A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and output information. It consists of hardware components like a central processing unit, memory, storage devices, and input/output components. Software in the form of operating systems and applications controls the functions of the computer hardware and allows it to perform tasks for users. Common uses of computers include word processing, data analysis, accounting, design, and entertainment.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions and explanations of key concepts. It describes what a computer is and its basic components, including input devices, a central processing unit, memory, output devices, and storage devices. It explains the basic functions of inputting, processing, outputting, and storing data. It also discusses different types of computers from microcomputers to mainframes and supercomputers.
This document provides an introduction to computers and their components. It defines what a computer is and explains that it consists of input, processing, output and storage devices. It describes common input devices like keyboards and mice and output devices like monitors and printers. It then explains the different types of computers from microcomputers to mainframes and supercomputers. It discusses the internal components of a computer including the CPU, memory and storage devices. Finally, it outlines some common uses of computers and provides a brief history.
Computer basic knowledge from 0 to advance. Computer Knowledge is necessary for all, these notes can help you to build basic knowledge , history of computer, application of computer, etc.
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions, components, and uses. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data, and produce information as output based on stored instructions. The key components are identified as the input devices, central processing unit, memory, output devices, and storage devices. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, and scanners, while monitors and printers are identified as common output devices. The document then discusses the various types of computers from microcomputers to mainframes and supercomputers as well as their characteristics and uses.
Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. They are composed of hardware and software and exist in a variety of sizes, from embedded computers inside devices to supercomputers used for highly complex tasks. A basic computer system includes input devices like a keyboard, a central processing unit that performs calculations, and output devices like a monitor that present results.
Here are the steps to execute the Add LOCA,R0 instruction:
1. Transfer the contents of register PC (which contains the address INSTR) to register MAR.
2. Issue a Read command to memory, and wait for the instruction to be transferred from the addressed location to register MDR.
3. Transfer the instruction from MDR into IR to decode it.
4. Transfer the address LOCA specified in the instruction from IR to MAR.
5. Issue a Read command and wait for the operand at address LOCA to be transferred from memory to register MDR.
6. Transfer the contents of register MDR to the ALU.
7. Transfer the contents of register R0
This document provides information about course administration, requirements to get more marks, and an introduction to computers and basic computer terminology.
The course assessments include two exams worth 30% and 50% respectively, along with assignments, presentations, quizzes, and class participation worth the remaining 20%. To get more marks, students should have good overall class attitude and avoid practices like plagiarism while focusing on innovation and confidence.
The document then provides definitions of basic computer terms like input, output, processing, memory, and storage. It also describes the basic components of a computer system including people, hardware, software, data, and procedures.
The document provides information about Sourav, who is enrolled in batch Noida (238) with registration number NRO0476945. It then discusses various topics related to computer fundamentals, including definitions of a computer, its basic operations of input, processing, output and storage. It describes the elements that make up the computing process including hardware, software, data, people and procedures. It also provides classifications of different types of computers like supercomputers, mainframe computers, mini computers and microcomputers. Finally, it discusses classifications of computer memory into primary and secondary memory.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions and explanations of key concepts. It describes what a computer is and its basic components, including input devices, a central processing unit, memory, output devices, and storage devices. It explains the basic functions of inputting, processing, outputting, and storing data. It also discusses different types of computers from microcomputers to mainframes and supercomputers.
This document provides an introduction to computers and their components. It defines what a computer is and explains that it consists of input, processing, output and storage devices. It describes common input devices like keyboards and mice and output devices like monitors and printers. It then explains the different types of computers from microcomputers to mainframes and supercomputers. It discusses the internal components of a computer including the CPU, memory and storage devices. Finally, it outlines some common uses of computers and provides a brief history.
Computer basic knowledge from 0 to advance. Computer Knowledge is necessary for all, these notes can help you to build basic knowledge , history of computer, application of computer, etc.
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions, components, and uses. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process the data, and produce information as output based on stored instructions. The key components are identified as the input devices, central processing unit, memory, output devices, and storage devices. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, and scanners, while monitors and printers are identified as common output devices. The document then discusses the various types of computers from microcomputers to mainframes and supercomputers as well as their characteristics and uses.
Computers enable the efficient processing and storage of information. They are composed of hardware and software and exist in a variety of sizes, from embedded computers inside devices to supercomputers used for highly complex tasks. A basic computer system includes input devices like a keyboard, a central processing unit that performs calculations, and output devices like a monitor that present results.
