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Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) is a lossy data compression technique that removes redundancy in messages like voice or video to reduce the bit rate of transmitted data without serious degradation. It exploits linear prediction theory by performing prediction on quantized message samples in the transmitter instead of the original samples. This differential quantization approach caters to both waveform encoding in the transmitter, which requires quantization, and decoding in the receiver, which must process a quantized signal using the same predictors in both.
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DPCM
A Brief Knowledge about Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
It contains the basics of Pulse Code modulation and why we all switching to Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
All the things about the Differential Pulse Code Modulation is given in a good understandable way
Companding and DPCM and ADPCM
This document discusses different techniques for improving the quality of digitized signals, including companding, DPCM, and ADPCM. Companding uses non-uniform quantization to boost weak signals before quantization. DPCM transmits differences between actual and predicted sample values, reducing quantization noise. ADPCM further improves on DPCM with an adaptive quantizer that adjusts quantization step size based on prediction error. These methods allow higher quality digitization using fewer bits compared to basic uniform quantization.
Dcom ppt(en.39) dpcm
Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) encodes signals by taking the difference between the current sample and a prediction of the next sample based on previous samples. This difference signal has a smaller range than the original signal and can be more efficiently quantized and encoded. DPCM uses a feedback loop where the difference is quantized, sent to the receiver, and added to the previous reconstructed sample to estimate the current sample. Adaptive delta modulation is a variant of DPCM where the quantization step size varies depending on the number of consecutive bits in the same direction to reduce errors. DPCM can reconstruct signals sampled above the Nyquist rate but may suffer from error drift or error propagation issues over multiple samples.
Dpcm
All about the differential pulse code modulation and adaptive pulse code modulation which is one the classification of pulse code modulation(digital communications).
Adaptive delta modulation
Adaptive delta modulation is a technique that makes the step size adaptive to variations in the input signal in order to overcome quantization errors from slope overload and granular noise. It works by increasing the step size in sections of the signal where it is changing rapidly and decreasing it where the signal is changing slowly. The transmitter uses adaptive logic to continuously or discretely change the step size based on the one-bit quantizer output. The receiver reproduces the step size and uses an accumulator and low-pass filter to reconstruct the original signal from the transmitted bit sequence and adaptively changing step sizes. Adaptive delta modulation provides better signal-to-noise ratio, wider dynamic range, and more efficient bandwidth utilization than regular delta modulation.
Adaptive delta modulation of Speech signal
This document discusses adaptive delta modulation for speech signals. It describes the key steps: sampling and quantization of the speech signal, delta modulation to encode changes in the signal, adaptive delta modulation where the step size is adjusted based on errors, and demodulation to reconstruct the signal. The system records speech, calculates the maximum variation and initial step size, encodes and transmits the data, then receives and decodes the data to reconstruct the signal through demodulation. Performance is measured by the required bandwidth and obtained compression ratio.
NI Presenation Delta
Delta modulation, delta-sigma modulation, and adaptive delta modulation are analog-to-digital conversion techniques. Delta modulation samples an input signal and outputs a single bit indicating the sign of the difference between samples. It has higher SNR than other techniques but can suffer from slope overload and granular noise. Delta-sigma modulation places an integrator between the source and quantizer, reducing quantization error and more closely matching the original wave. Adaptive delta modulation uses a variable step size to better handle rapidly changing slopes and slow changes, improving quality.
EEP306: Delta modulation
Delta modulation is a technique to convert analog to digital and vice versa. It works by sending only the change in amplitude of the analog signal in 1 bit. The analog signal is approximated by a series of segments and each segment is compared to the original to determine amplitude change. Only the change information is transmitted. Matlab code was used to demonstrate delta modulation of a 50Hz wave with 2000Hz sampling. The input signal was encoded, transmitted as 1 bit, and then decoded and filtered with a low pass filter. Practical observations showed the effect of different sampling frequencies on the output waveforms. Though modulation and demodulation is simple, delta modulation introduces noise which makes it less desirable for voice transmission.
