This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Orchis latifolia, an orchid plant used in traditional Indian medicine, against multidrug-resistant bacteria and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The methanolic extract of O. latifolia was partitioned into different fractions and tested for antimicrobial activity. The n-hexane fraction showed the highest activity against clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum inhibition of C. albicans. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the active fractions, suggesting these compounds may contribute to the antimicrobial effects. Thin layer chromatography identified several constituents in the n
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
Phytochemical Screening and Review of the Pharmacological Importance of Eryth...ijtsrd
The plant Erythrina senegalensis have been observed by the natives to have medicinal values. The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemicals of the root and pharmacological importance of the plant. The crushed root was subjected to sequential extraction maceration by increasing polarity index of solvents hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol . The methanol extract gave the highest percentage yield 4.28 followed by Ethylacetate 3.62 and Hexane 2.48 was the least in the yield in extraction. All the three solvent extracts were then used for phytochemicals screening test. The phytochemical screening has shown the presence of Flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phenols, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, Xanthoproteins. All the phytochemiscals were found to be present in atleast one of the extract with Flavonoids, Quinone, Anthraquinones and Xanthoproprotein present in all the three extracts. This result of the phytochemical screening of the root shows why the plant Erythrina senegalensis has such pharmacological importance. Bioltif, Yilni Edward | Sase, Terver John | Nehemiah, Tonkum Obadiah "Phytochemical Screening and Review of the Pharmacological Importance of Erythrina Senegalensis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30350.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/30350/phytochemical-screening-and-review-of-the-pharmacological-importance-of-erythrina-senegalensis/bioltif-yilni-edward
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
The present study was examining the anti-helminthic activity of Leucas zeylanica leaves. For the present investigation, L. zeylanica leaves were collected in the month of January 2017 from Sai Nagar colony of the Karimnagar district. The leaves were dried and made into fine powder and subjected to acetone and ethanolic extraction by soxhlation, the phytochemical screening was done for extracts and the results showed that ethanolic and acetone extracts of the powdered leaves of L. zeylanica showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. Proteins and amino acids are absent. The extracts were studied for anti-helminthic activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma, acetone and ethanolic extracts showed the dose-dependent activity by paralysis followed by the death of earthworms. The observation of result shows that the anti-helmintic activity of ethanol extract is more potent compare to the acetone extract. The earthworms were more sensitive to the extracts of ethanol at 20 mg/ml concentrations as compared to the reference drug albendazole (10 mg/ml).
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Identification of Antibacterial Efficacy of Flavonoids of Anaegissus rotundif...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Antibacterial efficacy of flavonoids (bound and free) of different parts (root, stem, bark, flower, and gum) of Anaegissus rotundifolia was evaluated against seven bacteria (Bacillus subtilis = Gram-positive, Escherichia coli, Raoultella planticola, Enterobactor aerogens, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens = Gram-negative bacteria). Material and Method: Flavonoids extracts of all the plant parts were found to possess strong antibacterial efficacy against these test pathogens, as revealed by zone of inhibition (ZOI [mm ± standard deviation]), activity index (AI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC [mg/ml]), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC [mg/ml]), and total activity (TA [ml/g]) of extracts against each sensitive test pathogens were also evaluated. All the pathogens were found to be sensitive against these flavonoid extracts. Result: Flavonoid extract of the root and stem showed the best activity against B. subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria), ZOI (16.50 ± 0.24 mm), AI (1.100), MIC (0.078 mg/ml), and MBC (0.157 mg/ml). Highest TA (456.410 ml/g) of gum alkaloid was found against B. subtilis (G +ve bacteria). The findings of the present study suggested the exploitation of alkaloid extracts of Anaegissus rotundifolia for future antimicrobial drugs.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Phytochemical Screening and Review of the Pharmacological Importance of Eryth...ijtsrd
The plant Erythrina senegalensis have been observed by the natives to have medicinal values. The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemicals of the root and pharmacological importance of the plant. The crushed root was subjected to sequential extraction maceration by increasing polarity index of solvents hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol . The methanol extract gave the highest percentage yield 4.28 followed by Ethylacetate 3.62 and Hexane 2.48 was the least in the yield in extraction. All the three solvent extracts were then used for phytochemicals screening test. The phytochemical screening has shown the presence of Flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phenols, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, Xanthoproteins. All the phytochemiscals were found to be present in atleast one of the extract with Flavonoids, Quinone, Anthraquinones and Xanthoproprotein present in all the three extracts. This result of the phytochemical screening of the root shows why the plant Erythrina senegalensis has such pharmacological importance. Bioltif, Yilni Edward | Sase, Terver John | Nehemiah, Tonkum Obadiah "Phytochemical Screening and Review of the Pharmacological Importance of Erythrina Senegalensis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30350.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/30350/phytochemical-screening-and-review-of-the-pharmacological-importance-of-erythrina-senegalensis/bioltif-yilni-edward
