Sources of groundwater pollution
Landfills: filling of the land pits which causes leaching of chemicals.
Industrial spills and waste disposal: industrial dumping in open areas and rivers.
Aquifer mapping is a multidisciplinary scientific process wherein a combination of geological, hydrogeological, geophysical, hydrological, and quality data are integrated to characterize the quantity, quality and movement of ground water in aquifers.
The river Bharathapuzha is the lifeline of three districts in Central Kerala namely Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur and also parts of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. This region gets an increase in population during the recent years. Water is unevenly distributed as surface and groundwater resources. An integrated hydrogeological study in the whole basin has not been attempted so far. This is the result of our investigation.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Aquifer mapping is a multidisciplinary scientific process wherein a combination of geological, hydrogeological, geophysical, hydrological, and quality data are integrated to characterize the quantity, quality and movement of ground water in aquifers.
The river Bharathapuzha is the lifeline of three districts in Central Kerala namely Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur and also parts of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. This region gets an increase in population during the recent years. Water is unevenly distributed as surface and groundwater resources. An integrated hydrogeological study in the whole basin has not been attempted so far. This is the result of our investigation.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Introduction
Advantages of groundwater
Hydrological cycle
Sources of groundwater
Vertical distribution of groundwater
Porosity
Permeability
Classification of rocks based on porosity & permeability
Artificial recharge of groundwater
Advantages of groundwater
Hydrological cycle
Sources of groundwater
Vertical distribution of groundwater
Porosity
Permeability
Classification of rocks based on porosity & permeability
Artificial recharge of groundwater Concept of Recharge Spreading Methods
• Basin method
• Channel Method
• Ditch and Furrow method
• Flooding method
• Irrigation method
Digging pits or Shafts:
• Vertical Shafts
• Lateral Shafts
Injection Well
• Recharge Well
Induced Recharge
• Pumping Well
Need for Artificial Recharge
Purposes and Principles of Artificial Recharge
Advantages of Artificial Recharge
Artificial Recharge Techniques And Designs
A presentation that covers hydrogeology basics for Tennessee, an overview of Tennessee hydrogeology and a discussion of the various groundwater provinces of Tennessee.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
CH7.1.pptx: ground water hydrolog of ethiymulugeta48
The annual amount of rain falls runoff is estimated around 122 billion m³ of water.
Groundwater resources are estimated around 36 billion m³.
In Ethiopia, some 80% to 90% of water resources are found in the basins of large rivers such as the Abay (Blue Nile), the Tekeze, the Baro Akobo and the Omo Gibe.
Introduction
Advantages of groundwater
Hydrological cycle
Sources of groundwater
Vertical distribution of groundwater
Porosity
Permeability
Classification of rocks based on porosity & permeability
Artificial recharge of groundwater
Advantages of groundwater
Hydrological cycle
Sources of groundwater
Vertical distribution of groundwater
Porosity
Permeability
Classification of rocks based on porosity & permeability
Artificial recharge of groundwater Concept of Recharge Spreading Methods
• Basin method
• Channel Method
• Ditch and Furrow method
• Flooding method
• Irrigation method
Digging pits or Shafts:
• Vertical Shafts
• Lateral Shafts
Injection Well
• Recharge Well
Induced Recharge
• Pumping Well
Need for Artificial Recharge
Purposes and Principles of Artificial Recharge
Advantages of Artificial Recharge
Artificial Recharge Techniques And Designs
A presentation that covers hydrogeology basics for Tennessee, an overview of Tennessee hydrogeology and a discussion of the various groundwater provinces of Tennessee.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
CH7.1.pptx: ground water hydrolog of ethiymulugeta48
The annual amount of rain falls runoff is estimated around 122 billion m³ of water.
Groundwater resources are estimated around 36 billion m³.
In Ethiopia, some 80% to 90% of water resources are found in the basins of large rivers such as the Abay (Blue Nile), the Tekeze, the Baro Akobo and the Omo Gibe.