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DPCM
A Brief Knowledge about Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
It contains the basics of Pulse Code modulation and why we all switching to Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
All the things about the Differential Pulse Code Modulation is given in a good understandable way
Companding and DPCM and ADPCM
This document discusses different techniques for improving the quality of digitized signals, including companding, DPCM, and ADPCM. Companding uses non-uniform quantization to boost weak signals before quantization. DPCM transmits differences between actual and predicted sample values, reducing quantization noise. ADPCM further improves on DPCM with an adaptive quantizer that adjusts quantization step size based on prediction error. These methods allow higher quality digitization using fewer bits compared to basic uniform quantization.
Dcom ppt(en.39) dpcm
Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) encodes signals by taking the difference between the current sample and a prediction of the next sample based on previous samples. This difference signal has a smaller range than the original signal and can be more efficiently quantized and encoded. DPCM uses a feedback loop where the difference is quantized, sent to the receiver, and added to the previous reconstructed sample to estimate the current sample. Adaptive delta modulation is a variant of DPCM where the quantization step size varies depending on the number of consecutive bits in the same direction to reduce errors. DPCM can reconstruct signals sampled above the Nyquist rate but may suffer from error drift or error propagation issues over multiple samples.
Dpcm
All about the differential pulse code modulation and adaptive pulse code modulation which is one the classification of pulse code modulation(digital communications).
Adaptive delta modulation
Adaptive delta modulation is a technique that makes the step size adaptive to variations in the input signal in order to overcome quantization errors from slope overload and granular noise. It works by increasing the step size in sections of the signal where it is changing rapidly and decreasing it where the signal is changing slowly. The transmitter uses adaptive logic to continuously or discretely change the step size based on the one-bit quantizer output. The receiver reproduces the step size and uses an accumulator and low-pass filter to reconstruct the original signal from the transmitted bit sequence and adaptively changing step sizes. Adaptive delta modulation provides better signal-to-noise ratio, wider dynamic range, and more efficient bandwidth utilization than regular delta modulation.
Adaptive delta modulation of Speech signal
This document discusses adaptive delta modulation for speech signals. It describes the key steps: sampling and quantization of the speech signal, delta modulation to encode changes in the signal, adaptive delta modulation where the step size is adjusted based on errors, and demodulation to reconstruct the signal. The system records speech, calculates the maximum variation and initial step size, encodes and transmits the data, then receives and decodes the data to reconstruct the signal through demodulation. Performance is measured by the required bandwidth and obtained compression ratio.
NI Presenation Delta
Delta modulation, delta-sigma modulation, and adaptive delta modulation are analog-to-digital conversion techniques. Delta modulation samples an input signal and outputs a single bit indicating the sign of the difference between samples. It has higher SNR than other techniques but can suffer from slope overload and granular noise. Delta-sigma modulation places an integrator between the source and quantizer, reducing quantization error and more closely matching the original wave. Adaptive delta modulation uses a variable step size to better handle rapidly changing slopes and slow changes, improving quality.
EEP306: Delta modulation
Delta modulation is a technique to convert analog to digital and vice versa. It works by sending only the change in amplitude of the analog signal in 1 bit. The analog signal is approximated by a series of segments and each segment is compared to the original to determine amplitude change. Only the change information is transmitted. Matlab code was used to demonstrate delta modulation of a 50Hz wave with 2000Hz sampling. The input signal was encoded, transmitted as 1 bit, and then decoded and filtered with a low pass filter. Practical observations showed the effect of different sampling frequencies on the output waveforms. Though modulation and demodulation is simple, delta modulation introduces noise which makes it less desirable for voice transmission.
Differential pulse code modulation
Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is a technique that encodes analog signals digitally by sampling the signal, predicting the next sample value based on previous samples, quantizing the difference between the actual and predicted values, and transmitting the quantized difference. DPCM reduces the required transmission bandwidth compared to standard PCM by exploiting the fact that differences between successive samples are typically smaller than the sample amplitudes themselves. It works by quantizing and transmitting the differences between actual and predicted sample values rather than directly quantizing the sample amplitudes.
Delta modulation
Delta modulation is a modulation technique that transmits only one bit per sample of an analog signal. It works by comparing the present sample value to the previous one and transmitting a bit to indicate if the value increased or decreased. This results in a stepped approximation of the original signal. Only a single bit is needed per sample, allowing delta modulation to have a lower signaling rate and bandwidth than PCM. However, it suffers from slope overload distortion if the input signal changes too quickly for the fixed step size. It also produces granular noise for small input variations due to the large step size. Despite these issues, delta modulation is used for voice transmission systems due to its simple implementation and emphasis on timely delivery over quality.