Here are the steps to execute the Add LOCA,R0 instruction:
1. Transfer the contents of register PC (which contains the address INSTR) to register MAR.
2. Issue a Read command to memory, and wait for the instruction to be transferred from the addressed location to register MDR.
3. Transfer the instruction from MDR into IR to decode it.
4. Transfer the address LOCA specified in the instruction from IR to MAR.
5. Issue a Read command and wait for the operand at address LOCA to be transferred from memory to register MDR.
6. Transfer the contents of register MDR to the ALU.
7. Transfer the contents of register R0
This document provides information about course administration, requirements to get more marks, and an introduction to computers and basic computer terminology.
The course assessments include two exams worth 30% and 50% respectively, along with assignments, presentations, quizzes, and class participation worth the remaining 20%. To get more marks, students should have good overall class attitude and avoid practices like plagiarism while focusing on innovation and confidence.
The document then provides definitions of basic computer terms like input, output, processing, memory, and storage. It also describes the basic components of a computer system including people, hardware, software, data, and procedures.
The document provides information about Sourav, who is enrolled in batch Noida (238) with registration number NRO0476945. It then discusses various topics related to computer fundamentals, including definitions of a computer, its basic operations of input, processing, output and storage. It describes the elements that make up the computing process including hardware, software, data, people and procedures. It also provides classifications of different types of computers like supercomputers, mainframe computers, mini computers and microcomputers. Finally, it discusses classifications of computer memory into primary and secondary memory.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, manipulate the data according to programmed instructions, produce output, and store results for future use. Computers are used in nearly all aspects of modern life including business, education, healthcare, science, engineering, manufacturing, government, and more. A computer consists of an input unit, output unit, central processing unit, and memory. The central processing unit contains an arithmetic logic unit and control unit that work together to process instructions and manipulate data stored in memory.
The document provides an introduction to computer systems, defining a computer, describing the basic components and functions of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users. It explains the information processing cycle of input, processing, output, and storage. It also discusses the various uses of computers in personal, business, and educational settings.
The document outlines the essential hardware components of a computer system, including the processor, memory, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the different types of memory, such as RAM and ROM, and storage devices like hard drives and optical disks. It also explains the two main types of software: system
1. The document defines a computer as an electronic device that inputs data, processes it into useful information, outputs and stores the information. It describes the basic information processing cycle of input, processing, output, and storage.
2. Hardware components of a computer system include the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input/output ports and peripherals. Software includes operating systems and application programs.
3. A computer system requires data input by users, hardware to process the data, software instructions to direct the hardware, and users to operate the system.
The document provides information on types of computers, their generations and components. It discusses analog, digital and hybrid computers. It describes the five generations of computers from first to fifth. The central components including CPU, memory and I/O devices are explained. Input devices like keyboard and mouse and output devices like monitor and printer are outlined. The distinction between hardware and software is also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It defines a computer and describes the basic components of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users. It explains the information processing cycle of input, processing, output, and storage. It also discusses the various parts of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and applications software. Finally, it provides examples of how computers are used in personal, business, and educational settings.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It defines a computer and describes the basic components of a computer system, including hardware, software, data, and users. It explains the input, processing, output, and storage aspects of the information processing cycle. It also discusses the various parts of a computer system and their functions, including processors, memory, input/output devices, and storage. Finally, it differentiates between system software and application software.
This chapter will refresh your knowledge on the basics of how computers work, the different types of computers there are and their typical features. You will then learn about how computers are categorised and how ICT has made the workplace faster and more efficient.
The document discusses the basic components and functions of a computer system. It explains that a computer consists of input, processing, output, and storage units that work together. The key components include the processor, memory, storage devices, input devices like a keyboard and mouse, and output devices like a monitor and printer that allow a computer to accept data, process it, and produce information.
This file contains complete information about computer Architecture.
1. What is a computer.
2. Types of computers
3. Block Diagram of Computer.
4 . Processor, Memory
5. Computer Generati
A computer is a programmable machine that performs arithmetic and logical operations on input provided by the user to produce desired output. It consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware includes physical parts like the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, while software refers to programs and instructions. A computer accepts data as input, processes it, stores results, and provides output according to programmed instructions at high speed, accuracy, and capacity.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage, and input/output components. It describes the von Neumann model for computer architecture and how instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed in a sequential manner. The document also briefly discusses parallel and non-von Neumann models of computer architecture.