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
The present study was examining the anti-helminthic activity of Leucas zeylanica leaves. For the present investigation, L. zeylanica leaves were collected in the month of January 2017 from Sai Nagar colony of the Karimnagar district. The leaves were dried and made into fine powder and subjected to acetone and ethanolic extraction by soxhlation, the phytochemical screening was done for extracts and the results showed that ethanolic and acetone extracts of the powdered leaves of L. zeylanica showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides. Proteins and amino acids are absent. The extracts were studied for anti-helminthic activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma, acetone and ethanolic extracts showed the dose-dependent activity by paralysis followed by the death of earthworms. The observation of result shows that the anti-helmintic activity of ethanol extract is more potent compare to the acetone extract. The earthworms were more sensitive to the extracts of ethanol at 20 mg/ml concentrations as compared to the reference drug albendazole (10 mg/ml).
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Identification of Antibacterial Efficacy of Flavonoids of Anaegissus rotundif...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Antibacterial efficacy of flavonoids (bound and free) of different parts (root, stem, bark, flower, and gum) of Anaegissus rotundifolia was evaluated against seven bacteria (Bacillus subtilis = Gram-positive, Escherichia coli, Raoultella planticola, Enterobactor aerogens, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens = Gram-negative bacteria). Material and Method: Flavonoids extracts of all the plant parts were found to possess strong antibacterial efficacy against these test pathogens, as revealed by zone of inhibition (ZOI [mm ± standard deviation]), activity index (AI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC [mg/ml]), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC [mg/ml]), and total activity (TA [ml/g]) of extracts against each sensitive test pathogens were also evaluated. All the pathogens were found to be sensitive against these flavonoid extracts. Result: Flavonoid extract of the root and stem showed the best activity against B. subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria), ZOI (16.50 ± 0.24 mm), AI (1.100), MIC (0.078 mg/ml), and MBC (0.157 mg/ml). Highest TA (456.410 ml/g) of gum alkaloid was found against B. subtilis (G +ve bacteria). The findings of the present study suggested the exploitation of alkaloid extracts of Anaegissus rotundifolia for future antimicrobial drugs.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Workshop Menjadi Penulis dan PembicaraKarier Kedua
Apakah Anda berpikir seandainya Anda dapat mengungkapkan ide Anda dengan baik dalam tulisan maupun presentasi, karier Anda akan melejit? Ataua Anda pernah bermimpi untuk menjadi penulis atau pembicara? Hadiri Workshop Menjadi Penulis dan Pembicara yang praktis & lengkap.
A small presentation on Greece crisis. Some information about Greece crisis. You can understand the reasons behind the crisis and can understand the reasons to resolve it.
โรงเรียนและชุมชน
การพัฒนาชุมชน
การมีส่วนร่วมของชุมชน
Joyce L. Epstein
School Family and Community Partnership
ความร่วมมือระหว่างโรงเรียน ผู้ปกครอง และชุมชน
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF FIVE DIFFERENT HERBSArvind Singh Heer
IT IS A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAVES OF OCIMUM SANCTUM (TULSI), AZADIRACHTAINDICA (NEEM), FICUS RELIGIOSA (PEEPAL), CYNODON DACTYLON (DURVA/BERMUDA GRASS) AND AEGLE MARMELOS (BAEL) PLANTS FOR IT’S FUTURE USE IN FIELD OF AYURVEDA AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
13 isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from 13 ijtas 93-2018-hu...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: The choice of host plant is of critical importance when working with endophytic fungi. The exploration of endophytic fungi is still an emerging field and all plants seem to harbour fungi with some bioactive content and activities. However, there are certain metabolites that are characteristic of certain biotopes. Thus, a rationale for selecting promising plant sources should be established. Of particular interest are the plants that are used as medicinal plants or plants that populate a unique environment. Artemisia is a widely used medicinal plant. In this research work, the endophytic mycota of Artemisia scoparia was studied. In order to isolate endophytic fungi, 155 plant segments from 20 samples of Artemisia scoparia were collected from its natural habitat in Dachigam National. This habitat is a unique environment and a protected area. Six different fungal isolates were obtained from root, leaf and stem plant parts. Among the identified isolates, the most abundant genera were Gliocladium solani followed by Penicillium melinii with a colonization frequency of 62 and 37.5% respectively. The objective of this study was to report new data regarding the endophytic fungi found in medicinal plant Artemisia scoparia. This systematic investigation revealed that traditional medicinal plants are a rich and reliable source of novel endophytic fungi.
Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Kashmir, Medicinal plant
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Screening of antimicrobial activity of indian plants such as Andrographis echoids , Mirabilis jalapa & Canna indica.
A polyherbal extract was made using 4 different solvents i.e. Pet Ether, Chloroform, Ethanol & Aqueous and the method of extraction was soxhlation.
Further Preliminary Phytochemical screening was done and found that presence of Flavonoids were more in Ethanolic extract which was responsible for our activity.
Acute oral toxicity studies were done.
Evaluation was done.
For Final conclusion you can check the ppt.
Biopotential Features and Pesticidal Study of Cascabela peruviana, Nerium ole...BRNSS Publication Hub
To study the report, the different solvents of methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and acetone for Cascabela peruviana (C. peruviana), Nerium oleander (N. oleander), and Mimusops elengi (M. elengi) were used the experimental analysis in pest control of most dangerous notorious Lepidopteran pests of Spodoptera litura (S. litura) and Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). The antifeedant activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 98.6%, H. armigera 94.6%, N. oleander against S. litura 94.2%, H. armigera 90.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 92.8%, H. armigera 86.4%. Lethal concentration 50 (LC50) and LC90 values of C. peruviana against S. litura, H. armigera the values are S. litura (LC50 = 88.3 and LC90 = 204.91) and H. armigera (LC50 = 103.19 and LC90 = 232.10), N. oleander against S. litura (LC50 = 102.10 and LC90 = 228.01) and H. armigera (LC50 = 121.10 and LC90 = 254.69) and M. elengi against S. litura (LC50 = 120.55 and LC90 = 250.43). The oviposition deterrent activity of C. peruviana against S. litura 90.8%, H. armigera 86.2%, N. oleander against S. litura 88.6%, H. armigera 82.8% and M. elengi against S. litura 78.2%, H. armigera 73.6%. When same species it is proof that methanol extract of C. peruviana, N. oleander, and M. elengi plant flower extracts was most effective insecticidal activity of armyworm S. litura and pod borer larvae of H. armigera. Performance of maximum antifeedant activity, lethal activity, and oviposition deterrent activity recorded in the methanol extract of C. peruviana than could be utilized in pest control program.
A comprehensive review on Polyalthia longifoliaLucyPi1
Abstract
Herbal plants act as a significant source for discovering new compounds with potential therapeutic activities.
Polyalthia longifolia, which is commonly known as an Indian mast tree, has various pharmacological properties,
such as an anticancer, ulcer protective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, a corrosion inhibitor, a bio-adsorbent, and few
more. Moreover, it is known as false ashoka owing to its close resemblance with Saraca indica (ashoka tree).
Various compounds have been reported from the extract of some parts of the plant, such as leaves, bark, root, and
seeds. These extracts possess an ability to treat a number of human ailments, such as fever, ulcer, skin diseases,
helminthiasis, and cardiac problems. Studies performed on the leave extract shows evidence that some compounds
cause cell death in various cancer cell lines. The plant also has some biological applications, such as antibacterial,
antiviral, and antimicrobial, which makes it clinically significant and useful. This review is an effort to explore and
gather plant information in an organized manner. It reveals detailed information about the propagation, synonyms,
vernaculars, varieties of plant, medicinal significance, ecology and distribution, botanical and ethnobotanical
description, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activity of the plant.