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The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
Pulse code modulation
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal where the signal is sampled regularly at discrete intervals and each sample is converted to a binary word. This allows analog signals like audio and video to be transmitted over digital networks or stored digitally. PCM works by sampling the analog signal, quantizing the sample amplitude to the nearest of several levels, and encoding each level as a binary number consisting of a certain number of bits depending on the number of quantization levels used.
Digitization
This presentation discusses digitization and digital communication. It provides advantages of digital communication like reliability and error detection. The key components of digital communication are described including the source, encoder, modulator, channel, demodulator, decoder and output. Pulse code modulation is explained as a process to convert analog signals to binary digital signals using sampling, quantization and encoding. The presentation also covers sampling rate, Nyquist rate, aliasing, quantization levels, quantization error and companding techniques used in pulse code modulation.
Pulse code modulation and Quantization
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method of digitally representing sampled analog signals. It involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the samples to discrete levels, and encoding the quantized samples as binary digits.
Analog to digital converters (ADCs) sample an analog signal and quantize the samples to discrete levels represented by binary digits. The sequence of 1s and 0s output from the ADC is called a PCM signal.
Quantization is the process of converting analog samples to digital samples by dividing the range of possible analog values into discrete quantization levels. Each analog sample is approximated by the value of the nearest quantization level. This introduces quantization error, which is the difference between the
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This document summarizes different waveform coding techniques used for analog to digital conversion in communications systems. It describes the basic principles and processes of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), Delta Modulation (DM), and Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). Key steps like sampling, quantization, encoding, and decoding are discussed for each technique. The techniques are then compared in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, and applications in signal transmission.
Presentation ct
The document discusses digital signal processing techniques for converting analog signals to digital signals. It describes two main techniques: pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation. PCM involves sampling, quantizing, and encoding an analog signal into binary digits. It allows digital signals to be more robust to noise than analog signals. Delta modulation predicts and encodes differences between signal values. Both techniques are used to convert analog voice signals for digital transmission. Companding techniques like A-law and μ-law coding apply logarithmic quantization to better match the human auditory system.
Delta modulation
Delta modulation is a signal encoding technique used to more efficiently transmit analog signals over bandwidth-limited channels. It works by approximating the input signal as a staircase function and transmitting only a single bit per sample to indicate whether the signal increased or decreased from the previous sample. At the receiver, the bits are used to reconstruct the staircase approximation, which is then filtered to recover the original analog signal. The key aspects are transmitting only a single bit per sample, using a fixed step size, and increasing or decreasing the approximated signal based on the signal differences.
Pulse code mod
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a method to convert an analog signal into a digital signal. It involves three main steps: 1) sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, 2) quantizing the sampled signal into discrete levels, and 3) encoding the quantized levels into binary digits. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency of the analog signal according to the Nyquist theorem to avoid aliasing. Quantization divides the signal amplitude range into discrete levels and assigns a unique code to each level. This introduces quantization error but more quantization levels reduce the error. The bit rate of the encoded PCM signal depends on the number of bits per sample and the sampling rate.
Pulse Code Modulation
The document discusses various topics related to digital communication systems including:
- Advantages of digital over analog communication systems such as noise immunity and easier implementation of error control coding.
- The process of analog to digital conversion including sampling, quantization, encoding, and pulse code modulation (PCM).
- Digital modulation techniques like differential PCM (DPCM) and delta modulation (DM) that reduce redundancy before encoding.
- Considerations for line coding binary data onto an analog channel such as bandwidth, noise immunity, power efficiency and self-clocking capability.
pulse modulation
This document summarizes various pulse modulation techniques including:
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) where the carrier amplitude changes with the message signal amplitude.
- Pulse-duration modulation (PDM) where the carrier width changes with the message signal amplitude.
- Pulse-position modulation (PPM) where the carrier position changes with the message signal amplitude.
