From our research, besides the journal, we are to compile all our findings as a presentation to our lecturers and colleagues.

1. Case study on
Planetarium
negara

2. AKA :
National Planetarium of
Malaysia
FEATURE :
Blue domed structure
LocaTION :
ontop of a hill inLake
Gafdens, JalanPerdana
OwnER :
the Ministry of Science,
Technology and the
Environement
ManageR :
the MalaysianNational Space
Agency

3. Brief historical timeline
1989
Started off as the
Planetarium Division
inthe Prime Minister’s
Office
1990
Started construction
Of the actual building!
1993
Structure completed!
Soft launchinmay.
1993
Officially opened to
the public by former
prime minister
mahatir binmuhamad
1995
Divisiontransferred
to ministry of science,
technology and
environment
today
Managed by the
malaysiannational
space agency
(angkasa)

4. FACILITIES
Exhibitions and
Theatre shows

5. Exhibition
Theatre
section Floor plan
Facilities orientation

6. ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
BUILT ON
MALAYSIAN SOIL
FUTURISTIC
CONCEPT
ASTRONOMY
MODERN
TECHNOLOGY
UNIQUE DOME DESIGN
LESS EXPERIENCE IN
CONSTRUCTION
COMPLETION = OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT
1 2 3

7. Architectural elements

8. e
dome Floor plan Mosaics

9. How did Planetarium get its design
characteristics?
Where does its design come from?

10. HAGIA SOPHIA
Precedent study era of architecture : Byzantine

12. dome Mosaics
e
Floor plan

13. structure
HOW IT’S BUILT?

14. Planetarium Negara used modern construction materials such as
reinforced concrete, steel and bricks.
The interior is kept minimal and the ceiling painted black in order to
create an “outer space” experience and to avoid
structure

15. how hagia sophia is built (materials)structure

16. hierarchy
Both buildings have a huge dome on a monumental scale as its
dominant element, followed by its sub elements.
HAGIA SOPHIA PLANETARIUM
structure

17. EXTERIORS AND INTERIORS
Planetarium negara

18. EXTERIORS AND INTERIORS
outside inside

19. EXTERIORS AND INTERIORS
Hagia sophia

20. EXTERIORS AND INTERIORS
outside inside

21. FLOOR PLANS
HAGIA SOPHIA PLANETARIUM
HOW does it affect the experience and user?

22. BYZANTINE FLOOR PLANS
Holy Appottles
St.Vitale

23. BYZANTINE FLOOR PLANS
Holy Appottles
St.Vitale
- Mainly in 2 plans : axial and circular
- In later stages, the plans expanded in all four directions to create a cross
- Many churches also enlarged the area under the dome by increasing its
sides, forming an octagonal shape.

24. Martyrium
Bothstructures are martyriums , centered ona central element and thus
built ona central plan, that is, of a circular or sometimes octagonal or
cruciform shape. Inthis case , bothbuildings have a half dome at thecentre
of the structure , but the functionof dome varies .
HAGIA SOPHIA PLANETARIUM
FLOOR PLANS

25. Entrance from
West to East
ENTRANCE AND EXITS
HAGIA SOPHIA PLANETARIUM
FLOOR PLANS

26. The floor planof the Hagia Sophia is symmetrical due to its era of
architecture while the Planetarium that is built inthe 20thcentury , is
asymmetrical .
symmetry
HAGIA SOPHIA PLANETARIUM
FLOOR PLANS

27. The space of Hagia Sophia is carefully proportioned withuniform
geometrical shapes . Incontrast withthe Planetarium , it is irregularly
proportioned witheachside being different from the other .
Proportion of space
FLOOR PLANS
HAGIA SOPHIA PLANETARIUM

28. xc
domes

29. xc
domes

30. NUMBER of domes
The Hagia Sophia has 5 domes, 1 of whichis significantly larger and 2 half-
domes , also knownas conches while the planetarium only has 1 dome .
xc
domes
HAGIA SOPHIA PLANETARIUM

31. Type and form of domes
xc
domes
Both domes are central types.
They are also pointed and hemispherical shape.
Hemispherical domes allow unhindered passages to sound and light waves.
This unique feature plays a very important role in fulfilling the vital purpose of both buildings.

32. Function of the spaces under the domes
To create a large space for worship.
Evoke a spiritual ambience for worshippers.
Accommodate mosaics of Christ, Emperors and Saints.
As a theatre.
To act as a screenfor projections.
domes
HAGIA SOPHIA PLANETARIUM

33. Dome Design
and light
xc
domes

34. xc
domes
planetarium
NO WINDOWS AND OPENINGS. THIS IS TO HELP FACILITATE
LIGHTING AND ACOUSTICS WITHINTHE THEATRE.
AS SOUNDS AND LIGHTS CANREFLECT INMANY RANDOM
DIRECTIONS , THIS CANDISTRACT THE VIEWERS.
HENCE THE DOME SURFACE IS CLADDED WITHTHINALUMINIUM
BECAUSE IT IS EASY TO PERFORATE TINY HOLES TO REDUCE
REFLECTIVITY.

