The Compact City development is explained with appropriate case studies and study models..

1. Compact City
Sustainability Concepts
Group Members:
Rhujuta. S. Jadhav (111214009)
Pratyusha. P. Kiran (111214017)
Rhea. H. Motwani
(111214025)

2. Structure of Presentation:
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Origin of compact city
Definition of compact city
Compact model
Characteristics of compact city
compact city in developed and developing countries
Urban sprawl
Eco-compact city
Eco-compact city more efficient than sprawl city
Indicators of compact city
Positive impact of compact city
Negative impact of compact city
Sustainability
Cities participating in compact city model
Main arguments regarding compact city
Recommendations for compact city policy

3. ORIGIN of compact city:
 The term Compact City was first coined in 1973 by George
Dantzig and Thomas L. Saaty, two mathematicians whose
utopian vision was largely driven by a desire to see more efficient
use of resources.
 Compact cities were created by the idea of SUSTAINABLE
URBAN PLANNING in European countries in the late 1990’s.
 The concept of COMPACT CITY is based on the
SUSTAINABILITY , a term used by THE CLUB OF ROME
in 1972.
 Characteristics of SUSTAINABLE CITY can be seen in Urban
justice , Urban beauty , Creativity , Ecology , Essay to move and
access , Compact and Polycentric Diversity .

4. THE TERM : COMPACT CITY
 The Compact City or city of short distances is an urban planning and
urban design concept, which promotes relatively high residential density
with mixed land uses.
 It is based on an efficient public transport system and has an urban
layout which – according to its advocates – encourages walking and
cycling, low energy consumption and reduced pollution.
 It is also arguably a more sustainable urban settlement type than urban
sprawl because it is less dependent on the car, requiring less (and
cheaper per capita) infrastructure provision.
 A large resident population provides opportunities for social interaction
as well as feeling of safety in numbers and “ Eye On The Streets.”

5. Compact city model

6. Characteristics of Compact City
 FORM OF SPACE:
 High dense settlements.
 Less dependence of automobile.
 Clear boundary form
 Surrounding area.
Compact city model:
DISTRICT
Compact city model:
TOWNS
Compact city model:
CITIES

7. Characteristics Of Compact City
 SPACE
CHARACTERISTICS:
-- Mixed land use.
-- Less complex land use.
-- Clear identity.
 FUNCTIONS:
-- Social fairness (less number of high dense
settlements).
-- Independence of governance.
-- Self sufficiency of daily life.
-- Efficient transport system.

8. Other compact city characteristics
 Urban Infrastructure, especially sewerage and water mains.
 Multi nodal transportation.
 High degree of accessibility; local/regional.
 High degrees of street connectivity (internal / external) including
sidewalks and bicycle lanes.
 Low open space ratio.
 Unitary control of planning of land development or closely coordinated control.
 Sufficient government fiscal capacity to finance urban facilities
and infrastructure.

9. Over lapping
 More convenient land use pattern reduces the car journeys.
 Reduces the energy for transportation.
 Lesser congestion due to fewer cars and better air quality.
 Encouragement of cycling and walking rather than driving.

10. Compact city Variations
DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
POPULATION GROWTH
CONDITIONS
 Urban population ratio:
69.8%
:
84%.
 Urban population:
730 million
1 billion.
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
 Urban population ratio:
26.7%
:
57.1%.
 Urban population:
2 billion
4 billion
• Increasing amount of
• Increase infrastructure
land area , per capita ,
supply , to catch up with
decrease in population
rapid population growth
density.
, to keep close urban• Increase in energy use ,
rural linkages.
average travel distance • Poverty deteriorating
, electrification of life.
urban environment.
• Increase of waste and
• Promoting equality in
pollution.
economic , social ,
• Increasing security
political interferes.
status of urban
infrastructure. (compact
urban form)

11. DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
MIXED
USES
 Advance in quality of life.
 More considerations on
placing a strong
emphasis on mix land
use.
GOALS
 Social service and poverty
alleviation.
 There is less vacant land in urban
areas due to high population
density and little spare capacity for
population growth.
 Wise use of resourcesconservation
management of urban
ecosystem.
 Undeveloped land that does exists
is of high valued for urban
agriculture purposes and losing this
land would affect the poor urban
dweller.
 Control of physical
expansion ; Developing  Not much visibility of wise use of
various guidelines for the
resources as it has more pressure
sustainable development
on resource utility due to immense
of towns & cities.
population.

12. DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
HOUSING
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
 The urban poor and
those on low income
tend to live in center ,
and the rich and middle
class on the periphery ,
in suburbs.
 The poorest people tend to live
in center , at very high densities.
The clusters of poor people on
periphery are low or medium
density squatter settlements or
illegal sub divisions.

13. Urban Sprawl Characteristics
1.Low residential density
2.Unlimited outward extension of urban development
3.Spatial segregation of different types of land uses through zoning
4.Leapfrog development
5.No centralized ownership of land or planning of land development
6.All transportation dominated by privately owned motor vehicles
7.Fragmentation of governance authority of land uses among many local governments
8.Great variances in the fiscal capacity of local governments
9.Widespread commercial strip development along major roadways
10.Major reliance on a filtering process to provide housing for low income households
Source: Burchell et al. 1998 (as quoted in Neuman, M2005)

14. Eco-compact city
• The eco-city is an umbrella metaphor that encompasses a
wide range of urban-ecological proposals that aim to achieve
urban sustainability.
• These approaches propose a wide range
of environmental, social, and institutional policies that are
directed to managing urban spaces to achieve sustainability.
• This type promotes the ecological agenda and emphasizes
environmental management through a set of institutional
and policy tools.
• The distinctive concepts of the eco-city are greening and
passive solar design.