Computers have evolved tremendously from the large machines of the 1940s that required teams to operate to today's personal computers that can fit in our pockets. The document discusses the basic components, types, and input/output devices of computers. It describes how computers work through hardware and software, with the CPU as the "brain" that performs calculations. The types of computers range from supercomputers to desktop PCs to laptops and tablets. Input devices discussed include keyboards, mice, and touchscreens, while output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers. Memory, both primary and secondary, is also summarized.
The document provides an introduction to computers including:
1) A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, manipulate it, and produce information as output according to stored instructions.
2) Computer hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers.
3) Software provides instructions that tell the computer what to do and includes operating systems and application programs.
The book discusses the salient features of GATT and provides details of all antidumping cases investigated in India, examining the procedures followed by authorities in such investigations. It covers the legal framework and implementation of antidumping and countervailing measures under the World Trade Organization agreements. The author R.K. Gupta analyzes Indian antidumping law and practice with a focus on investigating authorities and affected parties.
The document provides an overview of the key components of a computer system, including hardware, software, data, and users. It describes the main hardware components of a typical desktop computer, such as the processor, memory, motherboard, input devices, output devices, and storage devices. It also discusses the roles of system software, application software, computer data, and computer users.
we have made this like computer application course material which is so functionable and any one can use it to develop your technological concept skill.
We Belete And Tadelech
1. A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output based on stored instructions. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and software.
2. Computer hardware components include the CPU for processing, memory for temporary storage, storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks for permanent storage, and input/output devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
3. Computer software includes operating systems like Windows and Linux that control the computer, and application programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases for specific tasks.
1. A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output based on stored instructions. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and software.
2. Computer hardware components include the CPU for processing, memory for temporary storage, storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks for permanent storage, and input/output devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
3. Computer software includes operating systems like Windows and Linux that control the computer, and application programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases for specific tasks.
1. A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output based on stored instructions. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and software.
2. Computer hardware components include the CPU for processing, memory for temporary storage, storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks for permanent storage, and input/output devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
3. Computer software includes operating systems like Windows and Linux that control the computer, and application programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases for specific tasks.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, manipulate the data according to programmed instructions, produce output, and store results for future use. Computers are used in nearly all aspects of modern life including business, education, healthcare, science, engineering, manufacturing, government, and more. A computer consists of an input unit, output unit, central processing unit, and memory. The central processing unit contains an arithmetic logic unit and control unit that work together to process instructions and manipulate data stored in memory.
The document provides an introduction to computer systems, defining a computer, describing the basic components and functions of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users. It explains the information processing cycle of input, processing, output, and storage. It also discusses the various uses of computers in personal, business, and educational settings.
The document outlines the essential hardware components of a computer system, including the processor, memory, input/output devices, and storage. It describes the different types of memory, such as RAM and ROM, and storage devices like hard drives and optical disks. It also explains the two main types of software: system
1. The document defines a computer as an electronic device that inputs data, processes it into useful information, outputs and stores the information. It describes the basic information processing cycle of input, processing, output, and storage.
2. Hardware components of a computer system include the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input/output ports and peripherals. Software includes operating systems and application programs.
3. A computer system requires data input by users, hardware to process the data, software instructions to direct the hardware, and users to operate the system.
The document provides information on types of computers, their generations and components. It discusses analog, digital and hybrid computers. It describes the five generations of computers from first to fifth. The central components including CPU, memory and I/O devices are explained. Input devices like keyboard and mouse and output devices like monitor and printer are outlined. The distinction between hardware and software is also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It defines a computer and describes the basic components of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users. It explains the information processing cycle of input, processing, output, and storage. It also discusses the various parts of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and applications software. Finally, it provides examples of how computers are used in personal, business, and educational settings.
This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It defines a computer and describes the basic components of a computer system, including hardware, software, data, and users. It explains the input, processing, output, and storage aspects of the information processing cycle. It also discusses the various parts of a computer system and their functions, including processors, memory, input/output devices, and storage. Finally, it differentiates between system software and application software.
This chapter will refresh your knowledge on the basics of how computers work, the different types of computers there are and their typical features. You will then learn about how computers are categorised and how ICT has made the workplace faster and more efficient.
