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1. Submitted BY: Name: Imdad Husen Mukeri
ID NO: 17BPH084
B.Pharmacy 6th Semester 30 April 2020
Submitted To: Name: Dr.vikas kumar
(Assistant professor, Shuats, prayagraj, up)
Table content
S.N TOPICS OF ASSIGNMENT PAGE NO DATE OF
SUBMISSION
1 Introduction, Definition of herbal and herbals raw materials 01-02 18/05/020
2 Herbal medicine and Herbal medicinal products 03 18/05/020
3 Herbal drug preparation 03-04 18/05/020
4 Finished herbals products and source of herbs 05 18/05/020
5 Selection of Herbal materials, authentication 06 18/05/020
6 Processing of Herbal raw materials 07 18/05/020
7 Conclusion, References 08 18/05/020
Acknowledgment
In preparation of my assignment, I had to take the help and guidance of some
respected seniors and professors, who deserve my deepest gratitude. As the
completion of this assignment gave me much pleasure. I would like to show my
gratitude to Dr.vikas kumar Course Instructor, SIHAS. He gave me wonderful
opportunity to prepare assignment on “Herbs as raw materials” topics. I would
also like to expand my gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly
guided me in writing this assignment.
Many people, especially my parents and classmates have made valuable
comment suggestions on my assignment which gave me an inspiration to improve
the quality of the assignment
Introduction
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture,
Technology and science prayagraj up.
2020
HERBAL AS RAW MATERIALS
BY: IMDAD ALAM
(Bachelor of pharmacy)
A L L A H A B A D U P

2. Page 2
Table content
1 Introduction, Definition of herbal and herbals raw materials
2 Herbal medicine and Herbal medicinal products
3 Herbal drug preparations
4 Finished herbals products and source of herbs
5 Selection of Herbal materials, authentication
6 Processing of Herbal raw materials
7 Conclusions, References
INTRODUCTION: Herbs are a drug component usually a part of tender part of
plant axis. The use of medicinal plants is old as the existence of mankind.
According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, about 80% of world
population are using products based on medicinal herbs. Phytotherapy is based
on the use of herbal drugs and medicinal products for the purpose of prevention
and treatment. Rational phytotherapy is a modern concept of herbal medicines
using, which are made o medical plants and simpler herbal remedies have been
used in all parts of the world for the treatment and alleviation of various ailments.
Although the use of medicinal plants is as old as mankind itself, their controlled
application, the isolation and characterization of active substances standardized
herbal extracts.
Definition:
Herbs are short plants with green, delicate and tender stems. They may have no or
less branches. The plants that belong to the category of herbs are: tomato, basil,
wheat, grass, etc Herbal materials include, in addition to herbs, fresh juices, gums,
fixed oils, essential oils, resins and dry powders of herbs. In some countries, these

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materials may be processed by various local procedures, such as steaming,
roasting or stirbaking with honey, alcoholic beverages or other plant materials.
Herbal drugs
Herbal drug is the part of the medicinal plant used for therapeutic purposes.
According to the European Pharmacopoeia (and the EU Directives) herbal drugs
(substances) are mainly whole, fragmented or cut plants, plant parts, algae, fungi,
lichens in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh.
Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also
considered to be herbal drugs (substances). Herbal drugs (substances) are
precisely defined by the plant part used and the botanical name according to the
binomial system (genus, species, variety and author). From an herbal substance,
different herbal preparations can be made. They can represent the active
ingredient in an individual herbal medicinal product.
Herbal medicinal
The definition of herbal medicine is the use of plants to prevent and treat an
illness or to achieve good health, as well as the drugs and tinctures that are used.
An example of herbal medicine is using a tincture made from ginger to relieve an
upset stomach. Also called Herbalism, Phytomedicine or Phytotherapy.
Herbal medicinal products
Any medicinal product, exclusively containing as active substances one or more
herbal substances or one or more herbal preparations, or one or more such
herbal substances in combination with one or more such herbal preparation.
Herbal medicinal products are medicinal products where the active ingredient
consists exclusively of herbal substances or herbal preparations. Natural
remedies are medicinal products where the active ingredient is of natural origin
and consists of an animal part, a bacterial culture, a mineral or a salt.

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Herbal drug preparation
Preparations obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as
extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or
fermentation. These include comminuted powdered herbal substances, tinctures,
extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates.
Terms relating to herbal preparations:
1. Extraction: Extraction is a separation process in which medicinally
significant portions of plant chemical constituents and tissues are removed
from other plant metabolites and the insoluble cellular marc by using
selective solvent(s) (which is sometimes called the menstruum). Herbal
extracts include decoctions, infusions, fluidextracts, tinctures, and
powdered extracts. The herbal preparations so obtained may be ready for
use as a medicinal agent, or it may be further processed to afford finished
products such as tablets and capsules.
2. Extract: Extract is a general description of the concentrated preparation of
herbal materials obtained by dissolving the active constituents in a suitable
solvent and subsequent evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent. If the
extract is completely freed from the solvent (dried) and obtained either as
fine or granular powder, it is called a Powdered Extract.
3. Decoction: Decoction is a liquid preparation made by boiling herbal
materials with water. This is probably the most common method of
preparing herbal drugs in many traditional medicine systems. Do not
distribute without permission from WHO Draft WHO guidelines for
comments, August 2016 - - WHO guidelines on good herbal processing
practices (GHPP) for herbal medicines.
4. Infusion: Infusion is a liquid preparation made by extracting herbal
materials with either cold or hot water without boiling. Other solvents such
as edible oil or vinegar may be used.