- Digital pulse modulation techniques like pulse code modulation (PCM) and differential PCM (DPCM) are also discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
This document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which converts analog signals to digital data. PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing it to discrete levels, and encoding the samples into binary code. The key aspects covered are the PCM block diagram, process of sampling, quantization and encoding, PCM standards, bit rate and bandwidth requirements, advantages like robustness and disadvantages like requiring large bandwidth. Applications discussed are telephone voice communication, compact discs, and satellite transmission.
Pcm
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is an analog-to-digital conversion technique used to represent sampled analog signals as digital data. PCM involves sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, quantizing the amplitude of the signal at each point to a few discrete levels, and coding it as digital data. The sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency of the analog signal as per the Nyquist sampling theorem. PCM was invented in 1937 but was not widely adopted until the 1940s. It became the standard method for digital telephony due to its robustness and ability to efficiently regenerate and transmit signals.
Pcm transmitter and receiver
Modulation varies parameters of a carrier signal to transmit a message signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts analog signals to digital by sampling, quantizing, and encoding amplitude levels. PCM transmits a series of numbers representing signal amplitudes. The transmitter samples, quantizes, and encodes the signal, while the receiver decodes and reconstructs the original analog signal. PCM is used for digital communication networks and applications like telephony and compact discs.
Quantization
Quantization is the process of mapping continuous range of values to a finite set of values. It involves rounding samples to the nearest quantization level, changing infinite precision values to finite precision. For a given input signal sampled at 8 samples per second ranging from -1 to 1, quantization with 2 bits would result in 4 quantization levels spaced 0.5 units apart. The quantized values and errors can be calculated, with the errors assumed to be uniformly distributed between -0.25 and 0.25.
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This document discusses techniques for image coding and compression, including predicting pixel values from neighboring pixels, encoding differences between actual and predicted values (DPCM), and adapting the mapping of bits to differences over time (ADPCM). DPCM removes redundancy by transmitting only differences between samples, which are normally small. ADPCM varies this mapping dynamically so more bits can be used for rapid changes and fewer for slow changes. Overall the document focuses on prediction-based approaches to reduce image data by exploiting spatial and temporal correlations between pixels.
ELEMENTS OF PCM
This document discusses digital communication systems and pulse code modulation (PCM). It outlines the key elements of a digital communication system including sampling, quantization, and coding techniques. The main advantages of digital communication systems are that they are less affected by noise, more reliable, and easier to design than analog systems. PCM is described as a method to convert analog signals to digital for transmission. The main elements of PCM are low-pass filtering, sampling, quantization, encoding, decoding, and reconstruction filtering to convert the digital signal back to analog.
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
Slides2 The Communication System midterm Slides
This document discusses the process of formatting analog signals for digital communication systems. It involves:
1. Sampling the analog signal
2. Quantizing the sampled values into a finite set of levels
3. Encoding the quantized samples into a digital code using pulse code modulation (PCM)
The quantization process introduces quantization error. Various techniques like uniform, non-uniform, and companding quantization are discussed to reduce this error. The encoded digital signal is then transmitted after modulating it onto pulse waveforms.
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Differential pulse code modulation
Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is a technique that encodes analog signals digitally by sampling the signal, predicting the next sample value based on previous samples, quantizing the difference between the actual and predicted values, and transmitting the quantized difference. DPCM reduces the required transmission bandwidth compared to standard PCM by exploiting the fact that differences between successive samples are typically smaller than the sample amplitudes themselves. It works by quantizing and transmitting the differences between actual and predicted sample values rather than directly quantizing the sample amplitudes.
Delta modulation
Delta modulation is a modulation technique that transmits only one bit per sample of an analog signal. It works by comparing the present sample value to the previous one and transmitting a bit to indicate if the value increased or decreased. This results in a stepped approximation of the original signal. Only a single bit is needed per sample, allowing delta modulation to have a lower signaling rate and bandwidth than PCM. However, it suffers from slope overload distortion if the input signal changes too quickly for the fixed step size. It also produces granular noise for small input variations due to the large step size. Despite these issues, delta modulation is used for voice transmission systems due to its simple implementation and emphasis on timely delivery over quality.