The document discusses the basic components and functions of a computer system. It explains that a computer consists of input, processing, output, and storage units that work together. The key components include the processor, memory, storage devices, input devices like a keyboard and mouse, and output devices like a monitor and printer that allow a computer to accept data, process it, and produce information.
This file contains complete information about computer Architecture.
1. What is a computer.
2. Types of computers
3. Block Diagram of Computer.
4 . Processor, Memory
5. Computer Generati
A computer is a programmable machine that performs arithmetic and logical operations on input provided by the user to produce desired output. It consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware includes physical parts like the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, while software refers to programs and instructions. A computer accepts data as input, processes it, stores results, and provides output according to programmed instructions at high speed, accuracy, and capacity.
The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage, and input/output components. It describes the von Neumann model for computer architecture and how instructions are fetched, decoded, and executed in a sequential manner. The document also briefly discusses parallel and non-von Neumann models of computer architecture.
Computers have evolved tremendously from the large machines of the 1940s that required teams to operate to today's personal computers that can fit in our pockets. The document discusses the basic components, types, and input/output devices of computers. It describes how computers work through hardware and software, with the CPU as the "brain" that performs calculations. The types of computers range from supercomputers to desktop PCs to laptops and tablets. Input devices discussed include keyboards, mice, and touchscreens, while output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers. Memory, both primary and secondary, is also summarized.
The document provides an introduction to computers including:
1) A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, manipulate it, and produce information as output according to stored instructions.
2) Computer hardware includes components like the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers.
3) Software provides instructions that tell the computer what to do and includes operating systems and application programs.
The book discusses the salient features of GATT and provides details of all antidumping cases investigated in India, examining the procedures followed by authorities in such investigations. It covers the legal framework and implementation of antidumping and countervailing measures under the World Trade Organization agreements. The author R.K. Gupta analyzes Indian antidumping law and practice with a focus on investigating authorities and affected parties.
The document provides an overview of the key components of a computer system, including hardware, software, data, and users. It describes the main hardware components of a typical desktop computer, such as the processor, memory, motherboard, input devices, output devices, and storage devices. It also discusses the roles of system software, application software, computer data, and computer users.
we have made this like computer application course material which is so functionable and any one can use it to develop your technological concept skill.
We Belete And Tadelech
1. A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output based on stored instructions. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and software.
2. Computer hardware components include the CPU for processing, memory for temporary storage, storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks for permanent storage, and input/output devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
3. Computer software includes operating systems like Windows and Linux that control the computer, and application programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases for specific tasks.
1. A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output based on stored instructions. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and software.
2. Computer hardware components include the CPU for processing, memory for temporary storage, storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks for permanent storage, and input/output devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
3. Computer software includes operating systems like Windows and Linux that control the computer, and application programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases for specific tasks.
1. A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, and produce information as output based on stored instructions. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and software.
2. Computer hardware components include the CPU for processing, memory for temporary storage, storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks for permanent storage, and input/output devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
3. Computer software includes operating systems like Windows and Linux that control the computer, and application programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases for specific tasks.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
2. 2
What Is A Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions (software)
stored in its own memory unit, that can
accept data (input), manipulate data
(process), and produce information (output)
from the processing. Generally, the term is
used to describe a collection of devices that
function together as a system.
3. 3
Devices that comprise a computer system
Printer
(output)
Monitor
(output)
Speaker
(output)
Scanner
(input)
Mouse
(input)
Keyboard
(input)
System unit
(processor, memory…)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)
4. 4
What Does A Computer Do?
Computers can perform four general
operations, which comprise the information
processing cycle.
Input
Process
Output
Storage
5. 5
What Do Computers Do?
Input, Process, Output, & Store
data
Input Process Output
Store Data
6. 6
Data and Information
All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of
raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the
input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information. Information
is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use.
7. 7
Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
The ability to perform the information
processing cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
Accuracy.
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
Ability to communicate with other computers.
8. 8
How Does a Computer Know
what to do?
It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a compute program or software,
that tells it exactly what to do.
Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.
9. 9
What Are The Primary
Components Of A Computer ?
Input devices.
Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.
10. 10
Uses of Computer
PC at Home
Common uses for the computer within the home
Computer games
Working from Home
Banking from Home
Connecting to the Web
11. 11
Uses of Computer
Office Applications
Stock Control
Stock control is ideal for automation and in many
companies it is now completely computerized. The
stock control system keeps track of the number of
items in stock and can automatically order
replacement items when required.
