A Brief Knowledge about Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
It contains the basics of Pulse Code modulation and why we all switching to Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
All the things about the Differential Pulse Code Modulation is given in a good understandable way
A general overview of signal encoding
You will learn why to use digital encoding, how signal is transmitted and received and how analog signals are converted to digital
Some digital encoding methods
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
Digital transmission & analog Digital to conversionChAwais15
In this slide we discuss about what is Digital Transmission and How how convert Analog signal to Digital Signals (Analog to Digital Conversion)...............
This includes Digital signal data transmission, Base band and band pass transmission. Also detailed with PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM, ASK, PSK, FSK.
A Brief Knowledge about Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
It contains the basics of Pulse Code modulation and why we all switching to Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
All the things about the Differential Pulse Code Modulation is given in a good understandable way
A general overview of signal encoding
You will learn why to use digital encoding, how signal is transmitted and received and how analog signals are converted to digital
Some digital encoding methods
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
Digital transmission & analog Digital to conversionChAwais15
In this slide we discuss about what is Digital Transmission and How how convert Analog signal to Digital Signals (Analog to Digital Conversion)...............
This includes Digital signal data transmission, Base band and band pass transmission. Also detailed with PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM, ASK, PSK, FSK.
A lecture on digital transmission.
Advantages and disadvantages of Digital Transmission. Discussion on Pulse Modulation: PWM, PPM, PAM, PCM. Sampling. Aliasing. Quantization error. Dynamic range. Coding efficiency. Linear vs nonlinear PCM Code.Types of quantization. Coding methods. A-law companding. u-law companding.
DIGITALModulation.pptx "Advanced Digital Modulation Techniques"neltalagtag025
"Advanced Digital Modulation Techniques" explores cutting-edge methods shaping modern communication systems. This comprehensive guide delves into intricate algorithms and protocols enhancing data transmission efficiency and reliability. From phase-shift keying (PSK) to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), readers uncover the intricate nuances of signal modulation, demodulation, and error correction. The text navigates through the evolution of digital modulation, shedding light on emerging trends like orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and software-defined radio (SDR). Engineers, researchers, and students alike benefit from practical insights, case studies, and simulations, empowering them to design, optimize, and troubleshoot complex digital communication systems in today's dynamic technological landscape.
this lecture provide the different features of pulse code modulation it explains the concept using example and explained step by step shows the flat sampling and other type shows the advantage of pam provides the pcm system block diagram a brief introduction about delta modulation
Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) is an electronic process in which a continuously variable, or analog, the signal is changed into a multilevel digital signal without altering its essential content.
Digital Communication System
Communication Channels
AWGN: Universal channel model
Band Limited Channel: Channel BW <Signal BW, ISI
Fading Channel: multipath waves
Basic Modulation Methods
Criteria for choosing Modulation Schemes
Power Efficiency: Required Eb/N for certain error probability over AWGN channel
Bandwidth Efficiency: no. of bits per second that can be transmitted on system bandwidth.
System Complexity: Amount of circuit involved and complexity
System Performance Parameters
Average SNR
Outage Probability: instantaneous prob. Exceed certain limit
Average BEP
Amount of Fading/severity of fading
Average Outage duration: O/P SNR fall below certain SNR
Review of PCM system
Remaining part of sampling (post ad pre aliasing filters)
Review of quantization and Non uniform quantization
Derivations of SNR
Advantages and disadvantages of PCM
PCM word size
Sources of Corruption
What is communication?
Information Transfer Modulation
Communication System
Input/output Device Transmitter Channel
Noise Receiver
Simplex and duplex communication
Signals and Systems
What is a signal?
Signal Basics
Analog / Digital Signals
Real vs Complex
Periodic vs. Aperiodic
Bounded vs. Unbounded
Causal vs. Noncausal
Even vs. Odd
Power vs. Energy
Basic definitions
Modulation and de-modulation techniques: amplitude, angle, pulse modulation, digital modulation techniques
Information theory
Error detection and correction
Multiplexing techniques
Noise and its effects on signal transmission
BER performance of various modulation techniques under noisy environment.
Overview of other communication Systems(PSTN, Radio &TV, Cellular, Satellite, Fiber and Cable transmission)
Revision and Problem Discussion
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
9. 2. Analog to Digital Conversion
(Codec)
First Step: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
• According to Nyquist
theorem, the sampling
rate must be at least
two times the frequency
to ensure the accurate
reproduction of the
original signal.
K. Salah
11. Third Step: Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
Remember this
Out of each sample, Telephone companies only uses the upper 7 bits. The lower bit (bit0)
is always assumed to be 0. For example, samplingvalues:
+024 +024, +038 +038,
+025 +024, +039 +038
This is not affecting sampling values much.
In transmission, the most significant bit is used for control purposes, as we will see later.
K. Salah
13. Sample Theorem
Need for sampling:
In analog signal, distortion is produced, and it
is difficult to recover the signal, However it is
easy to do so in digital signal.
13
16. 16
Impulse Sampling
Use of Impulse:
At a particular point, we get a sample.
When any function is multiplied by impulse
function at t=xsec, we get a sample of that
function at x sec.
If we want to recover complete signal we have to
multiply by impulse train.
28. Aliasing
Aliasing refers to an effect that causes different
signals to become indistinguishable (or aliases
of one another) when sampled. It also refers to
the distortion that results when the signal
reconstructed from samples is different from the
original continuous signal.
28
33. Converting bit into samples
• Quantizing
• Similar concept to pixelization.
• Breaks wave into pieces, assigns a value in a
particular range
• 8-bit range allows for 256 possible sample
levels
• More bits means greater detail, fewer bits
means less detail
49. PCM
PCM uses a sampling rate of 8000 samples per
second.
Each sample is an 8 bit sample resulting in a
digital rate of 64,000 bps (8 x 8000).
50. 50
• n=number of pulses(bit)
• L=M=number of levels=2^n
• Step size= 2A/M
• s0=m^2(t)
51. Quantization Error
• Analog voice data must be translated into a
series of binary digits before they can be
transmitted.
• With Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the
amplitude of the sound wave is sampled at
regular intervals and translated into a binary
number.
• The difference between the original analog
signal and the translated digital signal is called
quantizing error.
56. Structure of Telephone System
• End office, known also as
local central office
• Local loops (twisted pairs,
analog signaling)
• Trunks (fiber optics or
microwave, mostly digital)
• Intermediate switches
K. Salah
57. Need for A/D and D/A conversions
• Modem converts D/A signals
• Codec converts A/D signals
K. Salah
58. 58
Question of Lecture
• What is the difference between time and frequency
domain?
• Any complex waveform is composed of?
• A square wave is composed of?
• A saw tooth wave is composed of?
• Prove that sine wave is composed of main frequency and all
harmonics using Fourier series?
• Prove that square wave is composed of main frequency and
all odd harmonics using Fourier series?
• Read what is ASCII coding?
• What is M-ary pulse modulation
59. Asssignment#1
Due Date: 21Feb, 2014
1. Prove through Fourier series that sine waveform
is a fundamental waveform?
2. What is the harmonic composition of a square
wave?
3. Draw and explain the basic communication
system taking PSTN as an exemplary network?
4. What is m-ary pulse modulation?
59