Companding & Pulse Code Modulation
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
Pulse code modulation
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal where the signal is sampled regularly at discrete intervals and each sample is converted to a binary word. This allows analog signals like audio and video to be transmitted over digital networks or stored digitally. PCM works by sampling the analog signal, quantizing the sample amplitude to the nearest of several levels, and encoding each level as a binary number consisting of a certain number of bits depending on the number of quantization levels used.
Digitization
This presentation discusses digitization and digital communication. It provides advantages of digital communication like reliability and error detection. The key components of digital communication are described including the source, encoder, modulator, channel, demodulator, decoder and output. Pulse code modulation is explained as a process to convert analog signals to binary digital signals using sampling, quantization and encoding. The presentation also covers sampling rate, Nyquist rate, aliasing, quantization levels, quantization error and companding techniques used in pulse code modulation.
Pulse code modulation and Quantization
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method of digitally representing sampled analog signals. It involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing the samples to discrete levels, and encoding the quantized samples as binary digits.
Analog to digital converters (ADCs) sample an analog signal and quantize the samples to discrete levels represented by binary digits. The sequence of 1s and 0s output from the ADC is called a PCM signal.
Quantization is the process of converting analog samples to digital samples by dividing the range of possible analog values into discrete quantization levels. Each analog sample is approximated by the value of the nearest quantization level. This introduces quantization error, which is the difference between the
Waveform coding
This document summarizes different waveform coding techniques used for analog to digital conversion in communications systems. It describes the basic principles and processes of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), Delta Modulation (DM), and Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). Key steps like sampling, quantization, encoding, and decoding are discussed for each technique. The techniques are then compared in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, and applications in signal transmission.
Presentation ct
The document discusses digital signal processing techniques for converting analog signals to digital signals. It describes two main techniques: pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation. PCM involves sampling, quantizing, and encoding an analog signal into binary digits. It allows digital signals to be more robust to noise than analog signals. Delta modulation predicts and encodes differences between signal values. Both techniques are used to convert analog voice signals for digital transmission. Companding techniques like A-law and μ-law coding apply logarithmic quantization to better match the human auditory system.
Delta modulation
Delta modulation is a signal encoding technique used to more efficiently transmit analog signals over bandwidth-limited channels. It works by approximating the input signal as a staircase function and transmitting only a single bit per sample to indicate whether the signal increased or decreased from the previous sample. At the receiver, the bits are used to reconstruct the staircase approximation, which is then filtered to recover the original analog signal. The key aspects are transmitting only a single bit per sample, using a fixed step size, and increasing or decreasing the approximated signal based on the signal differences.
Pulse code mod
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a method to convert an analog signal into a digital signal. It involves three main steps: 1) sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, 2) quantizing the sampled signal into discrete levels, and 3) encoding the quantized levels into binary digits. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency of the analog signal according to the Nyquist theorem to avoid aliasing. Quantization divides the signal amplitude range into discrete levels and assigns a unique code to each level. This introduces quantization error but more quantization levels reduce the error. The bit rate of the encoded PCM signal depends on the number of bits per sample and the sampling rate.
Pulse Code Modulation
The document discusses various topics related to digital communication systems including:
- Advantages of digital over analog communication systems such as noise immunity and easier implementation of error control coding.
- The process of analog to digital conversion including sampling, quantization, encoding, and pulse code modulation (PCM).
- Digital modulation techniques like differential PCM (DPCM) and delta modulation (DM) that reduce redundancy before encoding.
- Considerations for line coding binary data onto an analog channel such as bandwidth, noise immunity, power efficiency and self-clocking capability.
pulse modulation
This document summarizes various pulse modulation techniques including:
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) where the carrier amplitude changes with the message signal amplitude.
- Pulse-duration modulation (PDM) where the carrier width changes with the message signal amplitude.
- Pulse-position modulation (PPM) where the carrier position changes with the message signal amplitude.
- Digital pulse modulation techniques like pulse code modulation (PCM) and differential PCM (DPCM) are also discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
This document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which converts analog signals to digital data. PCM involves sampling an analog signal, quantizing it to discrete levels, and encoding the samples into binary code. The key aspects covered are the PCM block diagram, process of sampling, quantization and encoding, PCM standards, bit rate and bandwidth requirements, advantages like robustness and disadvantages like requiring large bandwidth. Applications discussed are telephone voice communication, compact discs, and satellite transmission.