Accounts / Payroll
In most large organizations the accounts are
maintained by a computerized system. Due to the
repetitive nature of accounts a computer system is
ideally suited to this task and accuracy is
guaranteed.
12. 12
Uses of Computer
Automated Production Systems
Many car factories are almost completely automated and
the cars are assembled by computer-controlled robots. This
automation is becoming increasingly common throughout
industry.
Design Systems
Many products are designed using CAD (Computer Aided
Design) programs to produce exact specifications and
detailed drawings on the computer before producing
models of new products.
13. 13
Uses of Computer
Computers in Daily Life
Accounts
Games
Educational
On-line banking
Smart ID cards
Supermarkets
Working from home (Tele-working)
Internet
29. 29
Microcomputer
Can be classified into:
Desktop PCs
sits on desks, rarely moved, large and bulky.
Memory capacity, graphics capacity and
software availability vary from one computer to
another Used both for business and home
applications
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Microcomputer
Portable PCs
Can be moved easily from place to place
Weight may varies
Small PCs are popular known as laptop
Widely used by students, scientist, reporters,
etc
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Microcomputer
Advantages
Small size
Low cost
Portability
Low Computing Power
Commonly used for personal applications
Disadvantages
Low processing speed
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Uses of Microcomputer
Word Processing
Home entertainment
Home banking
Printing
Surfing the internet
etc
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Minicomputer
Medium sized computer
Also called the minis
e.g. IBM36, HP9000, etc
Computing power lies between
microcomputer and mainframe
computer
36. 36
MiniComputer
Characteristics
Bigger size than PCs
Expensive than PCs
Multi-User
Difficult to use
More computing power than PCs
Used by medium sized business organizations,
colleges, libraries and banks.
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Uses of Minicomputer
Control of Automated Teller Machine
(ATMs)
Payroll
Hospital patients registration
Inventory Control for supermarket
Insurance claims processing
Small bank accounting and customer
details tracking
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Mainframe
Known as enterprise
servers
Occupies entire rooms or
floors
Used for centralized
computing
Serve distributed users and
small servers in a computing
network
40. 40
Main Frame
Large, fast and expensive computer
Cost millions of dollar
e.g. IBM3091, ICL39, etc
Characteristics:
Bigger in size than minicomputers
Very expensive
Support a few hundred users simultaneously (Multi-Users)
Difficult to use
More computing power than minicomputers
Have to be kept in a special air-conditioned room
Used in big business organizations and government
departments
41. 41
Areas where mainframes are used
Airline reservation
Big banks with hundreds of branches located all over
the world
Big universities with thousands of enrollment
Natural gas and oil exploration companies
Space Vehicle control
Weather forecasting
Animated Cartoon
Some mainframes are designed to be extremely fast
and called super computers. It is used for space
launching, monitoring and controlling.
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Supercomputer
Fastest and expensive
Used by applications for
molecular chemistry, nuclear
research, weather reports,
and advanced physics
Consists of several computers
that work in parallel as a
single system
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Computer System
A computer system consists of three primary
units:
Input units – accept data
Processor unit – processes data by performing
comparisons and calculations
Output units – present the results
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Input Devices
Data are facts, numbers and characters that are
entered into the computer via keyboard.
Other types of input devices are mouse,
joystick, light pens, scanners, camera, etc.
51. 51
Processor Unit
Two main parts:
CPU – where the actual processing
takes place; and
Main memory – where data are
stored.
The contents of main memory can be
transferred to auxiliary storage devices
such as hard disks, floppy diskettes, zip
disks, compact disks, or USB flash disk.
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The microprocessor, the brains of the
computer. Referred to a CPU or
processor
Housed on a tiny silicon chip
Chip contains millions of switches and
pathways that help your computer
make important decisions.
Central Processing Unit
53. 53
CPU knows which switches to turn on
and which to turn off because it
receives its instructions from
computer programs (software).
CPU has two primary sections:
Arithmetic/logic unit
Control unit
54. 54
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU):
- Performs arithmetic computations and
logical operations; by combining these two
operations the ALU can execute complex
tasks.
- Arithmetic operations include addition,
subtractions, multiplication, and division.
- Logical operations involve
comparisons.
55. 55
Control Unit: is the “boss” and
coordinates all of the CPU’s activities.
