Plants live on land and in water, ranging from microscopic to huge trees. The first plants were likely algae that washed ashore and developed adaptations like cell walls and waxy cuticles to survive on land. Early land plants reproduced with spores but later evolved vascular tissues and roots, stems, and leaves. Plants are divided into two major groups: nonvascular plants like mosses that lack true stems and roots, and vascular plants like ferns and seed plants that have transport tissues.

1. INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS Characteristics of Plants Nonvascular Simple Vascular

3. Miscellaneous plant Info Plants live on land with some in water—range from microscopic to huge (giant sequoia) 1 st plants probably algae washed up on land—grew rhizoids Red, yellow, or orange (think carrots) pigments found in some cells of plants are carotinoids Oldest plant fossils are from the Silurian period about 420 million yrs. ago

4. Misc. info still How did algae survive? adaptations such as: 1. rigid cell wall with cellulose 2. waxy, clear. Protective layer on stems and leaves called a cuticle Plants in water reproduce easily, simple land plants still use water; later complex plants develop other methods Advantages to living on land: 1. More direct sunlight 2. more carbon dioxide Both helped Photosynthesis! Eventually, land plants developed stems and roots (became vascular). Plant kingdom grouped into major divisions (same as a phylum in Animal kingdom)

5. Simple plants- NONVASCULAR -have no roots, have RHIZOIDS No leaves, have leaf-like structures No stems, have stem-like structures called stalks SEEDLESS PLANTS

6. NONVASCULAR PLANTS Reproduce with spores & sex cells Division BRYOPHYTA Are MOSSES —simple rootless plants with leaf-like growths in a spiral around a stalk, held by rhizoids Also are LIVERWORTS -with a flat, leaf-like body PIONEER SPECIES -are both mosses + liverworts. They are the first plants going into poor/destroyed areas.

7. Seedless Vascular Plants: Use SPORES to reproduce Vascular “tubes ” (tissue) present Some quite tall (1 or 2 meters) Include: Spike + club moss : Tiny pine cone like tops or clubby like “fat tailed” tops Horsetails : Hollow stem with joints , pops apart Ferns : Largest group no. wise , + size wise , ancient tree ferns made coal deposits www.istockphoto.com www.istockphoto.com www.indoor-plant-care.com faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu www.worldofstock.com

8. Moss Life Cycle www.earthhistory.org.uk Start with: Spores Protonema Bud Gametophyte —male and female Sporophyte with spore capsule- circle

9. Start with : Spores Prothallus Sperm Egg Germinating sporophyte -circle Sporophyte with rhizome + fiddlehead (in square) Fern Life Cycle http://departments.bloomu.edu/biology/pics/botany/lifecycles/fern_lc.html