Pcm
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is an analog-to-digital conversion technique used to represent sampled analog signals as digital data. PCM involves sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, quantizing the amplitude of the signal at each point to a few discrete levels, and coding it as digital data. The sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency of the analog signal as per the Nyquist sampling theorem. PCM was invented in 1937 but was not widely adopted until the 1940s. It became the standard method for digital telephony due to its robustness and ability to efficiently regenerate and transmit signals.
Pcm transmitter and receiver
Modulation varies parameters of a carrier signal to transmit a message signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts analog signals to digital by sampling, quantizing, and encoding amplitude levels. PCM transmits a series of numbers representing signal amplitudes. The transmitter samples, quantizes, and encodes the signal, while the receiver decodes and reconstructs the original analog signal. PCM is used for digital communication networks and applications like telephony and compact discs.
Quantization
Quantization is the process of mapping continuous range of values to a finite set of values. It involves rounding samples to the nearest quantization level, changing infinite precision values to finite precision. For a given input signal sampled at 8 samples per second ranging from -1 to 1, quantization with 2 bits would result in 4 quantization levels spaced 0.5 units apart. The quantized values and errors can be calculated, with the errors assumed to be uniformly distributed between -0.25 and 0.25.
Dpcm ( Differential Pulse Code Modulation )
This document discusses techniques for image coding and compression, including predicting pixel values from neighboring pixels, encoding differences between actual and predicted values (DPCM), and adapting the mapping of bits to differences over time (ADPCM). DPCM removes redundancy by transmitting only differences between samples, which are normally small. ADPCM varies this mapping dynamically so more bits can be used for rapid changes and fewer for slow changes. Overall the document focuses on prediction-based approaches to reduce image data by exploiting spatial and temporal correlations between pixels.
ELEMENTS OF PCM
This document discusses digital communication systems and pulse code modulation (PCM). It outlines the key elements of a digital communication system including sampling, quantization, and coding techniques. The main advantages of digital communication systems are that they are less affected by noise, more reliable, and easier to design than analog systems. PCM is described as a method to convert analog signals to digital for transmission. The main elements of PCM are low-pass filtering, sampling, quantization, encoding, decoding, and reconstruction filtering to convert the digital signal back to analog.
PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM)
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
Slides2 The Communication System midterm Slides
This document discusses the process of formatting analog signals for digital communication systems. It involves:
1. Sampling the analog signal
2. Quantizing the sampled values into a finite set of levels
3. Encoding the quantized samples into a digital code using pulse code modulation (PCM)
The quantization process introduces quantization error. Various techniques like uniform, non-uniform, and companding quantization are discussed to reduce this error. The encoded digital signal is then transmitted after modulating it onto pulse waveforms.
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MC_CDMA
This document discusses a project that simulates and analyzes multi-carrier CDMA signals in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The project generates Walsh codes from a Hadamard matrix to spread and code signals for code division multiple access. These coded signals are then modulated using an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system and transmitted through an AWGN channel. At the receiver, the bit error rate (BER) of the signals is calculated for varying numbers of users in the system. The results show that BER increases with the number of users and higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values are needed to maintain a minimum BER as more users are added.
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This document discusses various audio compression techniques including:
1. Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) which encodes differences between samples to reduce bitrate.
2. Third-order predictive DPCM which uses predictions of past 3 samples to improve accuracy over DPCM.
3. Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM) which varies the number of bits used based on signal amplitude.
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Transrating_Efficiency
This document discusses three methods for reducing the bit-rate of transmitted video streams: 1) Time-shifting of MPEG-2 packets, which smooths out variable bit-rates without changing individual encoding rates; 2) Open loop transrating, which uses encoding tools to recompress streams at lower rates in a non-reversible way; 3) Closed loop transrating, which iteratively adjusts rates using feedback to maintain quality. These techniques help network operators optimize bandwidth usage and revenues by controlling streaming rates to match infrastructure limits and service pricing models.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
This document summarizes a research paper on hardware efficient reconfigurable FIR filters. It discusses two new architectures proposed: the constant shifts method (CSM) and programmable shifts method (PSM). CSM partitions coefficients into fixed groups and stores them directly in a lookup table. PSM eliminates redundancy in coefficients using a binary common subexpression algorithm before storing in a coded format. Both methods use a shift-and-add unit and multiplexers to efficiently implement coefficient multiplication and allow reconfiguration for different standards. The architectures aim to integrate reconfigurability with low complexity for FIR filters used in wireless communications.
