The document discusses the concept of rational planning, defining it as a systematic approach that includes identifying problems, creating alternatives, and evaluating consequences. It highlights its advantages and disadvantages, illustrating its application through the Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) and emphasizing its relevance to urban planning and sustainability. Furthermore, the document addresses the challenges India faces in water resource management and sustainable economic growth, underscoring the need for innovative practices in urban planning.

1. RATIONAL PLANNING AND
SUSTAINABILITY
Group Members:
Jaysing Jadhav
Akshata Karpe
Saudamini Telang

2. What is Rational planning
• Rational planning includes comprehensive,
long-range view and a systematic , analytical
approach in a planning process

3. RATIONAL PLANNING MODEL
• Economics, political science, and other disciplines greatly enriched
the planning education and research.
• Edward Banfield was the first to define a model of rational planning
(Banfield1955); his write-up is still cited frequently.
1. Ends reduction and elaboration
2. Design of courses of action
3. Comparative evaluation of consequences
4. Choice among alternatives
5. Implementation of the chosen alternative
• Many othershave written their own versions of the rational
model(Stuart 1969; Lichfield 1975). Barclay Hudson called it‘synoptic
planning;’ and this term is sometimes used(Hudson 1979).
• The model gave the birth to the Rational Planning Model
• The most widely applied model in planning practice so far, Due to its
simplicity and apparent logic
• Viewed as applicable in all public domains everywhere around the
world.

4. RATIONAL PLANNING MODEL: Definition
• The rational planning model is the process of realizing a
problem, establishing and evaluating planning criteria, creating
alternatives, implementing alternatives, and monitoring
progress of the alternatives.
• Used in designing neighborhoods, cities, and regions. The
rational planning model is central in the development of
modern urban planning and transportation planning

5. Flow chart explaining:
RATIONAL PLANNING MODEL

6. Advantages disadvantages
• Advantages:
1. Generate all possible solutions
2. Generate objective assessment criteria
3. assumes accurate, stable and complete knowledge of all the
alternatives, preferences, goals and consequences
4. assumes a rational, reasonable, non – political world
5.Widely applicable.
• Disadvantages:
1.It is a group-based decision making process. If the problem is not
identified properly then we may face a problem as each and
every member of the group might have a different definition of
the problem.
2.Whole assessment should be correct otherwise one can get wrong
solution
3. Planner defines the problem not goal.
4.Time consuming process.

7. Case study
Chicago :
• Chicago Area Transportation Study(CATS)
• Chicago Area Transportation Study during the
late1950s and early 1960s illustrates execution
of the rational planning model.
• The model is outlined in ten steps
• The study shows that the rational model is
workable but raises questions about whether it
is effective in influencing decisions.

8. CATS: TEN STEPS
• 1.Data collection: survey conducted in three areas
; travel, land-use, and the transportation system.
• 2.Analysis of data: The planner tries to make sense
out of the bare facts and understand what is
happening and why. The object is to interpret and
explain the data, to find cause-effect relationships.
• 3.Forecasting the future context:Came up with a
population forecast, which was based on
published forecasts for the United States and
Illinois (Chicago Area Transportation Study 1960,
6-8). Then came a forecast of economic activity,
for which a 50-sector input-output model of the
local economy was formulated (Hoch 1959).

9. Ten Steps..
• 4. Establishing goals : What does the community want to achieve in the
future?
1) The planner selects the goals, based on professional experience and
personal judgment (elitist).
2) Someone gives the goals to the planner (the legislative body, policymaking board, or some other client).
3) The planner tries to find out shared goals through public opinion surveys
or citizen participation programs.
The last approach is currently quite popular.
CATS used the combination of 1 and 2.
Dr. Carroll and Creighton drafted and discussed possible goal statements
with advisory committees and the Policy Committee.
These were the stated goals
1. Greater speed
2. Increased safety
3. Lower operating costs
4. Economy in new construction
5. Minimizing disruption
6. Promoting better land development

10. Ten Steps..
• 5.Design of alternatives: The planner devises
alternative ways of achieving the goals. This step
requires the most creativity.
1.In physical planning, this step involves design in the
sense that architects and engineers use the word.
2.In nonphysical areas, alternatives may be different
programs, laws and regulations, or institutional
arrangements
CATS staff did involve physical design: drawing
networks of highway and transit routes.
List of design principles was developed to guide the
planners.

11. Ten Steps..
• 6.Testing of alternatives:This is a forecast of how each
alternative would perform in
the future context.
i. CATS put great emphasis on developing the
methodologyknown as "travel demand forecasting.”
• 7. Evaluation of alternatives: This means a comparison of
how well the alternatives achieve the goals.
Alternatives are made in which comparison between the
plans is made eg. Whether Plan A is better than Plan B.
etc.
CATS used benefit-cost analysis to evaluate the alternative
plans. Four types of costs were estimated
1.Travel time2.accident 3. operating costs 4. construction
cost

12. Ten Steps..
• 8. Selection of one alternative:The transit plan
recommended construction of onenew rail line and
extension of three existing lines, coordination of service
between the subway-elevated system and the private
railroads, installation of moving sidewalks in the Loop,
construction of parking garages at outer terminals of rail
transit lines, and experimenting with express bus service on
two expressways.
• 9. Implementation:
Financing and programming the plan;
It was intended to show that the highways could be built
without raising taxes.
Projected revenues from existing sources (fuel taxes,
registrations, and federal aid) would be sufficient to fund
completion of the plan by 1980. But CATS had no operating
responsibility or implementing power. That was up to the
sponsoring agencies: the City, County, State, and Federal
governments.