35. xc
domes
Hagia sophia

36. How are domes built?x
domes

37. ROMAN ERA (509-27bc) (PANTHEON)
•
Constructed with quick-drying concrete.
•Pantheon dome roof had to be supported by a circular plan.
•Built with simple assistance of rods attached to a central post to act as a compass for tracing a circle.
•Framework had to be erected by strong supports.
•It covered circular space and its weight was carried by theenclosing walls.
domes

38. BYZANTINE ERA (330 – 1453) (HAGIA SOPHIA)
Primarily using bricks, mortar, and limestone.
•The dome is supported by pendentives.
•Four concave triangular sections solved the problem of setting the circular base of dome on
a square base.
•The weight of dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners.
•Byzantine architects use pendentives to built a higher and wider dome.
domes

39. modern ERA (1990-2000s) (planetarium negara)
Material used for reinforcing are steel bar and in-situ concrete.
Hemispherical dome is supported by ring beam and supporting column.
The structural elements of hemispherical dome structure are
shell structure, ring beam and footing.
domes

40. mosaics
MOSAICS AT THE PLANETARIUM ENTRANCE – ACT AS A DECORATION

41. BYZANTINE MOSAICS (c. 500-843)
mosaics
• Byzantine painting – mosaics, icons, manuscript
illumination
• To convey a heightened sense of spirituality
• Installed in church walls
• Gold, coloured stones and glass
• Playing with light – placed at odd angles to catch the
flickering of candles and ray of sunlight, giving the
effect of floating golden shapes.

42. Early byzantine
1.Gold background
2. Gold cubes at oblique angles
3. Byzantine Mosaic Technique
•Natural stone were used for the faces and hands of
saints
•Colorful glass tesserae are used for hair and garments
mosaics

43. middle byzantine
• Tilting technique of tesserae and gold cubes
• Silver cubes were added to the gold cubes to add sparkle
• Tesserae were set in wavy lines in faces to create dimension
• Icon like, motionless mosaic figures isolated on a gold background was the
leading decorative principle (eg. Virgin with the Child)
• The Classical System emphasised on totality, equilibrium, and clarity which led to
the gradual toning down of the many splendid effects of the earlier tradition
• More gold and less sparkle (less silver
mosaics

44. late byzantine
1.Single Christian scenes (eg. Crucifixion)
2.Tesserae became smaller insize
3.Interestinthe optical effects of gold returned whichled to the returnof
the tilting technique
4.Onflat walls, the gold ground was sometimes set ina shell patternto
enhance the play of light onthe surface and to avoid a too-uniform
brilliance.
5.Domes are covered withmosaics whichproduces reflections of light that
expand like rays from the central medalliontoward the figures
surrounding it
mosaics

45. Byzantine vs planetarium
mosaics
BYZANTINE MOSAICS ARE MORE ON LIVING THINGS LIKE GOD,
ANGELS AND HUMAN BEINGS
FOR WORSHIP DECORATION PURPOSES.
Planetarium mosaics are islamic influenced. They are
More geometrical patterned as the muslims believe that
Living figures cannot be portrayed or illustrated.

46. HOW Is byzantine’s way of design thinking
“influence” design of planetarium?
parti

47. BYZANTINE BUILDINGS : Spiritual mindset. DOME, MOSAIC AND LIGHTS GUIDES USERS TO WORSHIP TOGETHER TO THE HEAVENS.

48. PLANETARIUM : USER’S mindset. DOME GUIDES USERS TO WITNESS PROJECTION TOGETHER TO LEARN ABOUT SPACE.

49. AS HOW HAGIA SOPHIA GUIDES PEOPLE TOWARDS
THE FRONT.
IT CALLS PEOPLE TO WORSHIP AND LOOK HEAVENWARDS.

50. A possible explanation
for such long stairs is
due to the height of the
planetarium itself to
reduce the blockage of
line of sight to the
skies.
A spiral or zigzag stairs
would isolate the
planetarium.
STAIRS
LEADING UP
TO PLANETARIUM

51. Hagia Sophia was a place of worship, thus its spaces were used to accommodate large amounts of people
while connecting those people to religion, to God, the heavens and the saints.
The dome was used by Emperor Justinian toshow his power and to house mass for the growing number of
Christian citizens.
Planetarium Negara instead is a planetarium, a place to learn about astronomy. A prominent feature of
a planetarium is a large semi-sphere projector to simulate the night sky or space.
Quite possibly, as an Islamic country, features of a mosque is used as a concept.
The semi-sphere projector is placed in the dome, the observatory tower disguised as a minaret.
Byzantine buildings

52. Reference
• The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. (2017, April 24). Hagia Sophia. Retrieved June17, 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hagia-Sophia
• Hagia Sophia. (2017, June 17). Retrieved June17, 2017, fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia
• HAGIA SOPHIA. (n.d.). Retrieved June17, 2017, from http://www.hagiasophia.com/
• Altin, M. (2001). Hagia Sophia Engineering. Retrieved June17, 2017, from http://www.academia.edu/8333178/Hagia_Sophia_Engineering
• Bentley, P. (2004, May14). Retrieved June17, 2017, from http://www.mosaicmatters.co.uk/features/islambyzantium.htm
• Grabar, O. (1991). Muqarnas: an annual on Islamicart and architecture. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

53. THANK YOU