Introduction
Water resources of India at a glance
Hydrogeological cycle
Exploration of groundwater
Groundwater potential zone
Indicators
Sensors
Rules for selection of imagery
Conclusion
Reference
Requires systematic screening to address:
Technical and scientific aspects eg
geological
environmental
engineering
Economic issues
Regulatory factors
Public acceptance
Siting is not exclusively a technical challenge
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
Biogas can be produced from regionally available raw materials such as recycled waste.
It is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint.
Biogas can be compressed, the same way natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles.
The global positioning system is a spaced based satelite navigation system that provides location time information in all weather conditions , anywhere on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
Developed and maintained by the US Department of Defense (DOD)
Pepsee system is a low cost alternative of drip irrigation system (DIS). It does not require micro tube or emitter to place water directly to the root zone instead the lateral, which is called pepsee a light-weight plastic pipes used for making ice candy locally called “Pepsee”, is placed directly to the root zone of the plants.
Introduction
History of DIS
System components
Advantages
Drip irrigation payback wizard
Drip irrigation scheduling
Important tips for system components
Basic system operation
System maintenance
Disadvantage DIs
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
4. The occurrence of ground water is
dependent on several factors :-
• Geology:- Study of earth surface i.e the features that exist on the
earth surface.
• Surface Drainage:- The drainage pattern is important because it
indicates the rate at which precipitation infiltrates into the ground.
• Slope And Topography:- Topographic elevation and slope are
important in the determination of water table elevation.
• Rainfall:- The amount of rainfall determines the amount and
distribution of ground water because it is the source of
precipitation that percolates into the ground to form ground water.
5. •Land use/ Land cover:- In addition, some land uses allow more infiltration
than others and hence affect the occurrence of ground water.
Lineament :- Lineaments provide information on movement and storage of
groundwater making it an important aspect in ground water exploration
6. Porosity
Porosity of a rock is a measure of its
ability to hold a fluid. Mathematically,
porosity is the open space in a rock
divided by the total rock volume (solid
+ space or holes). Porosity is normally
expressed as a percentage of the total
rock which is taken up by pore
space. For example, a sandstone may
have 8% porosity. This means 92
percent is solid rock and 8 percent is
open space .
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS GOVERNING THE OCCURRENCE
7. Permeability
Permeability is the property of rocks that is an indication of the ability
for fluids to flow through rocks. High permeability will allow fluids to
move rapidly through rocks. Permeability is affected by the pressure in a
rock.
8. Infilltration Galleries
It is horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnles constructed along the bank of river
though water bearing strata.
Infilltration Well
They are the shallow wells constructed in series along the banks of river,in oder
to collect the river water seeping through seepage through their bottom.
Springs
The natural outflow of groundwater at earth surface is said to form a springs. A
pervious layer sandwiches between two impervious layer is said to be natural
springs.
VARIOUS FORMS OF UNDERGROUND
RESOURCES
9. Aquifer
An aquifer is a geological formation of permeable material,which is capable to yield
appropriate quantity of ground water under gravity.
Aquifuge
An aquifuge is a geologic formation which doesn’t have interconnected pores. It is
neither porous nor permeable. Thus, it can neither store water nor transmit it.
Examples of aquifuge are rocks like basalt, granite, etc.
Aquiclude
Aquicludes have normally good storage capacity but low transmitting capacity. Clay
and shale are typical aquicludes.
Aquitard
An aquitard is a partly permeable geologic formation. It transmits water at such a
slow rate that the yield is insufficient. Pumping by wells is not possible. For example,
sandyclay
GROUNDWATER AVAILABLE IN FORM
10. Effluent Stream
The Stream which receives discharge from the water table is called as effluent
Stream.
Influent Stream
The stream recharges (contributes) water to the zone of saturation is called
influent stream.
Specific Yield
It is measure of water yielding capacity of rock. It is the ratio of the volume of
water that drains from a saturated rock due to the attraction of gravity to the
total volume the rock.
Specific Retention
It is a measure of water retaining capacity of rock. Specific Retention of a rock
is the ratio of the volume of water a rock can retain against gravity to the total
volume of the rock.
