augmentation of this natural the plain is 300m and the maximum spot height in the plain is
resource. Unlike stream flows, which depend on monsoon, 385m above MSL. This Project area lies within the
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coordinates of latitude between 10o 10‟ 00”N to 10o 57‟20”N area is pediment, pediment with block cotton soil and
and longitude between 76o43‟00”Eto77o30”00‟E. shallow pediments. The area of the Sub basin is 475Sq km.
c.Aliyar Sub basin
Aliyar river originates from Anamalai hills and
passes through Kottur village and joins at Aliyar Reservoir
of Coimbatore district. The Aliyar Reservoir is located along
major lineaments.The major area present here is denudation
forms such as pediment, pediment with black cotton soil and
shallow pediments. The alluvial landforms such as bazadas
occur along the foot hills of Anamalai Hill ranges in western
Ghats. This Sub basin has an ayacut area of 402Sq km.
d.Valayar Sub basin
Valayar River originates from Thondamuthur block
and passes through Madukkarai block and joins at Walaiyar
Parambikulam Aliyar Project includes eight
reservoir in Coimbatore District.It has an area of about 846
reservoirs 1.Upper Nirar weir, 2. Lower Nirar dam,
Sqkm.the predominant rock types found in this river basin is
3.Sholayar dam, 4. Parambikulam dam ,5.Thunakadavu
crystalline rocks of Archean age.
damand 6. Peruvaripallam dam 7.Aliyar and 8 Thirumurthy
dam. Among, the first 6 dams are located in the higher
altitudes of the Anamalai Hill ranges, and the last 2 dams 2.3.Water distribution network
In this Project water distribution for Irrigation is
carried out through the following canals.
TABLE 1 - Water distribution network
Name of the canal Ayacut in
hec
From Sarkarpathy Power House
Aliyar feeder Canal 1889
Sethumadai Canal 2042
From Aliyar Reservoir
Pollachi Canal 9509
Vettaikaran pudur Canal 4525
Aliyar Old Channels 2576
Fig-2 Flow diagram of Reservoirs
are located in the plains (Fig 2) The irrigation canals take off Total ayacut of Aliyar sub basin 17965
and utilize the storages behind these dams to serve the From Thirumoorthy Dam
command area. In this project the supply of water for
Parambikulam Main Canal,High level 152693
irrigation is only through two dams Aliyar and Thirumoorthy
Canal, Udumalpet Canal
dam. The following four sub basins are covered in this
project namely 1.Sholayar, 2.Palar, 3.Aliyar, 4.Valayar.
Dhali Channels 1245
2.2.Description of the sub basins Total ayacut in Palar sub basin 156514
a.Sholayar Sub basin
Total Ayacut 174479
The Sholayar river originates from eastern slope of
Western Ghats of Coimbatore District. The drainages
namely the Parambikulam Aliyar,Upper Sholayar and Lower The initial cropping pattern was to grow dry crops
Sholayar passes through Valparai Block which has an area in 80% of the above command area and wet crops in 20% of
of about 403SqKm.This sub basin is covered with high hills the command area which was estimated to be lying in the
and dense forest cover. The predominant type of rock found valley bottoms. The duty @120 acres/cusec for dry crops
in this sub basin is crystalline rocks of Archean age. and @60 acres/cusec for wet crops with transmission loss of
10% is adopted for the calculation of water requirement.
b.Palar Sub basin In Vetttaikaran Pudur canal and Pollachi Canal the
River Palar originates in the eastern slope of ayacut area is divided in to two zones namely A & B and
Western Ghats from Anamalai hills and passes through the water is supplied in the pattern A,B in one year and B,A
Gudimangalam,Pollachi,Udumalpet blocks.The soil in this in the consecutive year. Water is supplied to Aliyar Feeder
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Canal, Sethumadai Canal by considering both as one canal
system .
In Parambikulam main canal , the total ayacut area of
1,56,514 hectare under this canal is divided in to four zones
and supply of water to each zone is once in two years for
4½ months in rotation basis.