Ephedra Distribution, Ethnobotany and Pharmacological Propertiesijtsrd
Ephedra is one of the largest genera of the Ephedraceae family, which is distributed in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In the traditional medicine from several countries some species from the genus are commonly used to treat asthma, cold, flu, chills, fever, headache, nasal congestion, and cough. The chemical constituents of Ephedra species have been of research interest for decades due to their contents of ephedrine type alkaloids and its pharmacological properties. Other chemical constituents such as phenolic and amino acid derivatives also have resulted attractive and have provided evidence based supporting of the ethno medical uses of the Ephedra species. In recent years, research has been expanded to explore the endophytic fungal diversity associated to Ephedra species, as well as, the chemical constituents derived from these fungi and their pharmacological bio prospecting. Two additional aspects that illustrate the chemical diversity of Ephedra genus are the chemotaxonomy approaches and the use of ephedrine type alkaloids as building blocks in organic synthesis. American Ephedra species, especially those that exist in Mexico, are considered to lack ephedrine type alkaloids. In this sense, the phytochemical study of Mexican Ephedra species is a promising area of research to corroborate their ephedrine type alkaloids content and, in turn, discover new chemical compounds with potential biological activity. Dr. Ruchi Purohit | Dr. Sanjay Purohit "Ephedra: Distribution, Ethnobotany and Pharmacological Properties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52683.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/52683/ephedra-distribution-ethnobotany-and-pharmacological-properties/dr-ruchi-purohit
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their A...pharmaindexing
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their Antioxidants, Antimicrobial, Glycemic and Cholinergic properties bioscreening of new Anti-aflatoxin natural extracts
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Veterinary Diagnostics Market PPT 2024: Size, Growth, Demand and Forecast til...IMARC Group
The global veterinary diagnostics market size reached US$ 6.6 Billion in 2023. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 12.6 Billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3% during 2024-2032.
More Info:- https://www.imarcgroup.com/veterinary-diagnostics-market
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac CareDr. David Greene Arizona
Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
The positive impact of SGRT – The Berkshire Cancer Centre experience
2870 pdf
1. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013 Oct; 4(4): (B) 638 - 646
This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net
B - 638
Research Article Microbiology
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN
0975-6299
STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ORCHIS LATIFOLIA
ANUPAMA SHARMA AVASTHI, SABARI GHOSAL AND SHARMISHTHA PURKAYASTHA*
Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India -201303.
ABSTRACT
Orchis latifolia belonging to the family Orchidaceae is extensively used in traditional
Indian medicine against a wide spectrum of ailments including dysentery, diarrhoea,
chronic fever, wounds, burns, fractures and general weakness. The present study
relates to the bioactive extracts from O. latifolia against multidrug resistant (MDR)
bacteria and Candida albicans. Methanolic extract of O. latifolia was prepared and
subsequently partitioned with various solvents. The extracts and fractions were
evaluated for antimicrobial activities to identify the most active fractions. The bioactive
fractions were studied by thin layer chromatography and direct bioautography. The n-
Hex fraction was identified as most active against MDR clinical isolates. The EtOAc
fraction showed maximum activity against C. albicans. Phytochemical analysis of the
active fractions demonstrated the presence of flavanoids, steroids and tannins. The
antimicrobial activity of O. latifolia might be attributed due to the presence of alkaloids,
flavanoids, steroids and tannins. The bioautography of these two active fractions
exhibited the presence of few important chemical constituents which could serve as a
promising lead against MDR target drug discovery.
KEYWORDS: Bioautography, Candida albicans, MDR clinical bacterial isolates, Orchis latifolia
SHARMISHTHA PURKAYASTHA
Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University,
Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India -201303.
2. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013 Oct; 4(4): (B) 638 - 646
This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net
B - 639
INTRODUCTION
Orchids are one of the largest and most diverse
groups among the angiosperms in the Plant
Kingdom. They are usually cultivated for
ornamental purposes and hence are widely
known for their economic importance 1
.
Phytochemically, some orchids have been
reported to contain alkaloids, triterpenoids,
flavonoids and stilbenoids. A large number of
orchids have been empirically used for
treatment of different diseases as diuretic, anti-
rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic,
hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsive,
relaxation, neuro-protective, and antivirus
agents 2
. The plant O. latifolia grows in wet
meadows and marshes in rich soils. Since the
time immemorial, this species is used in various
Indian medicine system including Ayurveda,
Siddha and Unani, and traditional system of
medicine called Amchi system of medicine.