13. Ten Steps..
• 10. Monitoring: The planner should periodically review
the plan to see whether it works, and if not, to suggest
changes. Sometimes this step is called “feedback”.
In 1970 CATS repeated the major travel surveys to update
its data base.
Because the political tide turned against highways,very
little of Plan L-3 was realized.
The top priority was the Crosstown Expressway, a northsouth route in the Cicero Avenue corridor. This became
highly controversial and was the subject of much
political debate and many further studies (Pikarsky
1967). Despite extensive efforts to mitigate the impacts
and make it acceptable to the neighborhoods, it was
never built.

14. CARBON FOOTPRINT
Definition: The total sets of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an organization, event,
product or person.
The GHG emissions of a country depend on many things -- its level of income, life style,
need for heating or cooling, population, level of economic activity, trade patterns,
urbanization, population density, size of the country, transport infrastructure, its natural
resources, etc. Thus, not only the total emissions, but also per capita emissions vary
widely across countries. So do the emission intensities of economic activities as measured
in tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted per dollar worth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Rational planning and Sustainability
India needs to sustain an economic
growth of 9 percent over the next 20
years to eradicate poverty and meet
its human development goals. Meeting
the energy requirements for growth of
this magnitude in a sustainable
manner presents a major challenge.

15. Sustainability
•
Definition: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
Three pillars of the
Human consumption of resources
needs.
sustainability are as
follows on the basis of
which the whole
sustainability can be
explained or described
1.Environment
2.Economy
3.Social
I=P×A×
T
Cultural and political concern
Rational planning and Sustainability
Where: I =
Environmental impact,
Environmental aspects
P = Population,
A = Affluence,
T = Technology
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability

16. Sustainability In Planning..
Sustainability development embraces a new objective to optimize
operations to minimize environmental impacts , improve social and
economical outcomes in a manner that maximizes the
performance.
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LAND USE
ENVIRONMENT
TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE
RESOURCES(NATURAL)
MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN
CONSUMPTION
WASTE MANAGEMENT
GREEN BUILDING
LANDSCAPING
ENERGY CONSUMPTION MANAGEMENT
WATER MANAGEMENT
WATER TREATMENT
RE-USE
Rational planning and Sustainability

17. I
N
D
I
A
Rational planning and Sustainability

18. I
N
D
I
A
Rational planning and Sustainability

19. Rational planning and Sustainability

20. Water sustainability
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A family of four can use 220,000 litres of water a year. This requires 120 kWh of
energy to provide it and 100 kWh to treat it as sewerage. The energy used release 200
kg of CO2 into the atmosphere each year
Despite the efforts devoted to water treatment at sewage plants in the Netherlands,
upwards of 50,000 tonnes of pollutants enter surface aquatic ecosystems annually
from municipal water system, including almost 500 tonnes of heavy metal. The
system also produces 3.2 million tonnes of unusable solid sewage sludge.
The World Water Vision statement say that trend of freshwater withdrawal and
consumption will continue to increase over next twenty-five years. Related to 1995
figures, water withdrawal and consumption in municipalities will respectively by
43% and 100% greater in 2025.
Current Situation of India
• 20% of the world's population do not have access to safe drinking water.
• India with 16% of the world's population has only 4% of the fresh water resources.
• Per capita availability of fresh water in India has dropped from 5,177 cubic meters
in 1951 to 1,820 cubic meters in 2001.
•
Urban situation is no better. There is great water shortage in Maharashtra.
Rational planning and Sustainability

21. Rational planning and Sustainability

22. toilet
Rational planning and Sustainability

23. Rational planning and Sustainability

24. Best Practices- BedZED project Surry
(England)
Beddington Zero Energy
Development (BedZED) is an
environmentally-friendly-housing
development near Wallington,
England.
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Energy: 81% reduction in energy use for
heating, 45% reduction in electricity use
(compared to local av.).
Transport: 64% reduction in car mileage
2,318km/year (compared to national av.).
Water: 58% reduction in water use 72
liters/person/day (compared to local av.).
Waste: 60% waste recycled.
Food: 86% of residents buy organic food.
Rational planning and Sustainability

25. Best Practices- Western Harbor
(Malmo) Sweden
50% less energy used
Material
New technologies, construction
techniques
Locally produced energy
Renewable energy (wind, solar and
ground and seawater heat extraction)
Recycling
energy an nutritive substances in sludge
(from wastewater) is extracted and
reused.
Organic waste in to biogas
Rational planning and Sustainability

26. References:
•Mckinsey report on urban
•Indian country paper
•Bharat nirman plan
•Blogs on urban cities
•Interim Report of the Expert Group on Low Carbon Strategies for
Inclusive Growth
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rational planning
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability
Rational planning and Sustainability
Thank you for listening…