Meaning, Definition, Factor Theories, Two-Factor Theory, Theory of Primary Mental Abilities, The Structure of Intellect Theory, Process Theories, Multiple Intelligence, Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, Assessment of intelligence, intelligence tests, Raven’s Progressive Matrices, Culture-fair intelligence tests, Extremes of Intelligence, Mental Retardation, Intellectual Giftedness, Triarchic Theory of Giftedness, Characteristics of Giftedness

1. INTELLIGENCE
M. Vijayalakshmi
M.Sc., M.Phil. (Life Sciences), M.Ed., M.Phil. (Education), NET (Education), PGDBI
Assistant Professor (Former),
Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Education (Autonomous),
Coimbatore – 641020.

2. INTELLIGENCE
• Mental property that includes many related cognitive
abilities – capacities to reasoning, planning, problems
solving, abstract thinking, comprehending ideas, using
language and learning
• Think rationally, act purposefully and deal effectively

3. MEANING AND DEFINITION
• Latin verb – ‘intelligere’ means ‘to understand’
• American Psychological Association (1995) – Intelligence
are attempts tomclarify and organize the complex set of
phenomena
• Albert Binet – Intelligence is a capacity to think well, to
judge well and to be self critical
• Charles Spearman – Intelligence is a rational thinking

4. FACTOR THEORIES
• Unitary Theory
• Oligarchic Theory
•Multi-Factor Theory

5. TWO-FACTOR THEORY
• g-factor – General intelligence
• s-factor - Specific intelligence
• gFluid intelligence (without
experience) and
• gCrystal intelligence (With
experience)
Two-Factor
Theory
g-factor –
General
intelligence
gFluid
intelligence
gCrystal
intelligence
s-factor -
Specific
intelligence

6. THEORY OF PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES
• Word fluency
• Verbal comprehension
• Spatial visualization
• Number facility
• Associative Memory
• Reasoning
• Perceptual Speed
Theory of
Primary
Mental
Abilities
Word
fluency
Verbal
comprehension
Spatial
visualization
Number
facility
Associative
Memory
Reasoning
Perceptual
Speed

7. THE STRUCTURE OF INTELLECT THEORY
• Using all sense
• Convergent (Think
for a final solution)
• Divergent (Thinks of
all possible ways to
reach a solution)
• 150 components

8. PROCESS THEORIES
•Multiple Intelligence
•Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

9. MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE

10. THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
•Howard Gardner - Seven intelligences
•Multiple Intelligence – Talent in all the
areas
•Gardner first outlined his theory in his
1983 book Frames of Mind

11. o Linguistic-Verbal intelligence – Words, language, and
writing - Writer/journalist, Lawyer, Teacher
o Logical – mathematical intelligence - Analysing problems
and mathematical operations – Scientist, Mathematician,
Computer programmer, Engineer, Accountant
o Musical intelligence - Rhythm and music – Musician,
Composer, Singer, Music teacher, Conductor

12. o Visual-Spatial intelligence - Visual and spatial judgment -
Architect, Artist, Engineer
o Bodily kinesthetic intelligence - Physical movement, motor
control – Dancer, Builder, Sculptor, Actor
o Interpersonal intelligence - Understanding and relating to
other people – Psychologist, Philosopher, Counsellor,
Salesperson, Politician

13. o Intrapersonal intelligence - Introspection and self-
reflection – Philosopher, Writer, Theorist, Scientist
o Naturalistic Intelligence - Finding patterns and
relationships to nature – Biologist, Conservationist,
Gardener, Farmer
o Ninth - “Existentialist intelligence”

14. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
• Sternberg – Theory of Practical Intelligence
• Information processing approach – Triarchic
Theory of Intelligence

15. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
Componential Sub-theory – Analytical
intelligence
(Meta-components, Performance components and
Knowledge acquisition components)
Experiential Sub-theory – Creative intelligence
(Insight)
Contextual Sub-theory – Practical intelligence
(Newly learning)

16. ASSESSMENT
OF
INTELLIGENCE

17. TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS

18. INTELLIGENCE TESTS

19. THE
CLASSICAL
TESTS OF
INTELLIGENCE

20. WECHSLER’S TEST OF INTELLIGENCE
• Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - 14 subsets
(7 verbal and 7 nonverbal)
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) – 7 –
16 yrs
• Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
Intelligence (WPPSI) – 2 ½ - 7 yrs
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Revised as a
Neuropsychological Instrument (WAIS-R NI) – 7
subsets

22. WECHLER
ADULT
INTELLIGENCE
SCALE

24. RAVEN’S PROGRESSIVE MATRICES
•Standard Progressive Matrices
•Coloured Progressive Matrices
•Advanced Progressive Matrices
•Standard Progressive Matrices Plus

27. CULTURE-FAIR INTELLIGENCE TESTS
• Cattell’s Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) –
Without knowledge
• Sternberg Multidimensional Abilities Test (STAT)

28. Sample Items from
Cattell’s Culture-Fair Intelligence Test

29. Extremes of
Intelligence
Mental
Retardation
Intellectual
Giftedness

30. MENTAL RETARDATION
(DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY)
• Mild Mental Retardation - IQ score - 50 to 75
• Moderate Mental Retardation - IQ score - 35 - 55
• Severe Mental Retardation - IQ score - 20 - 40
• Profound Mental Retardation - IQ score - 20 - 25

31. INTELLECTUAL GIFTEDNESS
Definitions of Giftedness
• Motivation, High self-esteem, self concept, creativity
• Joseph Renzuli – Three ring definition of giftedness
Above average ability
High levels of task commitment
High levels of creativity

32. IDENTIFICATION OF THE GIFTED
• Bright – 150+ - One in six
• Moderately Gifted – 130+ - One in 50
• Highly Gifted – 145+ - One in 1000
• Exceptionally Gifted – 160+ - One in 30,000
• Profoundly Gifted – 175+ - One in 3 million

33. SAVANTISM
• People who perform exceptionally in one field
of learning
• Term Introduced in 1978

34. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF GIFTEDNESS
• Knowledge acquisition component (Learn more new
information)
• Sternberg
Component Subtheory – Analytical giftedness
Expereential Subtheory – Synthetic giftedness
Contextual Subtheory – Practical giftedness

35. CHARACTERISTICS OF GIFTEDNESS
• Characteristics of gifted children - high sensitivity, excessive
amounts of energy, boredom and a short attention span
• Characteristics of gifted adolescents – Risk taking, Impatient,
Perfectionist, Competing expectation
• Characteristics of gifted adults - impulsivity, curiosity, high need
for independence, high energy level, introversion, intuitiveness,
emotional sensitivity

36. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES ON INTELLIGENCE
•Genetic Relationships and Intelligence
•Environmental Influences
• Head Start Programs - Low socio economic
status
• Kibbutzim - Israeli farm