3. NECESSITY FOR THE STUDY
The reservoirs in the Parambikulam Aliyar Project
started in the year 1960 and came into operation one by one
from 1971 onwards. All the Reservoirs in this project
become to function from the year 1982. In the initial project
period PAP is able to irrigate its total command area of
1,00,230 ha. But due to addition of ayacut area, the total
ayacut of PAP increased to
1,71,050 ha and it was able to
supply water to ¼ th of its
command area. Hence the ayacut
under Aliyar was divided into
two zones A & B and under
Thirumoorthy dam was divided
into four zones and supply of
water from Aliyar for 135 days in
a year to irrigate either A or B
zone and from Thirumoorthy
dam two 135 days in year for
two zones in a year was followed basis. It has also recommended that the working of the
from the year 1994-95. revised pattern of irrigation in the Project command may be
The above pattern was followed up to the year 2000. observed for a period of four or five cycles and modification
But in the above pattern of distribution, even though water needed if any shall be studied.
runs in the main canal for 9 months in a year, some of the Now it is important to study the ground water status
branch canals and distributaries remain dry for a long period due to regrouping of the ayacut and Command area pattern
except during supply through them . Hence the ground water in Thirumoorthy dam supply of water through alternate
recharge in these areas is not possible. Moreover the ground sluices/Pockets , since five cycles were completed after
water is also extracted for agriculture purpose during non implementation of the above alternate sluices pattern of
irrigation period by the farmers. Hence the groundwater irrigation. Sub basin wise ground water analysis is taken for
depletion is more in these areas. This leads the farmers to the study.
represent ,for a change the distribution pattern. Based on the
representation of farmers, the Government constituted a High 4.DATA COLLECTED AND METHODOLOGY
Level Committee in the year 1999 to analyze the Generally the ground water appraisal is based on
representation of the Farmers. Based on the Committee‟s geological evaluation and observation wells. The well
recommendations, the ayacut under the canals, distributaries hydrograph is the graphical representation of the water table
are regrouped into pockets (Fig 3a &Fig 3b) , and it has dynamics(Sinha et al 2006). The dependency of ground water
been decided to supply water to the alternate pockets under is raising day by day. The ground water gets recharged
the new pattern of Alternate Sluice System of irrigation on mainly through rainfall. For this study 17 Observation
experimental wells(Fig 4) located in this project area, maintained by the
Ground water wing of Public Works Department are selected.
These Observation wells are spread over the entire
Basin area.
The monthly water level data are collected for a
period 1971-2010 for all the observation wells. Sub basin
wise ground water level fluctuations were studied. The
comparative hydrograph showing the water level fluctuations
against the annual rainfall for the period 1971-1999 and
2000-2010 is drawn for all 17 observation wells
Then the variation in water level due to
Fig 3a Grouping of ayacut in Aliyar Sub basin implementation of Alternate Sluice pattern of irrigation is
Fig 3b Grouping of ayacut in Palar Sub basin studied by comparing the hydrograph developed using the
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data during 1971- 1999, with the hydrograph developed
using the data during 2000 - 2010. Charts are prepared for 17
observation wells and the results were analyzed. The
fluctuations are analyzed using the long term . hydrographs
(1971-2010) in respect of all observation wells .
Ground water is the main source of irrigation in this
project areas except during the period in which they get
surface water that is once in two years for 4 ½ years.. The
irrigation wells in the study area are broadly grouped as dug
wells, dug-cum-bore wells and shallow bore wells. The
groundwater extraction is worked out based on the cropping
pattern and the existing number of wells and their categories.
The rate and level of recharge depends upon the geological
,geomorphological and soil conditions in the particular area.
So comparison is also made between rainfall and ground
water level.