Amchi system is principally based on Tibetian
system of medicine, prevailed in cold desert
region of Ladakh. In amchi system it is widely
used to cure dysentery, diarrhoea, chronic
fever, cough, stomachache, wounds, cuts,
burns, fractures and general weakness,
particularly in debilitated women after delivery
and to increase regenerative fluids 3
. Tubers of
this plant are found to be rich in starch,
mucilage, sugar, phosphate, chloride and a
glucoside-loroglossin 4
. The aqueous extract of
this plant rich in phytosterols and aqueous
extract has been evaluated for its efficacy
against streptozotocin and alloxan induced
sexual dysfunction5
. Further, ethanolic extract of
O. latifolia showed activity against Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6
. However,
no such systematic studies have been carried
out with this plant extract against human
opportunistic pathogen C. albicans. The main
aim of this study is to focus on the medicinal
potential of O. latifolia against MDR bacteria
and human opportunistic pathogen C. albicans.
Candida albicans a diploid fungus that grows
both as yeast and filamentous cells is a causal
agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections
in humans. It has become one of the leading
causes of opportunistic fungal infections in
immunocompromised individuals, including
AIDS patients, transplant recipients, and cancer
patients7
. Additionally, Candida is also a
causative agent for a range of mucosal
infections such as oral thrush and vaginitis.
Most Candida infections are routinely treated
with topical antifungal drugs, such as
clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin and
tioconazole, or oral drugs, such as fluconazole
and amphotericin B. However, widespread and
overuse of these antibiotics have led to
development of resistance against these drugs.
Similarly multiple drug resistance amongst
bacterial population has become common
nowadays due to the indiscriminate use of
commercial antimicrobial drugs that are
commonly used during the treatment of
infectious diseases8
. In addition to this problem,
antibiotics are sometimes associated with
adverse effects on the host including
hypersensitivity, immune-suppression and
allergic reactions. This situation forced
scientists to search for new antimicrobial
substances. Given the alarming incidence of
antibiotic resistance in microbes of medicinal
importance, there is a constant need for new
and effective therapeutic agents. Bioprospecting
for novel antimicrobials has been possible due
to the combined efforts of
ethnopharmacologists, botanists,
microbiologists, and natural-products chemists.
A large number of terrestrial plants possessing
a wide range of secondary metabolites including
tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids
have been investigated for antimicrobial activity.
However, orchids of Himalayan region have not
been exploited fully for their medicinal use.
Hence, we thought of investigating O. latifolia, a
high altitude orchidaceae plant for anticandidal
activity for the first time. Orchids are one of the
largest and most diverse groups among the
angiosperms in the Plant Kingdom. They are
usually cultivated for ornamental purposes and
hence are widely known for their economic
3. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013 Oct; 4(4): (B) 638 - 646
This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net
B - 640
importance 3
. Phytochemically, some orchids
have been reported to contain alkaloids,
triterpenoids, flavonoids and stilbenoids. A large
number of orchids have been empirically used
for treatment of different diseases as diuretic,
anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-
carcinogenic, hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial,
anticonvulsive, relaxation, neuro-protective, and
antivirus agents 4
. The plant O. latifolia grows in
wet meadows and marshes in rich soils. Since
the time immemorial, this species is used in
various Indian medicine system including
Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani, and traditional
system of medicine called Amchi system of
medicine. Amchi system is principally based on
Tibetian system of medicine, prevailed in cold
desert region of Ladakh. In amchi system it is
widely used to cure dysentery, diarrhoea,
chronic fever, cough, stomachache, wounds,
cuts, burns, fractures and general weakness,
particularly in debilitated women after delivery
and to increase regenerative fluids 5
. Tubers of
this plant are found to be rich in starch,
mucilage, sugar, phosphate, chloride and a
glucoside - loroglossin 6
. The aqueous extract of
this plant rich in phytosterols and aqueous
extract has been evaluated for its efficacy
against streptozotocin and alloxan induced
sexual dysfunction7
. Further, ethanolic extract of
O. latifolia showed activity against Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa8
. However,
no such systematic studies have been carried
out with this plant extract against human
opportunistic pathogen C. albicans. The main
aim of this study is to focus on the medicinal
potential of O. latifolia against MDR bacteria
and human opportunistic pathogen C. albicans.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
(i) Plant material collection and extraction
Dried bark of O. latifolia was procured from an
authorised vendor of Delhi. The material was
confirmed by Dr. M.P. Sharma, Department of
Botany, Hamdard University, New Delhi and
voucher specimen was deposited in the
herbarium of Amity Institute of Biotechnology,
Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
500 g of the plant material was extracted with
MeOH:Water (9:1) at room temperature. The
concentrated methanol extract of the plant was
then partitioned with n-hexane (n-Hex),
dichloromethane (DCM), ethylacetate (EtOAc)
and aqueous (Aq) fractions 9
respectively. The
fractions were concentrated under reduced
pressure and temperature below 500
C and
subsequently they were evaluated for
antibacterial and anticandidal activity.
