The digestive system includes several accessory organs that help break down food and nutrients. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones to regulate blood sugar. The liver produces bile to break down fats, stores vitamins and minerals, and breaks down toxins and old blood cells. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before sending it to the small intestine to help digest dietary fats.
Food is broken down by the teeth and mixed with saliva with the help of salivary glands. It contains salivary amylase which breakdown the carbohydrate into smaller pieces. The mixture of food and saliva is called bolus. The bolus is pushed into throat and into the esophagus
The esophageal lumen is flexible and allows different size of bolus to transfer from mouth to the stomach. The outer muscle layer of esophagus is responsible for peristalsis, which is the bolus can transport to the stomach from the mouth even if the person is standing on his head. Peristalsis is the contraction and relaxation of the esophageal lumen to transfer the bolus into the stomach.
The stomach has outer longitudinal muscle layer, middle circular muscle fibre and inner oblique muscle layer; covered by the rugae of mucosa. The stomach wall contains gastric gland which produce the mucosa to protect the stomach from the gastric acid. On seeing or smelling the food, the stomach expand and produce gastric juice.
1-2 liter of gastric juice is produced daily. Since the esophagus does not contain the protective mucosal layer, the esophagus and the stomach is separated by the sphincter. The sphincter relaxes when the bolus is pushed from the esophagus to the stomach and contracts to prevent the gastric acid and the bolus to move upward to the esophagus.
Through gastric juice and stomach movement which occur approximately every 20 seconds, the individual bolus is converted into semi fluid partly digested food called chyme. The pyloric sphincter open only few millimeters so that the large particles remain inside the stomach and the chyme enters the first section of small intestine that is duodenum.
The duodenum and jejunum have circular folds to increase the contact surface with the food. It is covered with small finger like projection called villi, which is 1 milli meter long. The villus has both blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries called lacteal. The nutrients are absorbed by the villi and transported to the blood capillaries
The small intestine and large intestine is separated by ileocecal valve. The chyme enters the large intestine via the ileocecal valve.
The large intestine does not have villi but it has 100 billion bacteria responsible for various processes such as production of vitamins and digestion of fibre. These bacteria are important part of immune system by killing harmful germs. Through peristalsis, the chyme is moved from the ascending colon to the transverse colon and to the descending colon. Water is removed from the chyme on its way through large intestine and mucus is added for the better excretion of waste. The substance that cannot be absorbed by the small intestine and large intestine is collected in rectum and excreted via anus.
Food is broken down by the teeth and mixed with saliva with the help of salivary glands. It contains salivary amylase which breakdown the carbohydrate into smaller pieces. The mixture of food and saliva is called bolus. The bolus is pushed into throat and into the esophagus
The esophageal lumen is flexible and allows different size of bolus to transfer from mouth to the stomach. The outer muscle layer of esophagus is responsible for peristalsis, which is the bolus can transport to the stomach from the mouth even if the person is standing on his head. Peristalsis is the contraction and relaxation of the esophageal lumen to transfer the bolus into the stomach.
The stomach has outer longitudinal muscle layer, middle circular muscle fibre and inner oblique muscle layer; covered by the rugae of mucosa. The stomach wall contains gastric gland which produce the mucosa to protect the stomach from the gastric acid. On seeing or smelling the food, the stomach expand and produce gastric juice.
1-2 liter of gastric juice is produced daily. Since the esophagus does not contain the protective mucosal layer, the esophagus and the stomach is separated by the sphincter. The sphincter relaxes when the bolus is pushed from the esophagus to the stomach and contracts to prevent the gastric acid and the bolus to move upward to the esophagus.
Through gastric juice and stomach movement which occur approximately every 20 seconds, the individual bolus is converted into semi fluid partly digested food called chyme. The pyloric sphincter open only few millimeters so that the large particles remain inside the stomach and the chyme enters the first section of small intestine that is duodenum.
The duodenum and jejunum have circular folds to increase the contact surface with the food. It is covered with small finger like projection called villi, which is 1 milli meter long. The villus has both blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries called lacteal. The nutrients are absorbed by the villi and transported to the blood capillaries
The small intestine and large intestine is separated by ileocecal valve. The chyme enters the large intestine via the ileocecal valve.
The large intestine does not have villi but it has 100 billion bacteria responsible for various processes such as production of vitamins and digestion of fibre. These bacteria are important part of immune system by killing harmful germs. Through peristalsis, the chyme is moved from the ascending colon to the transverse colon and to the descending colon. Water is removed from the chyme on its way through large intestine and mucus is added for the better excretion of waste. The substance that cannot be absorbed by the small intestine and large intestine is collected in rectum and excreted via anus.
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2. PANCREAS
Secretes digestive
enzymes (pancreatic
juices) and sodium
bicarbonate to neutralize
stomach acids. Makes
hormones (insulin) to
regulate blood sugar levels.
LIVER
Largest internal organ.
Produces bile that help
break down fats into
smaller components.
The liver also stores
vitamins, breaks down
toxins from the body,
breaks down old
RBCs, produces
proteins, and stores
glycogen for energy.
GALLBLADDER
Stores bile before sending it to the small intestine to
digest fats. Concentrated bile by removing water.
(if too much water is removed, gall stones may form)
STATION 16: accessory organs
Makes
nearly 1L of
enzymes
each day