Uses programming instructions, it
controls the flow of information through
the processor by controlling what
happens inside the processor.
We communicate with the computer
through programming languages.
Examples: COBOL, C++,
HTML, Java Script or
VisualBasic.net
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Memory
Found on the motherboard
Short term
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Long term
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory on the motherboard that is short
term; where data, information, and
program instructions are stored
temporarily on a RAM chip or a set of RAM
chips. Known as the main memory.
This memory is considered volatile.
The computer can read from
and write to RAM.
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When the computer is turned off or if
there is loss of power, what ever is
stored in RAM disappears.
“Temporary Memory” – Short Term
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Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Memory on the motherboard that is
long term; where the specific
instructions that are needed for the
computer to operate are stored.
This memory is nonvolatile and
your computer can only read from
a ROM chip.
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The instructions remain on the chip
regardless if the power is turned on
or off.
Most common is the BIOS ROM;
where the computer uses instructions
contained on this chip to boot or
start the system when you turn on
your computer.
“Permanent Memory” – Long
Term
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Output Unit
After the data has been
processed, the results are output
in the form of useful information.
Output units such as monitors
and printers make the result
accessible for use by people.
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Computer Output Devices
Monitor: screen that
display information such
as text, numbers, and
pictures-softcopy.
Printer: gives you
information from the
computer in printed form
– hardcopy.
Speakers: allow you
to hear voice,
music, and other
sounds from your
computer.
Modem: allows you
to use your
computer to
communicate with
other computers.
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Optical Discs
Use laser technology to read and write
data on silver platters
Compact Disk (CD) can store 650MB to
800MB of information and data. CD-
ROM (Read Only Memory) can only read
data from a CD-ROM.
You can store data on a CD only if you
have a CD Burner and CD-R (writable)
or CD-RW (rewritable) CD.
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DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) is the size
of a regular CD and can be played in
a regular in a DVD movie player.
DVD can store 4.8GB to 8.0GB of
information and data. DVD-ROM is
readable only (a movie DVD).
You can store data on a DVD only if
you have a DVD Burner and
DVD+R/DVD-R (writable)
or DVD-RW
(rewritable) DVD.
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• Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the
computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions
is often called a program.
• When a computer is using a particular program, it is
said to be running or executing the program.
• The two most common types of programs are system
software and application software.
Bringing the Machine to Life –
What is Software?
149. 149
• System software exists primarily for the computer
itself, to help the computer perform specific
functions.
• One major type of system software is the operating
system (OS). All computers require an operating
system.
• The OS tells the computer how to interact with the
user and its own devices.
• Common operating systems include Windows, the
Macintosh OS, OS/2, and UNIX .
Bringing the Machine to Life –
System Software
150. 150
• Application Software consists of programs that tell a
computer how to produce information
• Application software tells the computer how to
accomplish tasks the user requires, such as creating
a document or editing a graphic image.
• Some important kinds of application software are:
Word processing programs Spreadsheet software
Database management Presentation programs
Graphics programs Networking software
Web design tools and browsers Internet applications
Communications programs Utilities
Entertainment and education Multimedia authoring
Bringing the Machine to Life - Applications
160. 160
Computer Software
Computer software is the key to
productive use of computers.
Software can be categorized into
two types:
Operating system software
Application software.
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Operating System Software
Operating system software tells the computer
how to perform the functions of loading,
storing and executing an application and how
to transfer data.
Today, many computers use an operating
system that has a graphical user interface
(GUI) that provides visual clues such as icon
symbols to help the user. Microsoft
Windows 98 is a widely used graphical
operating system. DOS (Disk Operating
System) is an older but still widely used
operating system that is text-based.
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Application Software
Application Software consists of programs
that tell a computer how to produce
information. Some of the more commonly
used packages are:
Word processing
Electronic spreadsheet
Database
Presentation graphics
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Word Processing
Word Processing software is used to create and print
documents. A key advantage of word processing
software is that users easily can make changes in
documents.
164. 164
Electronic Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to
add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations
on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers
can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly
recalculates the new results.
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Database Software
Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in
an organized and efficient manner, with flexible
inquiry and reporting capabilities.
166. 166
Presentation Graphics
Presentation graphic software allows the user to
create documents called slides to be used in making
the presentations. Using special projection devices,
the slides display as they appear on the computer
screen.