(ii) Phytochemical analysis of the fractions
Detailed phytochemical analysis was performed
with n-Hex, DCM, EtOAc and Aq fractions of
methanolic extract of O. latifolia to test for the
presence of various phytochemicals as
described by Rajesh et al 10
. Flavanoids,
steroids, alkaloids and tannins were detected by
NaOH/HCl test, Salkowsi’s reaction,
Dragendroff’s reaction and ferric chloride test
respectively. Additional tests were carried out
for check the presence of reducing sugars,
cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones,
triterpenoids and phlobatannins.
(iii) Bacterial and Fungal strains
The five different MDR bacterial clinical isolates
including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp.
and Serratia sp. were obtained from Dr.
Kumardeep Dutta Choudhary, Department of
Medical Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer
Research Institute, Delhi, India with their
respective antibiotic resistance profiles (Table
1).
4. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013 Oct; 4(4): (B) 638 - 646
This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.net
B - 641
Table 1
Antibiotic resistance profiles of MDR clinical isolates
Antibiotics E. coli S. aureus Enterrococcus sp. Serratia sp. Acinetobacter sp.
Amikacin S S R S R
Ampicillin R - - R -
Ciprofloxacin R S R R R
Ceftriaxone R S R R -
Chloramphenicol R - - R -
Gentamicin S S R R R
Imepenem S S R S R
Levofloxacin R S R R -
Meropenem S S R S R
Nalidixic acid R - - - -
Nitrofurantoin S - - - -
Norfloxacin R - - - -
Ofloxacin R S R R -
Piperacillin R S R S R
Vancomycin - S R - -
Tobramycin R - - R R
(R): Resistant; (S): Sensitive
Standard isolates Staphylococcus aureus
(MTCC 96) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 443)
were procured from Institute of Microbial
Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India. All
bacterial strains were revived in nutrient broth for
antibacterial assay. Standard human
opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans (MTCC
227) was also obtained from Institute of Microbial
Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India and
revived and maintained on Sabarouds Dextrose
broth for anticandidal assays.
(iv) Determination of antibacterial activity
The antibacterial activity of the plant fractions
was determined in accordance with the agar-well
diffusion method described by Jhon J Rojas et al
11
and Kareem et al 12
.In brief the nutrient agar
media plates were seeded with the test organism
and open wells of 7 mm diameter were bored
with a sterile cork borer. The wells were filled
with 50 µL of the plant extract prepared to a final
concentration of 1mg/mL in DMSO and water
having DMSO concentrations not more than 2 %.
Sterilised distilled water was taken as the
negative control. Standard antibiotic disc of
gentamicin (30 µg) was used as positive control.
The plates were incubated at 37 0
C for 24 h and
observed for development of zones of inhibition
around the wells. The diameters of the circular
zone of inhibition were measured. The
experiments were performed in triplicate and the
antibacterial activity was expressed as mean of
inhibition with standard deviation.
(v) Thin Layer Chromatography and Direct
Bioautography (TLC-DB)
The n-Hex and EtOAc fractions exhibiting
significant antibacterial potential against S.
aureus and E. coli were analyzed using TLC-DB.
TLC profiling was performed in accordance with
the methods described by Das Talukdar et al 13
.
10 µL of 1mg/mL of these fractions were loaded
on pre-coated silica gel plates (TLC-grade;
Merck India; 60 F254). The plates for n-Hex and
EtOAc fractions were developed with 30:70
EtOAc: n-Hex and 70:30 EtOAc: n-Hex solvent
systems respectively. TLC plate of each fraction
was run in triplicate. TLC chromatogram A for n-
Hex and TLC chromatogram B for EtOAc
fractions were visualized in UV light at 254 nm
and the fluorescent bands were marked. TLC
plates of n-Hex fraction after development with
above mentioned solvent system were subjected
to bioautography for MDR E. coli (A1) and S.
aureus (A2). Similarly, TLC chromatograms B1
and B2 were used for bioautography assay of
EtOAc fraction against E. coli and S. aureus
respectively. The bacterial suspension of E. coli
and S. aureus were sprayed on respective
chromatograms until wet. The plates are then
kept for incubation at 370
C for 24 h in a humid
environment for the bacteria to multiply on the
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plates. Subsequently, the plates are sprayed
with 2.5 mg/mL 2, 3, 5 – triphenyl tetrazolium
chloride (TTC) and kept in incubation at 370
C
again for 4-5 h. White zones against pink
background indicated the presence of
antibacterial compounds in the particular zone of
the chromatogram.