Safe Yield
The amount of water which can be with drawn annually from the ground
water basin without getting any undesirable result.
Draw down
It is difference measured between the static water level and the pumping
water level.
11. Water Quality – Why Is It Important?
• All living being need it
• Aquatic lives receive oxygen
from it
• Causes Physical / Death if it
has Toxic elements
13. Groundwater quality
Sources of groundwater pollution
• Landfills: filling of the land pits which causes leaching of chemicals.
• Industrial spills and waste disposal: industrial dumping in open areas and
rivers.
14. Groundwater quality
Sources of groundwater pollution
• Leaking storage tanks: Leaking fuel storage tanks are one of the biggest
sources of ground water contamination.
• Non-point-source contamination: used motor oil, left over paint, spilled gas
15. Groundwater quality
Sources of groundwater pollution
• Agricultural runoff: Animal waste, pesticides, and chemical fertilizers can all
contaminate groundwater
• Sewage leaks and septic tanks: septic tanks are engineered sewage dispersal
16. How does Aquifer Pollution occur?
• Waste disposal and contaminant load is uncontrolled.
• It exceeds attenuation capacity of the ground.
• Groundwater pollution is primarily to shallow aquifers.
• Deep and confined aquifers can become polluted in highly fractured media and
when pollution persists over a long time.
• Industrial wastes disposal.
• Natural disasters.
18. Mapping groundwater prospective zones
Methodology for groundwater prospects mapping
I. Preliminary Interpretation of satellite data
II. Field verification & collection of ground
data
III. Final Interpretation
IV. Digitisation & data integration
V. Generation of ground water prospects map
19. Groundwater Prospecting- Concept
Rock types
Geomorphology
Geological structures
Recharge condition
Factors
Identification
of potential
zones for
ground water
occurrence
Identification
of locations/
Priority zones
for constructing
Recharge
structures
The groundwater prospects mapping involves identification and mapping of prospective
groundwater zones. The ground water prospect zones for ground water exploration were
identified and delineated after integrating the all information on geology,
geomorphology, land use/cover,slope,drainage density and recharge conditions in
unconfined to semi confined aquifers of the terrain like as discharge, drawdown, specific
capacity maps
20. GIS technology
used in spatial
integration and
analysis to
demarcate basin
potential
groundwater
recharge zone.
21. Habitations - Non Covered (NC)
- Partially Covered (PC)
- Other than NC / PC
- City / Town
Roads - Unmetalled
- Metalled
- State Highways (with no’s)
- National Highways (with no’s)
Admin Boundaries - International
- State
- District
- Taluq / Tehasil / Block
Railway Lines
Base map
details
30. ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE
SENSING TECHNIQUES
• Remote sensing and GIS methods permit rapid and cost effective natural
resource survey and management. Moreover, remotely sensed data serve
as vital tool in groundwater prospecting.
• The remote sensing data helps in fairly accurate hydro-geomorphological
analysis and identification and delineation of land features.
• Remote sensing with its advantages of spatial, spectral and temporal
availability of data covering large and inaccessible areas within short time
has become a very handy tool in assessing, monitoring and conserving
groundwater resources.
31. • With sufficient ground data, hydrological characteristics of geomorphological
features can be discribed. Satellite remote sensing provides an opportunity for
better observation and more systematic analysis of various geomorphic units,
lineament features, following the integration with the help of Geographical
Information System to demarcate the groundwater potential zones.
• Therefore, an integrated approach, including studies of lithology,
hydrogeomorphology and lineament, has been taken up, using remote sensing
and GIS techniques, for a proper assessment of groundwater potential zones in
the study area.
32. CONCLUSIONS
• The study has focused on the utility of remote sensing and GIS in the
identification of ground water potential zones.
• Satellite imagery proved to be highly useful in terrain characterization,
i.e. in mapping of different groundwater controlling parameters for the
occurrence and movement of groundwater such as geology,
geomorphology, landuse/cover drainage, etc.
• The groundwater prospects map has been prepared by integrating the
Geology, Geomorphology, landuse and depth to water table maps