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This paper proposes an adaptive energy management policy for wireless video streaming between a battery-powered client and server. It models the energy consumption of the server and client based on factors like CPU frequency, transmission power, and channel bandwidth. The paper formulates an optimization problem to assign optimal energy to each video frame. This maximizes system lifetime while meeting a minimum video quality requirement. Experimental results show the proposed policy increases overall system lifetime by 20% on average.
Performance Evaluation of MC-CDMA for Fixed WiMAX with Equalization
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B033206014
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
H04011 04 5361
The document discusses techniques for constant bit rate video streaming over packet switching networks. It proposes adapting variable bit rate video to a constant bit rate by controlling the video encoder's output rate based on buffer level feedback. This allows transporting video over networks using constant bit rate channels while avoiding network congestion issues. The key techniques involve bit allocation to each coding unit based on buffer status, and adjusting encoder quantization parameters to encode units with the allocated bits. Simulation results show the approach maintains constant compression ratio and peak signal-to-noise ratio while varying group of picture size and quality settings.
H43044145
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BER Performance Improvement for 4 X 4 MIMO Single Carrier FDMA System Using M...
This document describes a system that aims to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of 4x4 MIMO single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink transmission. It investigates using minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization at the receiver to better detect MIMO data over Rayleigh fading channels. Simulation results using MATLAB show that the proposed MMSE detection scheme decreases BER as signal-to-noise ratio increases for 16-QAM modulation. The BER performance is also compared to orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) MIMO systems, showing improved results for SC-FDMA.
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and TechnologySimilar to Dpcm (20)
Globecom 2015: Adaptive Raptor Carousel for 802.11
Globecom 2015: Adaptive Raptor Carousel for 802.11
Multicasting Of Adaptively-Encoded MPEG4 Over Qos-Cognizant IP Networks
Multicasting Of Adaptively-Encoded MPEG4 Over Qos-Cognizant IP Networks
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
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Performance Evaluation of MC-CDMA for Fixed WiMAX with Equalization
Performance Evaluation of MC-CDMA for Fixed WiMAX with Equalization
BER Performance Improvement for 4 X 4 MIMO Single Carrier FDMA System Using M...
BER Performance Improvement for 4 X 4 MIMO Single Carrier FDMA System Using M...
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...
Estimation and design of mc ds-cdma for hybrid concatenated coding in high sp...
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Dpcm
- 3. Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) • Exploits the use of lossy data compression to remove the redundancy inherent in a message signal, such as voice or video, so as to reduce the bit rate of the transmitted data without serious degradation. • In effect, increased system complexity is traded off for reduced bit rate, therefore reducing the bandwidth requirement of PCM. Dr.Arvind Kumar 3
- 4. DPCM… • DPCM, the scheme to be considered for channel-bandwidth conservation, exploits the idea of linear prediction theory with a practical difference: Dr.Arvind Kumar 4 In the transmitter, the linear prediction is performed on a quantized version of the message sample instead of the message sample itself, as illustrated
- 5. DPCM… • The resulting process is referred to as differential quantization. • The motivation behind the use of differential quantization follows from two practical considerations: • In order to cater to both requirements in such a way that the same structure is used for predictors in both the transmitter and the receiver. • The transmitter has to perform prediction error filtering on the quantized version of the message signal rather than the signal itself, Dr.Arvind Kumar 5 1. Waveform encoding in the transmitter requires the use of quantization. 2. Waveform decoding in the receiver, therefore, has to process a quantized signal.
- 9. DPCM Receiver Dr.Arvind Kumar 9 From the foregoing analysis, we thus observe that, in a noise-free environment, the linear predictors in the transmitter and receiver of DPCM operate on the same sequence of samples, mq,n It is with this point in mind that a feedback path is appended to the quantizer in the transmitter