15. Eco-compact city
 It is remarkable that the core of many approaches is the
management of the city, rather than the suggesting of any specific
urban form; it is believed that not the physical shape of
the city and its built environment that is important; it is how
the urban society is organized and managed that counts
most.
 Therefore, the city is managed to achieve sustainability
through different land use, environmental, institutional,
social, and economic policies
 In practice, many local governments, planning consultants,
landscape architects, and so on are grappling much
more specifically with aspects of ecological, pedestrian oriented,
or otherwise sustainable urban form.

17. Eco-compact City vs Sprawl City:
Efficiency
 It consumes less territory.
 It allows the correct density.
 It allows small retail to be on street and on square.
 It maximizes the investment.
 It allows the creation of efficient network of public
utilities.
 It allows creation of an efficient public transit system.

18. Indicators of Compact Citiy Model
INDICATORS (GENERAL)
INDICATORS (GOAL SPECIFIC )
•Population
•Regional GDP
•Regional employment growth
•Regional employment
•Regional productivity by sectors
•Built-up areas
•Density in built-up areas
•Density of new residential
development
•Sprawl
•GHG emissions
•Energy consumption
•Share of public transportation
use
•Vehicle ownership
•Length of public transportation
lines per capita
•Average trip distance and time
•Per capita vehicle miles travelled
•Transport energy consumption by
transport mode
•Proximity to public transport
•Operational costs of public services
(per capita)
•Vacancy rates of housing and
offices in built-up areas
•Residential energy use per capita
•Area of land for urban development
•Concentration of urban facilities in
core areas
•Diversity in land use in urban
centers
•Green areas
•Air pollution levels

19. Positive Impact Of Compact Cities
GOALS
ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMY
1. Shortening
commuting
distance
• less energy
consumption
•less GHG (Green
Houses Gases) emissions
•Lower travel cost, less
congestion,
thus higher mobility and
higher
productivity
2. Maximizing
densification
and
intensification
•Preservation of land for
agriculture, water
resources, etc.
•Efficient use of energy
•Lower electricity demand
•More cost effective public
service
provision (e.g. road,
water)
•Maximized impacts of
public
investment

20. Positive Impact Of Compact Cities
GOALS
3. Enhancing
attractiveness
and quality of
life in urban
centers
ENVIRONMENT
•Improvement of
neighborhood level
living environment (green,
clean air, etc.)
4. Improving metropolitan governance
ECONOMY
•More frequent exchange of
ideas,
thus increased knowledge,
innovation
and wealth creation
•More cultural diversity, higher
quality of life, thus more talented,
high-skilled labour force and more
private investment

21. Negative Impact Of Compact Cities
 Less domestic living space.
 Lack of affordable housing.
 Poor access to green space.
 Increased crime level.
 Higher death rate due to respiratory diseases.

22. Sustainable city

23. Cities depicting Compact City Model
1. Melbourne (AUSTRALIA)

MAIN AREA STUDY/ POPULATION:
31municipalities,
4 million population

MAJOR POLICY TOOLS:
• Melbourne 2030 (Spatial development strategy published
by the State of Victoria in 2002; revised in 2007).
• MSS (City of Melbourne’s spatial master plan).
• Deregulation policies on land use (for mixed use
development) and conversions (from office buildings to
residential) in downtown Melbourne in mid 90’s.

24. Cities depicting Compact City Model
2. Toyama (JAPAN)

MAIN AREA STUDY/ POPULATION:
City of Toyama,
0.4 million
 MAJOR POLICY TOOLS:
• Compact city policies in a depopulating society
• Incentives to concentrate residential development along
the transportation corridors
• PPPs in public transport

25. Cities depicting Compact City Model
3.Vancouver(Canada)
 MAIN AREA STUDY/ POPULATION:
Metro Vancouver,
2.2Million
 MAJOR POLICY TOOLS:
• Densification policy in residential neighborhoods (e.g.,
Laneway House Guidelines of 2009)
• Regional governance in managing growth
• GHG emission reduction and compact city
Source: OECD

26. Arguments for the compact city:
1. Higher level of control over urban processes, reuse of previously
developed facilities and derelict land, bigger urban vitality, rational
city form and preserved outskirts of the towns.
2. Effectiveness of public transport and decreased fuel
consumption, lower pollution per person.
3. Possibility of mixed use development due to higher population
density.
4. Savings of energy in heating and other facilities as the result of dense
urban fabric.
5. Possibility of social mix when different tenure and comfort level
tenements are close together.

27. Five recommendations for
compact city policy strategies
1. Set explicit compact city goals
Establish a national urban policy framework
Encourage metropolitan-wide strategic planning
2. Encourage dense and contiguous development at urban
fringes
Increase effectiveness of regulatory tools
Target compact urban development in green-field areas
Set minimum density requirements for new development
Strengthen urban-rural linkage

28. 3. Retrofit existing built-up areas
Promote brown-field development
Harmonize industrial policies with compact city policies
Regenerate existing residential areas
Promote transit-oriented development in built-up areas
Encourage “intensification” of existing urban assets
4. Enhance diversity and quality of life in urban centers
Promote mixed land use
Attract residents and local services to urban centers
Promote focused investment in public space and foster a “sense of place”
Promote a walking and cycling environment
5. Minimize adverse negative effects
Counteract traffic congestion
Encourage the provision of affordable housing
Promote high-quality urban design
Encourage greening of built-up areas
Source : OECD Study : COMPACT CITY POLICES : A Comparative Assessment
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