Concept 29.4
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This document summarizes the evolution and characteristics of seedless vascular plants. It describes how they formed the first forests during the Carboniferous period by growing tall and removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, leaving peat deposits that eventually became coal. Key aspects covered include the dominant sporophyte life cycle, transport tissues like xylem and phloem, evolution of roots and leaves, and types of seedless vascular plants like ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes.
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Plants live on land and in water, ranging from microscopic to huge trees. The first plants were likely algae that washed ashore and developed adaptations like cell walls and waxy cuticles to survive on land. Early land plants reproduced with spores but later evolved vascular tissues and roots, stems, and leaves. Plants are divided into two major groups: nonvascular plants like mosses that lack true stems and roots, and vascular plants like ferns and seed plants that have transport tissues.
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The document outlines the objectives, content, and activities of a botany workshop focusing on plant taxonomy. The workshop aims to develop participants' background in botany and plant taxonomy, appreciate plants' economic importance, and build camaraderie. The document covers the science of plant taxonomy, including identification and classification of plants according to their taxonomic ranks, from kingdom to species. It provides examples of non-vascular and vascular plants classified according to their divisions.
Plants
The document discusses plant structures and their functions. It explains that plants are autotrophs that produce their own food through photosynthesis. It describes the aboveground and belowground structures of plants including leaves, stems, flowers, and roots. It also discusses transport tissues, meristems, and plant responses to stimuli like light and touch.
Plant diversity cheat sheet
This document provides an overview of plant evolution and diversity. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae around 500 million years ago and began colonizing land. Key events included the development of vascular tissue that allowed for water and nutrient transport, as well as structural support. This enabled the evolution of non-vascular bryophytes and vascular plants with tracheids. Vascular plants diversified into seedless and seed-bearing forms. Seed plants like angiosperms were more successful and diverse, having specialized tissues and more efficient reproduction. Plant adaptations like cuticles, stomata and lignin allowed for survival on land in various environments. Today there are over 300,000 known plant species across many divisions and environments.
Biology 102
This document provides a summary of key points from Chapter 24 of Biology 102 on the evolution and diversity of plants. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae over 500 million years ago, and the characteristics that distinguish them as multicellular photosynthetic organisms adapted to life on land, such as cell walls containing cellulose. It also summarizes the alternation of generations life cycle in plants, the adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land, and an overview of the characteristics and reproduction of nonvascular and vascular plants including seedless plants, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
plant roots(b)
The document discusses the structure and function of plant roots. It describes how roots anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients, and store food. Roots systems vary in their morphology between dicots and monocots. Roots have several tissues including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and vascular system. The root tip contains an apical meristem that drives root growth. Root hairs significantly increase the surface area for absorption. The endodermis regulates the movement of water and nutrients into the vascular system. Roots undergo modifications to serve functions like storage or support.
Plant Physiology in Brief.ppt
This document provides an overview of plant physiology, classification, structure, and life processes. It discusses that plants are multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose and chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis. Plants are classified based on their reproductive structures into bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. The focus is on flowering plants, which have roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive organs like flowers. Key plant processes like transport, homeostasis, respiration, regulation, and reproduction are also summarized.
Unit 4 diagram (1)
Plants are classified based on their reproductive structures and methods. Flowering plants reproduce sexually through flowers and seeds, while non-flowering plants reproduce asexually using spores. Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce fruits containing seeds, while gymnosperms are non-flowering plants like pine trees that bear seeds in cones. Ferns and mosses also reproduce using spores. All plants have roots, stems and leaves that carry out essential functions like absorbing water and minerals, providing structure, and capturing sunlight for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the key process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce their own food in the form of glucose.
Similar to Concept 29.4 (20)
Ap bio lecture ch24 evolution and diversity of life
Ap bio lecture ch24 evolution and diversity of life
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Chapter 17.4
Translation is the process by which a messenger RNA is used to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide chain. It involves three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA start codon along with initiator tRNA. In elongation, amino acids are sequentially added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the complete polypeptide chain. The process requires specific transfer RNAs that match codons and carry corresponding amino acids.
Presentation19.5
Duplications, rearrangements, and mutations of DNA contribute to genome evolution over time. Duplication of genes or chromosome sets can provide raw material for new genes to evolve after mutations occur. Rearrangements like exon shuffling can combine parts of different genes to form new genes with novel functions. Transposable elements also promote genome evolution by enabling recombination and duplication events that generate genetic diversity for selection to act upon.
30.2 bio
The document discusses the evolution and life cycles of gymnosperms. It describes the four phyla of gymnosperms: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Coniferophyta. Cycads have large cones and palm-like leaves, while Ginkgo biloba is the only surviving species of its phylum. The document focuses on conifers, describing their scale-like cones and needle-shaped or fan-like leaves. It provides details on the life cycle of pines, including the development of pollen cones, ovulate cones, fertilization, and seed formation.
Concept 28.4
Members of the Alveolata clade have alveoli, or small sacs, beneath their cell membranes. This includes dinoflagellates, which can cause red tides, apicomplexans such as the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria, and ciliates like Paramecium which use cilia for movement and feeding. These protists reproduce both sexually through conjugation and asexually through binary fission.
25.3
- A cladogram shows patterns of shared characteristics among species and groups them into clades based on shared ancestry. There are three types of clades: monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic.
- When constructing phylogenetic trees, systematists apply principles of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood to find the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary changes or is most likely given patterns of DNA change over time.
- Strongest phylogenetic hypotheses are supported by morphological, molecular, and fossil evidence from multiple sources.
