Computer is an electronic device that takes in raw data as input, processes it according to programmed instructions, and outputs the results. It has four main functions: input, processing, output, and storage. A computer system consists of hardware, software, and a user. Hardware includes internal components like the central processing unit and motherboard, as well as external input/output devices. Software provides instructions to give the computer intelligence. The user operates the computer. Computers can be analog, digital, or hybrid. They also vary in size from supercomputers to mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers like desktops, laptops and palmtops.

1. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

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WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Computer is an advanced
electronic device that takes
raw data as input from the
user and processes these
data under the control of
set of instructions (called
program) and give the
result (output) and saves
output for the future use.

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A COMPUTER HAS FOUR
FUNCTIONS:
Accepts data Input
Process data
Processing
Produces output

4. Input
Output
Input is the raw information
entered into a computer from the
input devices. It is the collection of
letters, numbers, images etc.
Proces
s
Process is the operation of
data as per given
instruction. It is totally
internal process of the
computer system.
Storag
e
Output is the processed data given
by computer after data processing.
Output is also called as the Result. Output or Result can be
stored in computer storage
for future use.

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COMPUTER SYSTEM
All of the components of a computer system
can be summarized with the simple equations:
COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE
+ USER
 Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral
Devices
 Software = Programs Software which gives
“intelligence” to the computer.
 User = Person, who operates computer.

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INPUT DEVICES
Mouse &
Keyboard Scanner
Track Ball
Biometric
Device
Joystic
Web Cam

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INPUT DEVICES
Magnetic Card
Reader Microphone
Bluetooth
Touch pad

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PROCESSOR
CENTRAL PROCESSION UNIT (CPU)
CPU is the main unit inside
the computer.
It is responsible for all events
inside the computer.
It controls all internal and
external devices, performs
arithmetic and logic
operations.
The CPU is the device that
interprets and execute the

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OUTPUT DEVICES
Monitor Speaker
Printer Projector

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INTERNAL COMPONENTS
MotherBoardExpansion
Slot
CMOS
Battery
Cooling Fan

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INTERNAL COMPONENTS
Network CardGraphics
Card
Power
Supply
Unit
Memory
Slot

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TYPES OF COMPUTER
ON THE BASES OF WORKING PRINCIPLE
a) Analog Computer
An analog computer is a form of computer that uses continuous
physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic
quantities to model the problem being solved.
Thermomete
r
Speedomet
er

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ANALOG COMPUTER
Multimet
er
Petrol Pump
Indicator

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b) Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculation and logical operations with
quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.

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b) Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)
A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and
outputting in both digital and analog signals.

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ON THE BASIS OF SIZE
a) Super Computer
•It is the fastest type of
computer and is very
expensive.
•Used for specialized
applications that require
immense amounts of
mathematical calculations
i.e., weather forecasting.

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b) Mainframe Computer
•A very large and expensive
computer capable of
supporting hundreds, or even
thousands of users
simultaneously.
•It comes after supercomputer
in hierarchy and sometimes it
is more powerful than
supercomputer.
•Mainframe computer can
support multiple programs
simultaneously whereas super
computer uses all its power to

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c) Mini Computer
•It is a midsized
computer. In size and
power, it lie between
workstations and
mainframes.
•In general, a
minicomputer is a
multiprocessing
system capable of
supporting from 4 to
about 200 users

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d) Micro Computer
•Desktop Computer: a
personal computer
sufficient to fit on a desk.
•Laptop Computer: a
portable computer
complete with an
integrated screen and
keyboard.
•Palmtop Computer: a
hand-sized computer
with no keyboard as the
screen serves both as an
input and output device.