5.RESULTS
5.1 Sub basinwise Groundwater status
The ground water level of the 17 observation wells
are analysed and the results are shown in sample Fig
5a,5b,5c,5d and Table 6. The trend of ground water level
from the year 1999 onwards is increasing in 9 observation
TABLE 6 - Comparison of status of GWL & RF
between 1971-99 & 2000-2010
No of wells
Dec
Incr reas
S eas e
l Name e in in
N of sub To G G Ma Annual
o basin tal WL Max % WL x% Rainfall
1 Valayar 7 4 (+)35 3 (-)8 (-)16%
(-
2 Aliyar 5 3 (+)35 2 )20 (+)11%
(-
3 Palar 4 2 (+)28 2 )36 (+)2%
4 Sholayar 1 0 0 1 (-)7 (+)9%
Total 17 9 8
wells. And only in 3 observation wells there is an decreasing
trend of ground water level is seen. The decreasing trend is
mostly seen in the blocks mostly described as over exploited
blocks and the development of ground water should be
completely stopped in those areas . Other wise the ground
water will be exhausted in those areas, the quality of the
ground water will become worst and become environment 5.2 Rainfall Variation
threat. Rainfall is not uniform throughout the study area. It
depends upon spatial and temporal variations. The study area
experiences four seasons namely ,Winter
season(January&February),Summer season(March,April and
May),South west monsoon(June,July,August and September
and North East Monsoon(October, November and
December).There are about 28 rain gauges available in this
study area. The influence of the raingauge is selected based
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on the Thiessan polygon method. The weightage for each rainfall details are analysed. From the analysis , the following
rain gauge in the sub basin is given based on the area inferences are derived. During the period of last 10 years
covered. The year wise annual rainfall is calculated from Aliyar sub basin received 11% higher rainfall ,Palar Sub
1971-2010and corresponding groundwater level also basin 2% higher rainfall, Sholayar sub basin 9% higher
marked.The samples are shown in Fig 6a,6b,6c &6d. The rainfall when compared the average rainfall for the period
sub basin wise monthly rainfall for the period 1971-1999 is 1971 - 1999 with the average rainfall for the period 2000-
compared with the period 2000-2010. 2010. In Valayar sub basin, the decrease in rainfall is about
16%when the rainfall in the period 1971-1999 is compared
with the rainfall for the period 2000-2010.
During Monsoon season also the sub basins,such as
Aliyar,Palar and Sholayar received higher rainfall in the past
10 years. Increasing trend of ground water level is noticed in
14 observation wells out of 17 observation wells.The
decrease in water level is noted in the 8 wells.The wells with
status of decrease in ground water level are located in the
blocks ,Vadavalli ,Kinathukadavu,Pollachi South, Pollachi
North, Anamalai and Madukarai. Ground water development
is reduced in 6 out of 10 blocks in this Project area and the
Ground water status of the 6 blocks have been improved.
7.CONCLUSION
Present study is to evaluate the new method of
irrigation introduced in this Sub basin at the end of year
1999. The increase in ground water levels in the 50 % of the
selected observation wells is mainly due the recharge of
ground water. The recharge of the ground water is mainly
due to seepage of irrigated water from the agriculture field.
In this project a particular field is eligible to receive water
for irrigation once in 2 years. But due to the introduction of
Alternate Sluice method of irrigation and grouping of ayacut
in pockets for example if a field say „A‟ and „C‟ receive
water in the current year. Then the field adjacent to „A‟ and
„C‟ say „B‟ and „D‟ will receive water in the next year.
Hence the excess water from the irrigated field „A‟ and „C‟
will seep through the adjacent field and will improve the
ground water during particular year, And in the next year
due to irrigating the field „B‟ and „D‟ the water will seep to
the adjacent area A&C and improve the ground water level
.Ultimate result the ground water in the whole area will be
improved. Decrease in the Ground water development has
improved the status of the ground water position of the
various blocks located in this Sub Basin. Decrease in the
ground water level in the balance observation wells are
mainly due to Over exploitation of ground water, and
reduction in rainfall. The observation wells located in the
area, already Over- exploited , shows the decrease in the
Ground water level. This study indicates that ground water
development should be strictly prohibited in these areas.
The results shows that there is a maximum of 35 %
of recharge of ground water takes place due to adoption of
6.DISCUSSION the new method of irrigation. Hence this method may be
Overall increase of groundwater level is observed continued in future. This method is suitable in the places
in 50% of the wells..Maximum percentage of increase in where the supply of water is once after more than a year.
groundwater level is around 35% in Valayar, Aliyar and Even though this method require more water for irrigation,
28% in Sholayar Sub basins. Considerable rise in the it is viable for environment. This is essential for maintaining
groundwater level is observed in 9 number of observation the social betterment. Groundwater exploitation should be
wells out of 17 observation wells selected for the period such that protection from depletion is provided, protection
1999-2010 to a maximum level of 1.69m.The sub basin wise from pollution is provided, negative ecological effects are
1060 | P a g e
6. R.Rani, K Elangovan/ International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1056-1067
reduced to a minimum and economic efficiency of The authors wishes to express their gratitude and
exploitation is attained.(Kumar.C.P Dec2008) thanks to the Ground Water Wing of PWD and to the IWS
for the supply of necessary data for research.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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