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5. Fluidextract: Fluidextract is a liquid preparation from herbal materials
made by maceration or percolation in alcohol or wine. Typically, a
fluidextract is made in such a ratio that one part (e.g. one millilitre) of the
liquid contains one part (e.g. one gram) of the original herbal materials.
6. Tincture: Tincture is a dilute alcoholic extract of herbal materials, typically
made up of 1 part of herbal material and 5-10 parts of solvent.
7. Powder: Powder is a form of herbal preparation processed as dry,
granulated, or powdered materials. Extracts, tinctures or other liquid
preparations can be evaporated to dryness to obtain the powders.
8. Essential (volatile) oil: Essential (volatile) oil constitutes the odorous
principles of the plant from which it is extracted. Each essential oil has its
own characteristic colour, odour, and taste.
Finished herbal products
Finished herbal products consist of one or more herbal preparations made from
one or more herbs (i.e. from different herbal preparations made of the same
plant as well as herbal preparations from different plants. Products containing
different plant materials are called “mixture herbal products”. Finished herbal
products and mixture herbal products may contain excipients in addition to the
active ingredients. However, finished products or mixture herbal products to
which chemically defined active substances have been added, including synthetic
compounds and/or isolated constituents from herbal materials, are not
considered to be “herbal”.
Source of herbs:
Many conventional drugs originate from plant sources: a century ago, most of the
few effective drugs were plant-based. Examples include aspirin (from willow
bark), digoxin (from foxglove), quinine (from cinchona bark), and morphine (from
the opium poppy). The development of drugs from plants continues, with drug
companies engaged in large-scale pharmacologic screening of herbs. Herbal
medicine differs from conventional medicine in its use of whole plants, generally

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as an unpurified extract; herb combining (polypharmacy); and diagnostic
principles based on treating underlying causes.
Selection of Herbal raw materials:
Herbal materials derived from the same species but processed by different
methods may show significant differences in quality and therapeutic property,
owing to the influence of then treatment process on the chemical composition. It
is not uncommon to find different processing methods for the same medicinal
plant/plant part, depending on intended use. For example, raw (unprocessed)
liquorice is used as an antitussive and expectorant; but after being stir-fried with
honey and ghee, the processed liquorice becomes a tonic drug to be used for
replenishing body strength. Prior to processing, consult the national or regional
regulatory standards and other literature sources to decide on the most
appropriate method to use. Once a method is adopted, adhere to the SOP to
ensure batch-to-batch consistency. For industrial production, method validation
should be adopted as part of the SOP.
Authentication
The plant material is collected from an appropriate geographical source at an
appropriate stage of its growth and under conditions to ensure consistency of
material and hence quality. It is authenticated by detailed taxonomical study and
the correct botanical identity is established so that chances of deliberate or
unintentional adulteration or substitution are avoided.
Processing of Herbals raw materials
Processing:
The processing of herbal materials refers to a series of post-harvest treatments
applied to the crude medicinal plant materials. For the purpose of the present
guidelines, “processing” includes primary processing, such as sorting, cleaning,
and drying as described in the WHO guidelines on GACP for medicinal plants. It

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also includes secondary, special, and other processing as defined in the present
guidelines.
1. Primary processing: Primary processing refers to a series of simple
preparatory procedures that may be performed at the harvest/collection
site, including sorting, garbling, cleaning, and drying. For herbal materials
that do not require further processing prior to use as decoction materials or
as starting materials for manufacturing of finished products, the primary
process may also include cutting, sectioning, or comminution.
1. Secondary processing: Secondary processing refers to the preparative
steps applied to herbs in addition to the primary processing before they can
be used as direct decocting materials for immediate therapeutic treatment
or as starting materials for manufacturing of finished products. They are
considered important pharmaceutical techniques in the herbal industry,
through which, purity of raw herbs is assured (such as removal of foreign
matters, prevention of microbial and insect infection/infestation), the
therapeutic properties of raw herbs are improved (such as enhancement of
efficacy or reduction of toxicity) for clinical applications. The secondary
processing procedures may vary from one herbal material to another,
depending on the characters of the active ingredients as well as the
therapeutic target. These processes are referred to as “specific processing”
in the WHO guidelines on GACP for medicinal plants.
2. Special processing: Special processing is an extension of the secondary
processing in which a set of prescribed procedures is employed to treat a
particular herbal material for specific purposes such as detoxification or
ensuring clinical effects of that herbal material or resulting herbal
preparation. The special processing procedures vary from one herbal
material to another, depending on the characters of the active ingredients
as well as the therapeutic target intended to be treated.
3. Adjuvant: Adjutants are adjunctive substances used during the herbal
processing procedures alongside the herbal materials, included for the
purpose of altering the pharmacological/therapeutic properties of the

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herbal preparations or neutralizing/reducing toxicity. Common adjuvants
include wine, vinegar, honey, milk and others.
Conclusions:
Interest in herbal remedies has gained momentum in recent years and a great
deal of effort is being made to prove the efficacy of plant extracts in a rigorous
clinical trial setting. In above we have to know herbal medicines and herbals
medicinal products, herbal drug preparation, source of herbal drugs, selection,
and identification, authentication of Herbal materials and finally know about
processing of Herbal raw materials has been studies.
References:
1)http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assuran
ce/C-F-V-global_review-draftWHO-GHPP2016.pdf?ua=1
2)https://www.slideshare.net/aksharpreetpharmacy/herbs-as-a-raw-
material-by-pooja-khanpara-207642787