(vi) Determination of anticandidal activity
The anticandidal assay was performed using
agar well diffusion technique as described by
Najafi and Nejad 2
. SDA media plates were
prepared and inoculated with 100 µL of Candida
suspension and spread with a sterilised glass
spreader. The plated were allowed to dry and a 7
mm sterile cork borer was used to bore wells in
the agar medium. The wells were filled with 50µL
of 1mg/mL of each fraction. Sterilised distilled
water was used as a negative control. The plates
were incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs and observed
for the presence or absence of zone of inhibition
around the wells. The experiments were
performed in duplicate and the anticandidal
activity was expressed as mean of inhibition with
standard deviation
.
RESULTS
(i) Phytochemical analysis of the fractions
The qualitative analysis of the methanolic extract and fractions of the plant is presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Phytochemical screening of methanol extract and fractions
of the plant Orchis latifolia as described by Rajesh et al 10
.
Group of chemical
constituents
Methanol extract n-Hex Fraction DCM Fraction EtOAc Fraction Aq.
Fraction
Alkaloids + + + - +
Flavonoids + + + + -
Steroid + + + + -
Tannins + + + + +
Reducing Sugars + - - - +
Cardiac Glycosides + - - - +
Triterpenoids + - - - +
Anthraquinones - - - - +
Phlobatanins - - - - -
(+): Presence; (-): Absence
The results show the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the bioactive n-Hex
and EtOAc fractions.
(ii) Antibacterial activity
The results obtained showed that the bark extracts of O. latifolia have bactericidal effects on MDR
clinical isolates (Table 3).
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Table 3
Antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract and plant fractions of Orchis latifolia
expressed as zone of inhibition in mm (Mean ± SD of three assays)
Bacteria n-Hex* DCM* EtOAc* Aq*
E. coli 21±1.2 12±0.4 17±0.8 10±0.3
S. aureus 16±0.3 10±0.2 16±0.4 11±0.6
Enterococcus sp. 14±0.5 10±0.4 10±0.6 -
Serratia sp. - - - -
Acinetobacter sp. - - - -
Inhibition zone in mm includes diameter of the borer (7mm).
* 50 µL of 1 mg/mL of the extracts were poured into 7 mm diameter agar wells and
zone of inhibition diameter was noted after incubation at 37ͦ C for 24 hours.
(-): No inhibition
The largest zone of inhibition (21±1.2 mm) was
demonstrated by the n-Hex fraction against E.
coli while the value dropped to 12±0.4 mm and
17±0.8 mm for DCM and EtOAc fractions
respectively when tested against the same
organism. However, the aqueous extract was not
as effective against E. coli as compared to
organic solvent fractions even though slight
antibacterial activity was observed. The n-Hex
fraction also inhibited the growth of S. aureus
with an inhibition zone 16±0.3 mm which was
same as that for ethyl acetate fraction also. The
Enterococcus sp. was least inhibited by the plant
fractions. However, Serratia sp. and
Acinetobacter sp. were not inhibited by any
fraction of the plant extract. The negative control
plate did not demonstrate inhibition on the tested
bacterial isolates. Further, standard antibiotic
gentamicin produced significantly larger
inhibition zones against the tested bacteria.
(iii) Thin Layer Chromatography and Direct
Bioautography (TLC-DB)
The UV analysis of the chromatogram of the n-
Hex fraction showed the presence of at least
seven different compounds which may be
responsible for the antibacterial activity
(Figure1). Similarly, EtOAc fraction showed the
presence of at least nine classes of compounds
(Figure 2).
Figure 2
TLC chromatogram (Plate B) and Bioautograms (Plates B1 and B2) for EtOAc fraction against
E. coli and S. aureus respectively. 10µL of sample was loaded on TLC-grade; Merck India; 60
F254 and developed with 30:70 n-Hex:EtOAc solvent system. White zones against pink
background indicated the presence of antibacterial compounds in the particular zone of the
chromatogram.