11.4
Signal pathways lead to the synthesis of proteins through three main stages: signal reception, signal transduction, and signal response. This process is amplified at each step through enzyme amplification. While cells were once thought to have independent and linear signaling pathways, we now understand signaling to be more complex, with cross-talk between various pathways and receptors within each cell. Scaffolding proteins are crucial regulators that help localize signaling components and enhance the speed and accuracy of signal transfer.
Concept 28.5
Stramenopiles have flagella with fine hair-like projections, and can have either hairy or smooth flagella. They have a general life cycle involving alternation of generations. Examples of stramenopiles include oomycetes like water molds and downy mildew, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae. Seaweeds have various human uses as well.
Concept 27.2
The document discusses different types of organisms categorized based on their mode of nutrition. It describes phototrophs that obtain energy from light, chemotrophs that obtain energy from chemicals, autotrophs that only require CO2 as a carbon source, and heterotrophs that require organic nutrients. It provides examples of photosynthetic organisms, chemosynthetic organisms, and heterotrophs. The document also discusses aerobic and anaerobic respiration and nitrogen fixation in prokaryotes. It describes how some prokaryotes cooperate through specialized cells, metabolic product exchange, and biofilms.
Concept 19.4
Eukaryotic genomes contain many noncoding DNA sequences in addition to genes, including transposable elements. There are two types of transposable elements: transposons, which move via a DNA intermediate, and retrotransposons, which move via an RNA intermediate by making a copy of their DNA and inserting it elsewhere in the genome using reverse transcriptase. While many transposable elements no longer move, they make up a large portion of eukaryotic genomes and were an important source of evolutionary innovation.
Chapter 27.5
While many prokaryotes cause human diseases like tuberculosis and diarrhea, prokaryotes also have beneficial uses. They play an important role in bioremediation by breaking down pollutants and cleaning up oil spills. Additionally, genetically engineered prokaryotes can now produce useful compounds like vitamins and antibiotics. However, overuse of antibiotics has led to increased antibiotic resistance in prokaryotes due to their rapid reproduction.
Concept 13.3
“Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid”
oh wait this isn't the one we presented, but at least it still has all of the basic information.
Concept 12.3
The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system that triggers and coordinates key events. It is driven by a built-in clock involving cyclical fluctuations of cell cycle control molecules like cyclins and protein kinases. The cell cycle proceeds through checkpoints at the G1, S, G2, and M phases and is regulated by internal and external signals. External factors like growth factors and cell density can influence the cell cycle by triggering signaling pathways that allow or inhibit progression through the checkpoints. Dysregulation of the cell cycle can lead to cancer if cells divide excessively and evade programmed cell death.
Concept 13.2
The document summarizes the human life cycle and cell division processes. It discusses that the life cycle begins with a haploid sperm and egg fusing during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes mitosis to develop into a multicellular organism. Meiosis occurs during gamete formation to produce haploid cells. Fertilization and meiosis alternate in the human life cycle to maintain the normal chromosome number between generations.
Concept 12.1
Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells and allows organisms to reproduce their own kind. It occurs through the cell cycle, where a cell replicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Eukaryotic cells package their DNA into chromosomes found in the nucleus. Chromosomes are duplicated and separated into sister chromatids during cell division. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis, which produces identical body cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
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Concept 29.4
- 1. CONCEPT 29.4: FERNS AND OTHER SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS FORMED THE FIRST FORESTS! Benjamin H. Michelle K.
- 2. SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS Carboniferous period: vascular plants diversified Fragile gametophytes Sperm must swim Most common in damp environments
- 3. ORIGINS AND TRAITS OF VASCULAR PLANTS 420 million yra Branched sporophytes Not dependent on gametophytes Complex bodies with multiple sporangia
- 4. LIFE CYCLE WITH DOMINANT SPOROPHYTES Sporophyte: larger + more complex Sporophyte
- 6. TRANSPORT IN XYLEM AND PHLOEM Vascular tissue Xylem: conducts water + minerals Tracheids: tube-shape cellsd (dead cells) Lignin: polymer, strengthens cell walls Phloem: distributes organic products Transport materials above ground w/ lignin plant = stronger
- 7. EVOLUTION OF ROOTS Roots: organs, anchor plants, absorb water and nutrients from soil Early roots resemble stem tissue Evolve from lower, underground stems Convergent evolution?
- 8. EVOLUTION OF LEAVES Leaves: organs, increase surface area for photosynthesis Microphylls: small, one vein Megaphylls: leaves w/ highly branched vascular system, more photosynthesis
- 9. SPOROPHYLLS Sporophylls: modified leaves w/ sporangia Sori: clusters of sporangia Strobili: cones, groups of sporophylls
- 10. SPORE VARIATIONS Homosporous: 1 sporangium 1 spore bisexual gametophyte eggs and sperm Heterosporous: Megasporangium megaspore female gametophyte eggs Microsporangium microscope male gametophyte sperm
- 11. LYCOPHYTES Use other plants as substrates tiny gametophytes Sporophytes Upright stems, many small leaves In mosses, clustered in strobili (club-shape cones) Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
- 12. PTEROPHYTA Whisk ferns Branching stems No roots or leaves Horsetails Bushy stems Homosporous Stems w/ joints (stem = main photosynthesis) Ferns Megaphylls Horizontal stems w/ large leaves (fronds) Homosporous
- 13. SIGNIFICANCE OF SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS During Carboniferous period grew tall Formed forests Accelerate photosynthesis Removed CO2 from atmosphere peat, became coal
- 14. REVIEW! What’s the phenolic polymer that strengthens cell walls? What do megasporangium produce? What do microsporangium produce? What vascular tissue transports water and minerals? What vascular tissue transports organic products? What is the significance of these vascular plants?