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The appearance of white areas against a red-pink background on the chromatograms denotes
inhibition of growth of the bacteria due to presence of compound(s) that inhibit their growth. Actively
growing micro organisms have the ability to reduce TTC to a pink-red colour. In the presence of
active plant compounds on the chromatograms, the growth of the organism is inhibited. All the UV
visible spots for n-Hex and EtOAc fractions observed on TLC chromatogram A2 and B2 were found to
be active against S. aureus. On the contrary, only UV visible spots of n-Hex fraction on
chromatogram A1 were able to inhibit E. coli. (Figures 1 and 2).
(iv) Anticandidal activity
The results of anticandidal activity of various fractions of methanolic extract of O. latifolia are
summarized in Table 4.
Table 4
Anticandidal activity of the methanolic extract and plant fractions of Orchis latifolia expressed
as zone of inhibition in mm (Mean ± SD of three assays) against Candida albicans
Fraction n-Hex* DCM* EtOAc* Aq*
Diameter of zone of inhibition(in mms) 9±0.3 - 23± 0.1 -
Inhibition zone in mm includes diameter of the borer (7mm).
* 50 µL of 1 mg/mL of the extracts were poured into 7 mm diameter agar wells and
zone of inhibition diameter was noted after incubation at 37ͦ for 24 hours.
(-): No inhibition
Strongest anticandidal activity was demonstrated
by the EtOAc fraction followed by the n-Hex
fraction of the extract.
DISCUSSION
Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract
showed the presence of various classes of
compounds including flavonoids, saponins,
cardiac glycosides, tannins, triterpenes etc.
However, the active fractions n-Hex showed the
presence of only steroids, alkaloids, flavanoids
and tannins. Additionally, EtOAc fraction showed
the presence of flavonoids, steroids and tannins.
Previous works have reported role of flavonoids
and phenolic compounds in exhibiting
antibacterial activity of the plant extracts 14
. The
observed wide range of antimicrobial properties
for the methanol extract and fractions can be
explained by the presence of various groups of
potentially active classes of secondary
metabolites. The results of antibacterial assays
by agar well diffusion method clearly
demonstrated the efficacy of n-Hex against MDR
bacteria that were obtained from clinical
samples. This could be because of the presence
of substances like alkaloids and flavonoids as
detailed by phytochemical analysis, but this does
not exclude the fact that and the observed
antibacterial activity could be a result of the
combined effect of all the detected components
in the n-Hex fraction. TLC profiling of all plant
fractions gives an idea about the presence of
various phytochemicals. Since strong
antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the n-
Hex and EtOAc fractions of the plant extract,
these fractions were subjected to TLC followed
by bioautography. Bioautograpghy has enabled
rapid progress for quick detection of new
antimicrobial compounds from plants and other
natural products. This technique allows the
localization of antimicrobial activity directly on a
chromatographic plate where the organism is
applied. TLC bioautographic methods combine
chromatographic separation and in situ activity
determination facilitating the localization and
target-directed isolation of active constituents in
a mixture15
. Direct bioautography was performed
against E. coli and S. aureus and the n-Hex
fraction compounds showed very prominent
zones of growth inhibition being consistent with
agar well diffusion test results and phytochemical
tests performed on the fraction (Figure 1).
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Figure 1
TLC chromatogram (Plate A) and Bioautograms (Plates A1 and A2) for n-Hex fraction against
E. coli and S. aureus respectively. 10µL of sample was loaded on TLC-grade; Merck India; 60
F254 and developed with 70:30 n-Hex:EtOAc solvent system. White zones against pink
background indicated the presence of antibacterial compounds in the particular zone of the
chromatogram.
It was interesting to note that the EtOAc fraction
of the plant exhibited antimicrobial activity
against E. coli and S. aureus when assayed by
agar well diffusion method but no antimicrobial
effect was observed for this fraction against E.
coli in direct bioautography assay. The observed
result may be due to either evaporation of active
components or lower concentrations of the
compounds. Also, synergism also might play an
important role in extracts that were active when
antibacterial activity of the fractions was
determined, but when separated did not exhibit
the same activity. Similar results were reported
in a previous study on fennel oil 16
. The results of
anticandidal assay demonstrated the efficacy of
EtOAc fraction of the extract in inhibiting the
growth of human opportunistic pathogen C.
albicans.
CONCLUSION
The results obtained from this study reveal that
O. latifolia may be useful in the development of
antimicrobial phytomedicines and these results
thus hold a promising future in discovery of more
novel drugs against MDR target microorganisms
.
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